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what any key link opens

psx:substance/xylazine/value/duration/intravenous/aftereffects@1

valuereferenced by edges — no row of its own

derived from · upstream

feeds · downstream

none recorded

Closure of psx:substance/xylazine/value/duration/intravenous/aftereffects@1: 1 upstream, 0 downstream.

psx:substance/xylazine/value/duration/intravenous/aftereffects@1
└─ derived_from  proposal/duration/1f090619-6c79-462f-b033-eb87e33da316  duration · intravenous · aftereffects

indented by distance from this node, not by parentage

1Provenance card

the boundary, as counts

Sources

5042 with DOI

3 strong · 37 moderate · 10 weak

Compilations

22026-05-08T08:15:12.524Z

pipeline-v5 · prompt hash not recorded — run predates 2026-09

Decisions

24last ruled 2026-06-04

0 awaiting a ruling

Issued documents

42026-10-19T20:34:26.306Z

notice · info card · emergency

Searches

00 with no results

queries and counts on the build

Claims checked

2283 supported

3 supported · 225 not

Correspondence

0received

consent field ships in Phase 4

Edges

543

derivations recorded for this entity

Complete over 50 sources, 2 compilations, and 24 decisions.Not here: the private journal (never).Working material — drafts, discards, unsupported claims — is listed below and readable on the working page.Cite: psychedex.org/substances/xylazine/archive

2Build

one panel per compilation run

generation run 2026-05-08

27 min failedmodel not recordedplan not recordedrun/cd995cb0…

research

no artifact

draft

no artifact

audit

no artifact

verify

no artifact

simplify

no artifact

publish

no artifact

Selection

results seen0
selected by the model0
consumed as sources50

Verification

claims checked0
supported0
partially supported0
not supported0
inconclusive0
  • record
  • seen / partial
  • working

The model's own caveats

none raised on this run

Reproduce

inputs
50 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan
not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model
not recorded
streams
none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward

generation run 2026-05-08

44 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/048c817b…

Selection

results seen0
selected by the model0
consumed as sources50

Verification

claims checked228
supported3
partially supported0
not supported0
inconclusive225
  • record
  • seen / partial
  • working

The model's own caveats

  • taper_unassessed

Reproduce

inputs
50 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan
not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model
pipeline-v5
streams
none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
228 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety98 · 2 ok
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  • Additive CNS and respiratory depression constitutes the principal mechanism for increased overdose severitysupported

    Fentanyl and xylazine exhibit additive cardiorespiratory depression. Naloxone reversed fentanyl but was slower and less effective against mixtures. Need for novel treatment strategies for fentanyl-xylazine overdoses. j.jpet.2025.103711

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  • In vitro drug-drug interaction studies in rat and human liver microsomes document metabolic interactions between oxycodone and xylazine, indicating that polydrug contexts may alter the metabolic clearance of either compoundsupported

    Oxycodone frequently co-consumed with xylazine, etizolam, diazepam, and methamphetamine. In vitro DDI studies in rat and human liver microsomes. 0113892002446297260217075246

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pharmacology44 · 0 ok
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summary18 · 0 ok
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comparative-pharmacology14 · 0 ok
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history14 · 0 ok
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neuroscience12 · 0 ok
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receptor-pharmacology12 · 0 ok
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pharmacokinetic-detail10 · 1 ok
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  • In vitro drug-drug interaction studies in rat and human liver microsomes document metabolic interactions between oxycodone and xylazine, indicating that polydrug contexts may alter the metabolic clearance of either compoundsupported

    Oxycodone frequently co-consumed with xylazine, etizolam, diazepam, and methamphetamine. In vitro DDI studies in rat and human liver microsomes. 0113892002446297260217075246

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clinical-evidence4 · 0 ok
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effects-overview2 · 0 ok
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3Sources

