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what any key link opens

psx:substance/nicotine/proposal/dosage/471029dd-1844-497e-b624-6f51eb5356fb

proposal2026-04-25recordapproved

derived from · upstream

none recorded

feeds · downstream

Closure of psx:substance/nicotine/proposal/dosage/471029dd-1844-497e-b624-6f51eb5356fb: 0 upstream, 1 downstream.

psx:substance/nicotine/proposal/dosage/471029dd-1844-497e-b624-6f51eb5356fb
└─ derived_from  value/dose/transdermal@1

indented by distance from this node, not by parentage

1Provenance card

the boundary, as counts

Sources

4332 with DOI

7 strong · 33 moderate · 3 weak

Compilations

22026-04-25T19:20:50.898Z

pipeline-v5 · prompt hash not recorded — run predates 2026-09

Decisions

60last ruled 2026-06-04

1 awaiting a ruling

Issued documents

42026-10-19T20:33:19.402Z

notice · info card · emergency

Searches

190 with no results

queries and counts on the build

Claims checked

1983 supported

3 supported · 195 not

Correspondence

0received

consent field ships in Phase 4

Edges

530

derivations recorded for this entity

Complete over 43 sources, 2 compilations, and 60 decisions.Not here: the private journal (never); 1 proposal awaiting a ruling (listed as pending only).Working material — drafts, discards, unsupported claims — is listed below and readable on the working page.Cite: psychedex.org/substances/nicotine/archive

2Build

one panel per compilation run

generation run 2026-04-25

5 min failedmodel not recordedplan not recordedrun/0ba2510e…

research

no artifact

draft

no artifact

audit

no artifact

verify

no artifact

simplify

no artifact

publish

no artifact

Selection

results seen0
selected by the model0
consumed as sources43

Verification

claims checked0
supported0
partially supported0
not supported0
inconclusive0
  • record
  • seen / partial
  • working

The model's own caveats

none raised on this run

Reproduce

inputs
43 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan
not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model
not recorded
streams
none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward

generation run 2026-04-25

60 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/90415aee…

Selection

results seen127
selected by the model35
consumed as sources43

Verification

claims checked198
supported2
partially supported1
not supported0
inconclusive195
  • record
  • seen / partial
  • working

The model's own caveats

none raised on this run

Reproduce

inputs
43 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan
not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model
pipeline-v5
streams
none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
19 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
19 searches for this run
#sourcequeryseenkeptrationale
1PubChemnicotine11Primary chemical identity verification for nicotine
2PubMednicotine pharmacokinetics plasma half-life cotinine metabolism CYP2A6 human74Core pharmacokinetic papers on CYP2A6 metabolism of nicotine
3OpenAlexnicotine nicotinic acetylcholine receptor pharmacology80—
4PubMednicotine pharmacology receptor binding mechanism action120—
5PubMednicotine addiction dependence withdrawal dopamine reward mesolimbic103Key reviews on addiction neuroscience and dopamine/non-dopamine mechanisms
6PubMednicotine pharmacokinetics bioavailability metabolism CYP human20—
7PubMedgreen tobacco sickness nicotine poisoning workers83Nicotine toxicity data via dermal absorption
8PubMedBenowitz nicotine clinical pharmacology review human103Comprehensive Benowitz-authored reviews covering nicotine pharmacology, toxicology, and addiction
9ClinicalTrials.govnicotine pharmacology addiction treatment103Relevant completed trials on nicotine dependence pharmacotherapy
10PubMedHukkanen nicotine metabolism pharmacokinetics review pharmacological22Landmark comprehensive pharmacokinetics reviews
11WebSearchnicotine isolation history 1828 Posselt Reimann discovery tobacco alkaloid102—
12WebSearchnicotine SMILES CAS 54-11-5 physical properties melting point boiling point101—
13PubChem via WebFetchNicotine CID 8959410—
14WebSearchMayer 2014 nicotine lethal dose LD50 re-evaluation Archives of Toxicology101—
15DOI Verification10.1007/s00204-013-1127-011—
16PubMedPMID 40811135, 31663029, 15734728, 19184645, 32738308, 3783239366—
17ClinicalTrials.govnicotine Parkinson disease cognitive neuroprotection11—
18PubMedtobacco smoke monoamine oxidase inhibition MAOI nicotine beta-carboline83—
19WebSearchnicotine legal status scheduling United States FDA regulated tobacco product101—
198 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety62 · 2 ok
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  • Tobacco smoke contains multiple monoamine-oxidase inhibitors — β-carbolines (harman, norharman, harmaline), hydroquinones, and polyunsaturated fatty acids — that potentiate dopaminergic effects of nicotine by reducing dopamine degradation and stimulating dopamine-transporter-mediated dopamine releasesupported

