MDPV

Any significant cardiovascular disease including coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, or history of myocardial infarction. MDPV's intense catecholamine potentiation places extreme demand on the cardiovascular system.

Known seizure disorder or epilepsy. MDPV has documented seizure-inducing potential in clinical case literature.

Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or any active psychotic disorder. MDPV-induced psychosis can be indistinguishable from acute schizophrenia and may persist after drug cessation, requiring ECT in treatment-resistant cases.

Bipolar I or II disorder. MDPV's intense dopaminergic effects carry risk of mania induction. Chronic use associated with hypomania and paranoid ideation.

Significant liver disease or hepatic impairment. Reduced CYP-mediated metabolism may increase MDPV plasma concentrations and duration of effect. Hepatic injury documented as part of the multiorgan failure syndrome.

Chronic kidney disease or any state of reduced renal function. MDPV-associated AKI documented in multiple case reports involving both oral and IV routes.

Pregnancy at any stage. MDPV's intense cardiovascular and thermoregulatory effects present clear risk of placental insufficiency, fetal distress, and teratogenic potential. No reproductive safety data exist.