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Psychedex

MDMA

3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine

6Node page

what any key link opens

psx:substance/mdma/section/summary.full@1

sectionreferenced by edges — no row of its own

derived from · upstream

feeds · downstream

none recorded

Closure of psx:substance/mdma/section/summary.full@1: 67 upstream, 47 downstream.

psx:substance/mdma/section/summary.full@1
├─ informed_by  claim/f8b1cb4e-822c-4ba2-b452-06c3ecfdb71e  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/b719496c-018a-47ef-ab49-829f40a3202f  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/017de672-6b7f-4ed8-8573-7f52780637b5  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/36badfe7-a52d-4991-97b6-2842bdc8da8a  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/74ac80a4-8628-42ce-9dd9-b403fed40760  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/73681a45-fca1-47f7-b499-e231183ccf1d  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/933816a7-8f3a-4ed9-bfb3-d0516a4d682f  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/5ce4e981-13f0-452f-a6ea-19ae8a187f97  Claim in summary — supported
├─ informed_by  claim/9d4f801a-e604-4910-b82f-64c9b5b18f0c  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/c2cc5765-bcb8-499d-a47b-5fbc8e7f57aa  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/d4a57f8b-c30e-48ae-91f1-1a513a839dcc  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/5908de2b-bf88-41c7-a236-342b63c21e9e  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/ec48d321-b78a-4c6f-99b3-4860e385bd4d  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/42001d51-4a1d-4ca1-a822-ee8f44bde155  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/db5bb0cf-2efc-4d61-83f4-50c93a92df51  Claim in summary — supported
├─ informed_by  claim/c12da217-b33e-4309-ad39-f9a04096a290  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
├─ informed_by  claim/80d5a677-0e92-48f4-a81e-fe82af26cbb5  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
  ├─ used  src/pmid:15831439  Pharmacological characterization of ecstasy synthesis byproducts with recombinant human monoamine transporters
  ├─ used  src/pmid:12404538  Which neuroreceptors mediate the subjective effects of MDMA in humans? A summary of mechanistic studies
  ├─ used  src/pmid:10917407  Human pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy"): psychomotor performance and subjective effects
  ├─ used  src/pmid:16510474  MDMA in humans: factors which affect the neuropsychobiological profiles of recreational ecstasy users, the integrative role of bioenergetic stress
  ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/hup.2811  Serotonin transporter availability, neurocognitive function and their correlation in abstinent 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine users
  ├─ used  src/doi:10.1017/S0033291716000258
  ├─ used  src/pmid:16541247  3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings
  ├─ used  src/doi:10.1124/pr.55.3.3  The pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy")
  ├─ used  src/pmid:16911722  The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents
  ├─ used  src/doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02948.x  Rediscovering MDMA (ecstasy): the role of the American chemist Alexander T. Shulgin
  ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/cpt.565  Potential Psychiatric Uses for MDMA
  ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3  MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study
  ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02565-4  MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial
  ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s40263-025-01162-y  MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Regulatory Challenges and a Path Forward
  ├─ used  src/pmid:15910012  Contribution of cytochrome P450 2D6 to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine disposition in humans: use of paroxetine as a metabolic inhibitor probe
  ├─ used  src/doi:10.2165/11584550-000000000-00000  Sex differences in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy)-induced cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibition in humans
      ├─ used  src/url:f04836dd1b8db9ed  Australia TGA rescheduling MDMA to Schedule 8 for PTSD treatment
      ├─ used  src/pmid:17152992  The origin of MDMA ("ecstasy")--separating the facts from the myth
      ├─ used  src/url:3f26882996785e95  MDMA scheduling history and DEA Schedule I placement
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1177/0269881112464827  A randomized, controlled pilot study of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of resistant, chronic PTSD
      ├─ used  src/pmid:2457659  Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) cause selective ablation of serotonergic axon terminals in forebrain: immunocytochemical evidence for neurotoxicity
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1177/0269881110378371  The safety and efficacy of {+/-}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05249-5  MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD: study design and rationale for phase 3 trials based on pooled analysis of six phase 2 randomized controlled trials [RETRACTED]
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/s41386-024-01972-6  Acute effects of R-MDMA, S-MDMA, and racemic MDMA in a randomized double-blind cross-over trial in healthy participants
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1171-11.2011
      ├─ used  src/pmid:15228154  Human pharmacology of MDMA: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and disposition
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1124/mol.60.6.1181  Amphetamine, MDMA, lysergic acid diethylamide, and metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are agonists of a rat trace amine receptor
      ├─ used  src/pmid:11106307  The serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram reduces acute cardiovascular and vegetative effects of MDMA ('Ecstasy') in healthy volunteers
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.006  Plasma oxytocin concentrations following MDMA or intranasal oxytocin in humans
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/npp.2014.12  Effects of MDMA and Intranasal oxytocin on social and emotional processing