    Harmaline inhibits MAO-A and significantly attenuates DAT activity and dopamine uptake; also promotes dopamine release in synaptosomes. acschemneuro.4c00789

  • A review of 219 publications found that nicotine can be used with careful monitoring in patients taking pharmaceutical MAOIs; the interaction does not carry serotonin-syndrome risk but requires monitoring for cardiovascular effects (blood pressure and heart rate augmentation)partially supported

    Narrative review investigating MAOI use in patients who use psychoactive substances. Suspected cases of serotonin toxicity reported for MAOIs in combination with DXM. Hypertensive urgency/emergency reported for MAOIs with multiple substances. s40263-025-01256-7

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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pharmacology48 · 1 ok
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  • An important pharmacological distinction: β-carboline monoamine-oxidase inhibitors (harman, norharman, harmaline) present in tobacco smoke potentiate dopaminergic effects by reducing dopamine degradation and stimulating dopamine-transporter-mediated dopamine releasesupported

    Harmaline inhibits MAO-A and significantly attenuates DAT activity and dopamine uptake; also promotes dopamine release in synaptosomes. acschemneuro.4c00789

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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neuroscience28 · 0 ok
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summary18 · 0 ok
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pharmacokinetic-detail12 · 0 ok
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receptor-pharmacology10 · 0 ok
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comparative-pharmacology8 · 0 ok
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clinical-evidence4 · 0 ok
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effects-overview4 · 0 ok
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chemistry2 · 0 ok
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history2 · 0 ok
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3Sources