50 consumed · sorted by year · feeds = sections resting on it

Sources 1 to 30
yearsourcetierstatusfeeds
2026Emergence of xylazine in accidental overdose deaths, impaired drivers, sexual assaults, and public intoxications within San FranciscoDevincenzi T, Rodda LN · International Journal on Drug Policydoi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2026.105184moderateconsumed1 section
2026Evidence that xylazine disrupts skin homeostasis by acting on epithelial cells through the kappa opioid receptorRobertson TF, Horn A, Smith FM, Huttenlocher A · Disease Models & Mechanismsdoi:10.1242/dmm.052600moderateconsumed4 sections
2026In Vitro Drug-Drug Interactions between Oxycodone and Commonly Co-Consumed Drugs in Rat and Human Liver MicrosomesGu W, Tyndale RF · Current Drug Metabolismdoi:10.2174/0113892002446297260217075246moderateconsumed2 sections
2026Pharmacologic Reversal of Xylazine-Induced Unconsciousness in RatsPark GH, Smith EM, Obert DP, et al. · Anesthesia and Analgesiadoi:10.1213/ane.0000000000007589moderateconsumedcited only
2026Xylazine Exposure and Association With Early Physiological and Withdrawal Symptoms in People With Opioid Use DisorderStrickland JC, Bergeria CL, Huhn AS, et al. · Journal of Addiction Medicinedoi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001659moderateconsumedcited only
2026Xylazine Use in Pregnancy: A Case Report and Narrative ReviewKasemodel K, Ilstrup S, Avenido J, et al. · Journal of Addiction Medicinedoi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001641weakconsumedcited only
2026Xylazine-Associated Wounds: A Scoping Review of Clinical Presentation and ManagementVaile JR, Connolly WC, Zavitsanos AP, et al. · Advances in Skin & Wound Caredoi:10.1097/asw.0000000000000436strongconsumedcited only
2026Xylazine's kappa opioid agonist activity is not shared with other FDA-approved alpha2-adrenergic agonistsHuang XP, Krumm BE, Bedard ML, et al. · bioRxivdoi:10.64898/2026.03.04.709652moderateconsumed4 sections
2025Antagonism of the antinociceptive effects of fentanyl and the veterinary anesthetic xylazine in miceCakir K, Etkins J, Nguyen ML, et al. · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeuticsdoi:10.1016/j.jpet.2025.103397moderateconsumed3 sections
2025Case Series: Magnitude and duration of fentanyl and xylazine detection in the urine of persons with opioid use disorderBird HE, Clarke WA, Hendrix CW, et al. · American Journal on Addictionsdoi:10.1111/ajad.70015weakconsumed1 section
2025Detecting Xylazine: Prevalence, Pharmacokinetics, and Analytical ConsiderationsTroike KM, McShane AJ · Clinics in Laboratory Medicinedoi:10.1016/j.cll.2025.01.011moderateconsumed2 sections
2025Interactions between cardiorespiratory effects of fentanyl and xylazine and their reversalPuzovic G et al. · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeuticsdoi:10.1016/j.jpet.2025.103711strongconsumed2 sections
2025Medetomidine-Associated Opioid Overdoses in Chicago, Illinois: A Report of 3 CasesNayani Z, Reese T, Armstrong A, et al. · Journal of Addiction Medicinedoi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001500weakconsumedcited only
2025Performance of Xylazine Qualitative Immunoassays Designed for Drug Checking in Urine SamplesPattillo E, Xie Y, Monteiro A, et al. · Journal of Addiction Medicinedoi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001633moderateconsumedcited only
2025Point-Of-Care Drug-Checking: Assessing the Rhode Island Drug Supply Using FTIR Spectroscopy to Detect Fentanyl, Xylazine and Other SubstancesUjeneza M, Tardif J, Thompson E, et al. · Drug and Alcohol Reviewdoi:10.1111/dar.70037moderateconsumed1 section
2025Temporal and spatial patterns of xylazine and medetomidine detected in the DEA NFLIS reportsZhu DT, Mitragotri S, Cano M · Social Science & Medicinedoi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118521moderateconsumed1 section
2025The first report from Ankara on the presence of xylazine abuse in blood and urine samples using a validated LC-HRMS methodErol Öztürk Y, Yeter O, Aslilyüksek H, et al. · International Journal of Legal Medicinedoi:10.1007/s00414-025-03562-7moderateconsumed1 section
2025UK ACMD Amendment Report: Use and Harms of Xylazine, Medetomidine and Detomidineurl:a40ebed4f313bda7weakconsumedcited only
2025Xylazine Pharmacokinetics in Patients Testing Positive for Fentanyl and XylazineLin Y, Farnsworth CW, Azimi V, et al. · Clinical Chemistrydoi:10.1093/clinchem/hvae163moderateconsumed1 section
2024Combined treatment with naloxone and atipamezole reversed brain hypoxia induced by a fentanyl-xylazine mixture in a rat modelChoi S, Irwin MR, Noya MR, et al. · Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1038/s41386-023-01782-2moderateconsumed3 sections
2024Enhancing fentanyl antinociception and preventing tolerance with alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in ratsYildiz Pehlivan D, Kara AY, Koyu A, Simsek F · Behavioural Brain Researchdoi:10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114726moderateconsumed2 sections
2024Establishing a research agenda for the study and assessment of opioid withdrawalDunn KE, Strain EC · The Lancet Psychiatrydoi:10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00068-3moderateconsumedcited only
2024Management of Xylazine-Induced Soft-Tissue Necrosis: A Review of 20 CasesRetrouvey H, Meyer MA, Ipaktchi K, et al. · Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeonsdoi:10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00125moderateconsumedcited only
2024NIDA Clinical Trials Network Meeting Report: Managing Patients Exposed to Xylazine-Adulterated OpioidsPerrone J, Haroz R, D'Orazio J, et al. · Annals of Emergency Medicinedoi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2024.01.041moderateconsumed3 sections