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5010-9  Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112802  Efficacy of MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/npr2.12485  MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1017/S1461145713001132
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0402-z  Effects of MDMA on attention to positive social cues and pleasantness of affective touch
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1177/0269881120926673  Acute effects of MDMA on trust, cooperative behaviour and empathy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/npp.2017.171  MDMA Impairs Both the Encoding and Retrieval of Emotional Recollections
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111139  MDMA impairs cognitive function during withdrawal via activation of the arachidonic acid cascade in the hippocampus
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1093/brain/awaf391  Memory deficits of MDMA users are linked to cortical thinning related to 5-HT receptor densities
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03252.x  Residual neurocognitive features of long-term ecstasy users with minimal exposure to other drugs
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1659-20.2020  Hallucinogens in Mental Health: Preclinical and Clinical Studies on LSD, Psilocybin, MDMA, and Ketamine
      ├─ used  src/pmid:12468674  The 'ecstasy' hangover: hyponatremia due to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.7759/cureus.90328  Intracranial Pressure-Guided Therapy in MDMA-Induced Cerebral Edema: A Case Report
      ├─ used  src/pmid:12297982  Acute liver failure following the use of ecstasy (MDMA)
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.3310/hta13050  The harmful health effects of recreational ecstasy: a systematic review of observational evidence
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116929  Adverse events associated with classic psychedelics and MDMA: a real-world population-based study using WHO pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase)
      ├─ used  src/pmid:14758467  Study of the behavioural responses related to the potential addictive properties of MDMA in mice
      ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7  Safety and Efficacy of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Patients Who Use Psychoactive Substances
      ├─ derived_from  gen/94f0fc50-a7d2-455a-9334-d823dfdfab88  Generation — pipeline-v5
      └─ generated_by  pub/bf000688-f775-46ad-81be-8604a8e3d69f  Publication — backfill
    ├─ used  version/1  Revision 1
    ├─ used  claim/865ab307-59cb-42e3-922a-76af2e17c3c7  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/57725aea-c9e5-4804-a19a-b5db96379651  Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/51005f64-20a6-4a24-869a-a86df60acb5d  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/03e0f5ca-7a22-4581-a07e-2e9835d3af22  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/9da33cc8-70b7-4ed7-b6c9-6b4463aee390  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/b8961379-82bb-474d-803a-a02749fc2542  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/d84b2283-3460-4a3d-b633-b3f9b097163b  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/46bf2eb6-42fd-4bcf-bb9d-770e06bf0f31  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/389c3ca9-2837-42ab-8a45-49a813c3e1a4  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/9d42443f-c5f7-4992-adc3-4d534f486040  Claim in pharmacology — supported
    ├─ used  claim/e05aa606-1b3f-4a0f-93ce-992ceec548f5  Claim in pharmacology — supported
    ├─ used  claim/17076e0d-c898-4342-a7c3-880788b16335  Claim in pharmacology — supported
    ├─ used  claim/4ac9635e-0eb9-48a2-add0-bf7ba532e52a  Claim in safety — supported
    ├─ used  claim/8da324e2-2130-43f6-bd18-99b4fed44a58  Claim in safety — supported
    ├─ used  claim/65d62748-1c3b-44cd-b7b9-0bbfe1e53c3a  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — supported
    ├─ used  claim/db5b42d8-3ea9-46c1-93d5-0b0301f4abf3  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — supported
    ├─ used  claim/2c958eae-5ed8-4ef6-8104-c23e7fa0d686  Claim in neuroscience — supported
    ├─ used  claim/8cc53bd2-4231-408a-8545-24ac599dc1a6  Claim in history — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/5af2d62b-64ec-47f3-81bf-6ba0063d9c94  Claim in history — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/50d324ec-97e6-42cc-b6cf-2ee4c9da17ae  Claim in history — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/8c551f4b-7bfc-437d-8f44-cbad5e4854a2  Claim in history — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/daf3c919-455e-4523-be1d-579ef2c6a53d  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/c6334b6e-7d7c-4b64-a87e-33019dc07a20  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/31f47dbc-c197-433c-8bb1-381d9ea5e38a  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/76a09e1b-bba2-4177-9e47-d55c18c642f4  Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/0a94f7c8-9846-4383-bd5e-76f2edbeac01  Claim in history — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/69163af7-4497-4682-9796-3886d0bc0fbe  Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/a088a68d-1674-40a2-a62f-4c0f51a056e7  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/29265aac-b6bc-4de9-a772-48cba00134e1  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/8806f6cd-289e-4666-b9e4-974c93c10c37  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/47495ada-faee-4980-83b8-ee1b6dca591d  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/49900502-5b86-471c-8572-737362ba137b  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/0f8f9ea4-8680-4d9b-a01a-2902d4d7eac9  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  claim/80cbf443-5f50-4fd6-aac0-93d3228c5d6b  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusive  working
      ├─ derived_from  issue/notice@49a1e353e4c4  Issued notice
      ├─ derived_from  issue/info_card@12f7eb336495  Issued info_card
      ├─ derived_from  issue/emergency@47cf1475db8d  Issued emergency
      ├─ derived_from  issue/info_card@30fcaed19743  Issued info_card
      ├─ informed_by  section/pharmacology.full@1
      ├─ informed_by  section/receptor-pharmacology.full@1
      ├─ informed_by  section/safety.full@1
      ├─ informed_by  section/comparative-pharmacology.full@1
      ├─ informed_by  section/neuroscience.full@1
      ├─ informed_by  section/history.full@1
      ├─ informed_by  section/clinical-evidence.full@1
      └─ informed_by  section/pharmacokinetic-detail.full@1
… closure truncated at 200 nodes