43 consumed · sorted by year · feeds = sections resting on it

Sources 1 to 30
yearsourcetierstatusfeeds
2026Global Burden of Green Tobacco Sickness in Farm Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Jahromi HK et al. · Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicinedoi:10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_106_25strongconsumed1 section
2026Safety and Efficacy of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Patients Who Use Psychoactive SubstancesRached G, Campana A, Fiani D, et al. · CNS Drugsdoi:10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7strongconsumed1 section
2025Caffeine, nicotine, cannabis, and psilocybin: Pharmacology, toxicology, and potential therapeutic uses of four naturally occurring psychoactive substances.Christen SE, Bekka E, Schmid Y, Benowitz NL, Liakoni E · Swiss medical weeklydoi:10.57187/s.4346moderateconsumedcited only
2025FDA Tobacco Product Standard for Nicotine Yield: Proposed Rule 2025US FDAurl:4d14e05b62716b90weakconsumedcited only
2025Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Present in Tobacco Modulate Dopamine Balance Via the Dopamine Transporter.Saro G, Johne S, Latino DARS et al. · ACS chemical neurosciencedoi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00789moderateconsumed2 sections
2024Nicotine physical properties: CAS 54-11-5, melting point, boiling point, solubilityVarious chemical databasesurl:029aa0370391edd8weakconsumedcited only
2024Recent and projected changes in global climate may increase nicotine absorption and the risk of green tobacco sickness.Ziska LH, Parks RM · Communications medicinedoi:10.1038/s43856-024-00584-xmoderateconsumed1 section
2023Age-dependent effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain: A systematic review of the human and animal literature comparing adolescents and adults.Colyer-Patel K, Kuhns L, Weidema A, Lesscher H, Cousijn J · Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviewsdoi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105038strongconsumed2 sections
2023Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Responses to Acute Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Combustible Cigarettes in Long-Term Users.Tattersall MC, Hughey CM, Piasecki TM et al. · Chestdoi:10.1016/j.chest.2023.03.047moderateconsumed1 section
2023Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation.Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W et al. · The Cochrane database of systematic reviewsdoi:10.1002/14651858.cd013308.pub2strongconsumedcited only
2023Impact of Prenatal Nicotine Exposure on Placental Function and Respiratory Neural Network Development.Beltran-Castillo S, Bravo K, Eugeniu J · Advances in experimental medicine and biologydoi:10.1007/978-3-031-32554-0_10moderateconsumed2 sections
2023Nicotine addiction: More than just dopamine.Kim K, Picciotto MR · Current opinion in neurobiologydoi:10.1016/j.conb.2023.102797moderateconsumed5 sections
2022A Review of Electronic Cigarettes and Liquid Nicotine Poisoning Exposure Cases in the United States.Ahmed A · Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciencesdoi:10.18433/jpps33141moderateconsumed1 section
2022A review of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors in tobacco or tobacco smoke.Hong SW, Teesdale-Spittle P, Page R, Truman P · Neurotoxicologydoi:10.1016/j.neuro.2022.09.008moderateconsumed3 sections
2022Physiologic Functions and Therapeutic Applications of alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor in Brain Disorders.Lee CH, Hung SY · Pharmaceuticsdoi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15010031moderateconsumed2 sections
2022Tobacco use disorder and cardiovascular health.Benowitz NL, Liakoni E · Addiction (Abingdon, England)doi:10.1111/add.15703moderateconsumed1 section
2020Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine addiction: A brief introduction.Wittenberg RE, Wolfman SL, De Biasi M, Dani JA · Neuropharmacologydoi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108256moderateconsumed4 sections
2019A randomised, open-label, cross-over clinical study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of cigarettes and e-cigarettes with nicotine salt formulations in US adult smokers.O'Connell G, Pritchard JD, Prue C et al. · Internal and emergency medicinedoi:10.1007/s11739-019-02025-3strongconsumed1 section
2019Acute separate and combined effects of cannabinoid and nicotinic receptor agonists on MMN-indexed auditory deviance detection in healthy humans.de la Salle S, Inyang L, Impey D et al. · Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behaviordoi:10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172739strongconsumed2 sections
2019Chronic Nicotine Exposure Alters the Neurophysiology of Habenulo-Interpeduncular Circuitry.Arvin MC, Jin XT, Yan Y et al. · The Journal of neurosciencedoi:10.1523/jneurosci.2816-18.2019moderateconsumedcited only
2019Current advances in research in treatment and recovery: Nicotine addiction.Prochaska JJ, Benowitz NL · Science advancesdoi:10.1126/sciadv.aay9763moderateconsumed1 section
2019Green tobacco sickness: mecamylamine, varenicline, and nicotine vaccine as clinical research tools and potential therapeutics.McMahon LR · Expert review of clinical pharmacologydoi:10.1080/17512433.2019.1570844moderateconsumed1 section
2019Relationship between skin melanin index and nicotine pharmacokinetics in African American smokers.Liakoni E, St Helen G, Dempsey DA, Jacob P, Tyndale RF, Benowitz NL · Drug and alcohol dependencedoi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.039moderateconsumed1 section
2018Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress.Valentine G, Sofuoglu M · Current neuropharmacologydoi:10.2174/1570159x15666171103152136moderateconsumedcited only
2018Differential associations of combined vs. isolated cannabis and nicotine on brain resting state networks.Filbey FM, Gohel S, Prashad S, Biswal BB · Brain structure & functiondoi:10.1007/s00429-018-1690-5moderateconsumed1 section
2015Nicotine and the Developing Human: A Neglected Element in the Electronic Cigarette Debate.England LJ, Bunnell RE, Pechacek TF, Tong VT, McAfee TA · American journal of preventive medicinedoi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015moderateconsumed1 section
2015Smokeless tobacco, sport and the heart.Chague F, Guenancia C, Gudjoncik A et al. · Archives of cardiovascular diseasesdoi:10.1016/j.acvd.2014.10.003moderateconsumed1 section
2014How much nicotine kills a human? Tracing back the generally accepted lethal dose to dubious self-experiments in the nineteenth century.Mayer B · Archives of toxicologydoi:10.1007/s00204-013-1127-0moderateconsumed2 sections
2013Psychiatric and psychological features of nicotine dependence.Miyasato K · Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicinepmid:23631239moderateconsumed2 sections
2012Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessationStead LF, Perera R, Bullen C, Mant D, Hartmann-Boyce J · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviewsdoi:10.1002/14651858.cd000146.pub4strongconsumed1 section
Show all 43 sources — 13 more
Sources 31 to 43
yearsourcetierstatusfeeds
2011Expression of water-soluble, ligand-binding concatameric extracellular domains of the human neuronal nicotinic receptor alpha4 and beta2 subunits.Stergiou C, Zisimopoulou P, Tzartos SJ · The Journal of biological chemistrydoi:10.1074/jbc.m110.171645moderateconsumedcited only
2010Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Mesolimbic Pathway: Primary Role of Ventral Tegmental Area alpha6beta2* Receptors.Gotti C, Guiducci S, Tedesco V et al. · Journal of Neurosciencedoi:10.1523/jneurosci.5095-09.2010moderateconsumed4 sections
2009Nicotine chemistry, metabolism, kinetics and biomarkers.Benowitz NL, Hukkanen J, Jacob P · Handbook of experimental pharmacologydoi:10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_2moderateconsumed4 sections
2009The neuronal pathways mediating the behavioral and addictive properties of nicotine.Balfour DJ · Handbook of experimental pharmacologydoi:10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_8moderateconsumed2 sections
2007Population pharmacokinetics of nicotine and its metabolites I. Model development.Levi M, Dempsey DA, Benowitz NL, Sheiner LB · Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamicspmid:17206524moderateconsumed2 sections
2006CYP2A6 genotype and the metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine.Benowitz NL, Swan GE, Jacob P, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Tyndale RF · Clinical pharmacology and therapeuticspmid:17112802moderateconsumed2 sections
2006Human Tobacco Smokers in Early Abstinence Have Higher Levels of beta2* Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors than Nonsmokers.Staley JK, Krishnan-Sarin S, Cosgrove K et al. · Journal of Neurosciencedoi:10.1523/jneurosci.0546-06.2006moderateconsumed2 sections
2005Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine.Hukkanen J, Jacob P, Benowitz NL · Pharmacological reviewspmid:15734728moderateconsumed4 sections
2004The comparative pharmacology and up-regulation of rat neuronal nicotinic receptor subtype binding sites stably expressed in transfected mammalian cells.Xiao Y, Kellar KJ · The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeuticspmid:15016836moderateconsumed2 sections
2003Subtype-selective up-regulation by chronic nicotine of high-affinity nicotinic receptors in rat brain demonstrated by receptor autoradiography.Nguyen HN, Rasmussen BA, Perry DC · The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeuticspmid:14560040moderateconsumed4 sections
1998Agonist-induced up-regulation of alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in M10 cells: pharmacological and spatial definition.Whiteaker P, Sharples CG, Wonnacott S · Molecular pharmacologypmid:9584223moderateconsumed2 sections
1997Nicotine and sympathetic neurotransmission.Haass M, Kubler W · Cardiovascular drugs and therapypmid:9110108moderateconsumed3 sections
1828Nicotine isolation history: Posselt and Reimann 1828Variousurl:0fb287fd7f7fa51aweakconsumedcited only