2024Xylazine is an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and exhibits sex-specific responses to opioid antagonismBedard ML, Huang XP, Murray JG, et al. · Addiction Neurosciencedoi:10.1016/j.addicn.2024.100155moderateconsumed6 sections
2024Xylazine suppresses fentanyl consumption during self-administration and induces a unique sex-specific withdrawal syndrome not altered by naloxone in ratsKhatri SN, Sadek S, Kendrick PT, et al. · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1037/pha0000670moderateconsumed3 sections
2024Xylazine Toxicity - StatPearlsMultiple authorsurl:bb3252139fde5103weakconsumedcited only
2024Xylazine-Induced Necrotic Skin Ulcers in a Fentanyl-Injecting Individual in South FloridaCervantes J, Khorsandi J, Patel KS, et al. · Cureusdoi:10.7759/cureus.66609weakconsumed1 section
2024Xylazine: A Drug Adulterant of Clinical ConcernEdinoff AN, Sall S, Upshaw WC, et al. · Current Pain and Headache Reportsdoi:10.1007/s11916-024-01211-zmoderateconsumed3 sections
2023Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl-Involved Overdose Deaths with Detected Xylazine - United States, January 2019-June 2022Kariisa M, O'Donnell J, Kumar S, et al. · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reportdoi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7226a4moderateconsumed2 sections
Show all 50 sources — 20 more
Sources 31 to 50
yearsourcetierstatusfeeds
2023Postmortem toxicology findings from the Camden Opioid Research InitiativeKusic DM, Heil J, Zajic S, et al. · PLoS Onedoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292674moderateconsumed1 section
2023Prevalence of xylazine in overdose cases: An analysis of Miami-Dade County medical examiner case dataPotoukian RB, Gonyea J, Shoff EN, et al. · Journal of Forensic Sciencesdoi:10.1111/1556-4029.15375moderateconsumed1 section
2023Reducing the harms of xylazine: clinical approaches, research deficits, and public health contextZagorski CM, Hosey RA, Moraff C, et al. · Harm Reduction Journaldoi:10.1186/s12954-023-00879-7moderateconsumed2 sections
2023Self-reported Xylazine Experiences: A Mixed-methods Study of Reddit SubscribersSpadaro A, O'Connor K, Lakamana S, et al. · Journal of Addiction Medicinedoi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001216moderateconsumed3 sections
2023State and Federal Actions to Respond to Xylazine - National Governors Associationurl:fffcaeb4f34aedeeweakconsumedcited only
2023Xylazine in the Opioid Epidemic: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Clinical ImplicationsAyub S, Parnia S, Poddar K, et al. · Cureusdoi:10.7759/cureus.36864strongconsumed3 sections
2023Xylazine-associated Wounds: Clinical Experience From a Low-barrier Wound Care Clinic in PhiladelphiaMcFadden R, Wallace-Keeshen S, Petrillo Straub K, et al. · Journal of Addiction Medicinedoi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001245moderateconsumed1 section
2022Xylazine spreads across the US: A growing component of the increasingly synthetic and polysubstance overdose crisisFriedman J, Montero F, Bourgois P, et al. · Drug and Alcohol Dependencedoi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380moderateconsumed2 sections
2022Xylazine-Induced Skin Ulcers in a Person Who Injects Drugs in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaMalayala SV, Papudesi BN, Bobb R, Wimbush A · Cureusdoi:10.7759/cureus.28160weakconsumed1 section
2021Increasing presence of xylazine in heroin and/or fentanyl deaths, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2010-2019Johnson J, Pizzicato L, Johnson C, Viner K · Injury Preventiondoi:10.1136/injuryprev-2020-043968moderateconsumed2 sections
2021Xylazine detected in unregulated opioids and drug administration equipment in Toronto, CanadaBowles JM, McDonald K, Maghsoudi N, et al. · Harm Reduction Journaldoi:10.1186/s12954-021-00546-9moderateconsumed1 section
2013Alpha2-Adrenergic agonists including xylazine and dexmedetomidine inhibit norepinephrine transporter function in SK-N-SH cellsPark JW, Chung HW, Lee EJ, et al. · Neuroscience Lettersdoi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.022moderateconsumed3 sections
2013Xylazine induced central antinociception mediated by endogenous opioids and mu-opioid receptor, but not delta- or kappa-opioid receptorsRomero TR, Pacheco Dda F, Duarte ID · Brain Researchdoi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.030moderateconsumed1 section
2011Xylazine (veterinary sedative) use in Puerto RicoTorruella RA · Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policydoi:10.1186/1747-597x-6-7moderateconsumedcited only
2009alpha(2)-Adrenoceptor agonist xylazine induces peripheral antinociceptive effect by activation of the L-arginine/nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in ratRomero TR, Duarte ID · European Journal of Pharmacologydoi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.031moderateconsumed2 sections
2006Systemic toxicity after an ocular exposure to xylazine hydrochlorideVelez LI, Shepherd G, Mills LD, Rivera W · Journal of Emergency Medicinepmid:16740450weakconsumed3 sections
2001Severe intoxication from xylazine inhalationCapraro AJ, Wiley JF, Tucker JR · Pediatric Emergency Carepmid:11753193weakconsumed1 section
2000Cross-tolerance between analgesia produced by xylazine and selective opioid receptor subtype treatmentsWare TD, Paul D · European Journal of Pharmacologypmid:10688982moderateconsumed2 sections
1985Inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release by xylazineAbdel el Motal SM, Sharp GW · Endocrinologypmid:2986946moderateconsumed2 sections
1981Xylazine-induced hyperglycemia in cattle: a possible involvement of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors regulating insulin releaseHsu WH, Hummel SK · Endocrinologypmid:6266810moderateconsumed2 sections