indented by distance from this node, not by parentage

1Provenance card

the boundary, as counts

Sources

4832 with DOI

23 strong · 20 moderate · 5 weak

Compilations

22026-04-20T22:45:36.694Z

pipeline-v5 · prompt hash not recorded — run predates 2026-09 · 1 other run

Decisions

59last ruled 2026-06-04

1 awaiting a ruling

Issued documents

42026-10-19T20:32:40.411Z

notice · info card · emergency

Searches

250 with no results

queries and counts on the build

Claims checked

10910 supported

10 supported · 99 not

Correspondence

0received

consent field ships in Phase 4

Edges

339

derivations recorded for this entity

Complete over 48 sources, 2 compilations, and 59 decisions.Not here: the private journal (never); 1 proposal awaiting a ruling (listed as pending only).Working material — drafts, discards, unsupported claims — is listed below and readable on the working page.Cite: psychedex.org/substances/mdma/archive

2Build

one panel per compilation run

generation run 2026-04-20

72 min completedmodel not recordedplan not recordedrun/9f75a940…

research

no artifact

draft

no artifact

audit

no artifact

verify

no artifact

simplify

no artifact

publish

no artifact

Selection

results seen0
selected by the model0
consumed as sources48

Verification

claims checked0
supported0
partially supported0
not supported0
inconclusive0
  • record
  • seen / partial
  • working

The model's own caveats

none raised on this run

Reproduce

inputs
48 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan
not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model
not recorded
streams
none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward

generation run 2026-04-20

83 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/7999235c…

research

citationsRegistryrecordresearchOutputworking

draft

articleDraftworking

audit

articleAuditedworking

verify

verificationResultworking

simplify

articleSimplifiedworking

publish

runMetarecordrunSummaryrecord

Selection

results seen118
selected by the model45
consumed as sources48

Verification

claims checked109
supported10
partially supported0
not supported0
inconclusive99
  • record
  • seen / partial
  • working