4Docket

one filing per activity — decisions, correspondence, reports

awaiting ruling — 1

  • dependence · tapercited2026-07-03
  1. 0012026-04-25revisionRevision 1

    Initial LLM generation (v5 pipeline, wiki)

    psx:substance/nicotine/version/1
  2. 0022026-06-04proposal57 value proposals approved together

    one review action inferred from a shared reviewer and instant — the graph records one activity per proposal

    57 items in this filing

    • dose_tier · light
    • dose_tier · common
    • dose_tier · strong
    • dose_tier · heavy
    • timeline · smoked · onset
    • timeline · smoked · come_up
    • timeline · smoked · peak
    • timeline · smoked · plateau
    • timeline · smoked · resolution
    • timeline · smoked · afterglow
    • timeline · buccal · onset
    • timeline · buccal · come_up
    • timeline · buccal · peak
    • timeline · buccal · plateau
    • timeline · buccal · resolution
    • timeline · buccal · afterglow
    • timeline · oral · onset
    • timeline · oral · come_up
    • timeline · oral · peak
    • timeline · oral · plateau
    • timeline · oral · resolution
    • timeline · oral · afterglow
    • toxicity
    • dependence · full
    • withdrawal
    • tolerance
    • dosage · smoked
    • dosage · buccal
    • dosage · transdermal
    • duration · smoked · onset
    • duration · smoked · come_up
    • duration · smoked · peak
    • duration · smoked · offset
    • duration · smoked · total
    • duration · smoked · aftereffects
    • duration · buccal · onset
    • duration · buccal · come_up
    • duration · buccal · peak
    • duration · buccal · offset
    • duration · buccal · total
    • duration · buccal · aftereffects
    • duration · oral · onset
    • duration · oral · come_up
    • duration · oral · peak
    • duration · oral · offset
    • duration · oral · total
    • duration · oral · aftereffects
    • contraindication · pregnancy_breastfeeding
    • contraindication · pregnancy_breastfeeding
    • contraindication · cardiovascular
    • contraindication · cardiovascular
    • contraindication · cardiovascular
    • contraindication · cardiovascular
    • contraindication · metabolic
    • contraindication · other
    • contraindication · age
    psx:substance/nicotine/proposal/dose_tier/963922ab-2697-4fb8-890d-eb9c6bc8d467
  3. 0032026-06-04publicationPublication — backfill

5Issued documents

what the notice, info card and emergency page said, by hash

Issued documents
documentcontent hashissuedfrom versionsuperseded
info_card0620683a29b02ddcb25c21d7…2026-10-19 20:33Revision 1current
emergency777b5863d801327b008f5610…2026-09-04 04:31Revision 1current
info_card1eec9c7c323c4e1aceb7f4fd…2026-09-04 04:31Revision 1superseded2026-10-19
noticef8bfb1cb8b0a2f3da7fc6a2c…2026-09-04 04:31Revision 1current