4Docket

one filing per activity — decisions, correspondence, reports

  1. 0012026-05-08revisionRevision 1

    Initial LLM generation (v5 pipeline, wiki, prose phase)

    psx:substance/xylazine/version/1
  2. 0022026-06-04proposal22 value proposals approved together

    one review action inferred from a shared reviewer and instant — the graph records one activity per proposal

    22 items in this filing

    • contraindication · respiratory
    • contraindication · cardiovascular
    • contraindication · metabolic
    • contraindication · pregnancy_breastfeeding
    • toxicity
    • dependence · full
    • withdrawal
    • tolerance
    • dose_tier · threshold
    • dose_tier · light
    • dose_tier · common
    • dose_tier · strong
    • dose_tier · heavy
    • timeline · intravenous · onset
    • timeline · intravenous · peak
    • timeline · intravenous · resolution
    • timeline · intravenous · afterglow
    • dosage · intravenous
    • duration · intravenous · onset
    • duration · intravenous · total
    • duration · intravenous · aftereffects
    psx:substance/xylazine/proposal/contraindication/340f7a75-f38e-4a3d-80cb-4002e3e7ab29
  3. 0032026-06-04publicationPublication — backfill

5Issued documents

what the notice, info card and emergency page said, by hash

Issued documents
documentcontent hashissuedfrom versionsuperseded
info_card5b1088216a366327b1edc189…2026-10-19 20:34Revision 1current
emergency777b5863d801327b008f5610…2026-09-04 04:32Revision 1current
info_card28136b1670ce281a49e1bc99…2026-09-04 04:32Revision 1superseded2026-10-19
notice75296dca25159c5d9b812acb…2026-09-04 04:32Revision 1current