The model's own caveats

none raised on this run

Reproduce

inputs
48 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan
not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model
pipeline-v5
streams
none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
25 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
25 searches for this run
#sourcequeryseenkeptrationale
1PubChemMDMA (name lookup)11Primary chemical identity verification
2OpenAlexMDMA ecstasy serotonin neurotoxicity long-term82High-citation seminal papers on MDMA neurotoxicity and human pharmacology
3PubMedMDMA human pharmacokinetics Tmax half-life CYP2D6 metabolism22Direct human CYP2D6 MDMA metabolism data
4PubMedMDMA pharmacokinetics human bioavailability half-life metabolism11General ATS PK review relevant to MDMA
5OpenAlexMDMA 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine pharmacology103—
6PubMedMDMA ecstasy neurotoxicity serotonin 5-HT long-term brain damage104—
7ClinicalTrials.govMDMA PTSD treatment therapy156Active, completed, and novel indication trials
8PubMedMDMA receptor binding affinity serotonin dopamine norepinephrine Ki21—
9PubMedMDMA stereoisomers R-MDMA S-MDMA enantiomers pharmacology83Key enantiomer pharmacology and transporter release EC50 data
10PubMedMDMA PTSD assisted therapy clinical trial randomized controlled104—
11PubMedPMID 2065361811History: Shulgin's role
12WebSearchMDMA legal status scheduling DEA Schedule I UK Class A international102Legal status primary source
13PubMedPMID 3770999911Second Phase 3 confirmatory trial
14PubMedPMID 2785903911FDA regulatory pathway documentation
15WebSearchAustralia TGA MDMA psilocybin Schedule 8 2023101Key legal status change
16PubMedPMID 20643699, 2311802122Key Phase 2 clinical trial papers
17ClinicalTrials.govMDMA PTSD Phase 3 MAPP211Confirmatory Phase 3 trial
18PubMedPMID 16911722, 1715299222Primary historical sources from Merck archives
19WebSearchMDMA melting point physical properties HCl salt free base101Physical chemistry data not in PubMed
20PubMedPMID 1240453811Primary neuroreceptor mechanism study in humans
21WebSearchMDMA LD50 oral rats lethal dose mg/kg toxicology81Toxicology data for safety section
22PubMedMDMA Benzenhöfer Shulgin rediscovery 2010 Addiction11Primary historical reference on Shulgin's role
23Cross-referenceMDMA chemical identity verification11Chemical identity verification for article
24PubMedMDMA FDA breakthrough therapy designation potential psychiatric uses11Regulatory history documentation
25ClinicalTrials.govMDMA PTSD Phase 3 MAPP2 NCT0407743711Second Phase 3 confirmatory trial
109 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety36 · 2 ok

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • MDMA impairs thermoregulation through multiple pathways: 5-HT-mediated thermogenesis, vasoconstriction limiting heat dissipation, and potentiation by physical exertion in hot environmentssupported

    Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Temperature dysregulation is strongly amplified at high ambient temperatures and can be fatal in rodents, primates, and humans.supported

    Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

pharmacology20 · 3 ok

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • MDMA is a substrate-type monoamine transporter releaser: it enters presynaptic terminals via the plasma membrane monoamine transporters (SERT, NET, DAT) and drives carrier-mediated reverse transport, flooding the synapse with serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA)supported

    Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3

  • This mechanism distinguishes MDMA from reuptake blockers such as cocaine, which inhibit transporter function without inducing substrate release.supported

    Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • The entactogenic and empathogenic character of MDMA is attributed to this serotonergic predominance.supported

    Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

summary17 · 2 ok

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • MDMA functions as a substrate-type monoamine transporter releaser, entering presynaptic terminals via SERT, NET, and DAT and driving carrier-mediated reverse transport of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopaminesupported

    Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Acute toxicity is driven primarily by hyperthermia, hyponatremia from SIADH, and serotonin syndrome — risks amplified by hot environments, physical exertion, and serotonergic co-administrationsupported

    Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

neuroscience9 · 1 ok

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • In mice, MDMA produces selective dopaminergic rather than serotonergic neurotoxicity, highlighting species-dependent vulnerability.supported

    Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

history7 · 0 ok

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

clinical-evidence5 · 0 ok

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

comparative-pharmacology5 · 2 ok

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • The critical pharmacological distinction is selectivity: amphetamine strongly prefers dopamine release (DAT > NET >> SERT), whereas MDMA shifts toward serotonin (NET > SERT > DAT in absolute EC₅₀ terms, but with a SERT/DAT ratio reflecting greater relative serotonin activity than amphetamine)supported

    Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • In rodent neurotoxicity models, both compounds produce serotonergic axon terminal damage; MDA may be a mediator of MDMA neurotoxicity through metabolic conversion.supported

    Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3

pharmacokinetic-detail5 · 0 ok

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

receptor-pharmacology3 · 0 ok

  • Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

chemistry1 · 0 ok

  • Claim in chemistry — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

effects-overview1 · 0 ok

  • Claim in effects-overview — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Other runs

  1. brief run2026-09-27completed3 minrun/90eca14b…

3Sources

48 consumed · sorted by year · feeds = sections resting on it

Sources 1 to 30
yearsourcetierstatusfeeds
2026Adverse events associated with classic psychedelics and MDMA: a real-world population-based study using WHO pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase)Syed OA, Nestor SM, Husain MI, et al. · Psychiatry Researchdoi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116929moderateconsumed1 section
2026Efficacy of MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysisFares-Otero NE, Furukawa Y, Sijbrandij M, et al. · European Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112802strongconsumedcited only
2026Memory deficits of MDMA users are linked to cortical thinning related to 5-HT receptor densitiesCoray RC, Beliveau V, Zimmermann J, et al. · Braindoi:10.1093/brain/awaf391moderateconsumed2 sections
2026Safety and Efficacy of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Patients Who Use Psychoactive SubstancesRached G, Campana A, Fiani D, et al. · CNS Drugsdoi:10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7strongconsumed1 section
2025Intracranial Pressure-Guided Therapy in MDMA-Induced Cerebral Edema: A Case ReportKhalifa H, Abdulmajeed M · Cureusdoi:10.7759/cureus.90328weakconsumed1 section
2025MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Regulatory Challenges and a Path ForwardSingh B · CNS Drugsdoi:10.1007/s40263-025-01162-ymoderateconsumed2 sections
2024Acute effects of R-MDMA, S-MDMA, and racemic MDMA in a randomized double-blind cross-over trial in healthy participantsStraumann I, Avedisian I, Klaiber A, Varghese N, Eckert A, Rudin D, Luethi D, Liechti ME · Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1038/s41386-024-01972-6strongconsumed6 sections
2024MDMA impairs cognitive function during withdrawal via activation of the arachidonic acid cascade in the hippocampusNawata Y, Nishioku T, Yamamoto T, Yamaguchi T · Drug and Alcohol Dependencedoi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111139moderateconsumed1 section
2024MDMA scheduling history and DEA Schedule I placementDrug Enforcement Administrationurl:3f26882996785e95weakconsumedcited only
2024MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsShahrour G, Sohail K, Elrais S, et al. · Neuropsychopharmacology Reportsdoi:10.1002/npr2.12485strongconsumed1 section
2023Australia TGA rescheduling MDMA to Schedule 8 for PTSD treatmentTherapeutic Goods Administration (Australia)url:f04836dd1b8db9edweakconsumedcited only
2023MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trialMitchell J, Ot'alora G M, van der Kolk B, Shannon S, Bogenschutz MP · Nature Medicinedoi:10.1038/s41591-023-02565-4strongconsumed2 sections
2022Serotonin transporter availability, neurocognitive function and their correlation in abstinent 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine usersvan de Blaak FL, Dumont GJH · Human Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1002/hup.2811moderateconsumed2 sections
2021Acute effects of MDMA on trust, cooperative behaviour and empathy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled experimentBorissova A, Ferguson B, Wall MB, et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1177/0269881120926673strongconsumedcited only
2021MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 studyMitchell JM, Bogenschutz M, Lilienstein A, et al. · Nature Medicinedoi:10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3strongconsumed3 sections
2020Hallucinogens in Mental Health: Preclinical and Clinical Studies on LSD, Psilocybin, MDMA, and KetamineDe Gregorio D, Aguilar-Valles A, Preller KH, Heifets BD, Hibicke M · Journal of Neurosciencedoi:10.1523/jneurosci.1659-20.2020moderateconsumed1 section
2019Effects of MDMA on attention to positive social cues and pleasantness of affective touchBershad AK, Mayo LM, Van Hedger K, et al. · Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1038/s41386-019-0402-zstrongconsumed1 section
2019MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD: study design and rationale for phase 3 trials based on pooled analysis of six phase 2 randomized controlled trials [RETRACTED]Mithoefer MC, Feduccia AA, Jerome L, et al. · Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1007/s00213-019-05249-5moderateconsumedcited only
2018MDMA Impairs Both the Encoding and Retrieval of Emotional RecollectionsDoss MK, Weafer J, Gallo DA, de Wit H · Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1038/npp.2017.171strongconsumed1 section
2018Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot studyDanforth AL, Grob CS, Struble C, et al. · Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1007/s00213-018-5010-9strongconsumed1 section
2017Potential Psychiatric Uses for MDMAYazar-Klosinski BB, Mithoefer MC · Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeuticsdoi:10.1002/cpt.565moderateconsumed2 sections
2016Meta-analysis of executive functioning in ecstasy/polydrug usersRoberts CA, Jones A, Montgomery C · Psychological Medicinedoi:10.1017/s0033291716000258strongconsumedcited only
2014Effects of MDMA and Intranasal oxytocin on social and emotional processingKirkpatrick MG, Lee R, Wardle MC, Jacob S, de Wit H · Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1038/npp.2014.12strongconsumed2 sections
2014Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of methylphenidate and MDMA administered alone or in combinationHysek CM, Simmler LD, Schillinger N, et al. · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1017/s1461145713001132strongconsumedcited only
2014Plasma oxytocin concentrations following MDMA or intranasal oxytocin in humansKirkpatrick MG, Francis SM, Lee R, de Wit H, Jacob S · Psychoneuroendocrinologydoi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.006strongconsumed2 sections
2013A randomized, controlled pilot study of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of resistant, chronic PTSDOehen P, Traber R, Widmer V, Schnyder U · Journal of Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1177/0269881112464827strongconsumed1 section
2011Characterization of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) enantiomers in vitro and in the MPTP-lesioned primate: R-MDMA reduces severity of dyskinesia, whereas S-MDMA extends duration of ON-timeHuot P, Johnston TH, Lewis KD, et al. · Journal of Neurosciencedoi:10.1523/jneurosci.1171-11.2011moderateconsumedcited only
2011Residual neurocognitive features of long-term ecstasy users with minimal exposure to other drugsHalpern JH, Sherwood AR, Hudson JI, Gruber S, Kozin D, Pope HG · Addictiondoi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03252.xmoderateconsumed1 section
2011Sex differences in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy)-induced cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibition in humansYubero-Lahoz S, Pardo R, Farré M, et al. · Clinical Pharmacokineticsdoi:10.2165/11584550-000000000-00000strongconsumed4 sections
2011The safety and efficacy of {+/-}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot studyMithoefer MC, Wagner MT, Mithoefer AT, Jerome L, Doblin R · Journal of Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1177/0269881110378371strongconsumed2 sections
Show all 48 sources — 18 more
Sources 31 to 48
yearsourcetierstatusfeeds
2010Rediscovering MDMA (ecstasy): the role of the American chemist Alexander T. ShulginBenzenhöfer U, Passie T · Addictiondoi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02948.xmoderateconsumed2 sections
2009The harmful health effects of recreational ecstasy: a systematic review of observational evidenceRogers G, Elston J, Garside R, et al. · Health Technology Assessmentdoi:10.3310/hta13050strongconsumed1 section
20073,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findingsBaumann MH, Wang X, Rothman RB · Psychopharmacologypmid:16541247moderateconsumed2 sections
2006MDMA in humans: factors which affect the neuropsychobiological profiles of recreational ecstasy users, the integrative role of bioenergetic stressParrott AC · Journal of Psychopharmacologypmid:16510474moderateconsumed2 sections
2006The origin of MDMA ("ecstasy")--separating the facts from the mythBernschneider-Reif S, Oxler F, Freudenmann RW · Die Pharmaziepmid:17152992moderateconsumed1 section
2006The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documentsFreudenmann RW, Oxler F, Bernschneider-Reif S · Addictionpmid:16911722moderateconsumed2 sections
2005Contribution of cytochrome P450 2D6 to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine disposition in humans: use of paroxetine as a metabolic inhibitor probeSegura M, Farré M, Pichini S, et al. · Clinical Pharmacokineticspmid:15910012strongconsumed4 sections
2005Pharmacological characterization of ecstasy synthesis byproducts with recombinant human monoamine transportersPifl C, Nagy G, Berényi S, et al. · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeuticspmid:15831439moderateconsumed3 sections
2004Human pharmacology of MDMA: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and dispositionde la Torre R, Farré M, Roset PN, Pizarro N, Abanades S, Segura M, Segura J, Camí J · Therapeutic Drug Monitoringpmid:15228154moderateconsumed3 sections
2004Study of the behavioural responses related to the potential addictive properties of MDMA in miceRobledo P, Balerio G, Berrendero F, Maldonado R · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacologypmid:14758467moderateconsumed1 section
2003The pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy")Green AR, Mechan AO, Elliott JM, O'Shea E, Colado MI · Pharmacological Reviewsdoi:10.1124/pr.55.3.3strongconsumed5 sections
2002Acute liver failure following the use of ecstasy (MDMA)Lange-Brock N, Berg T, Müller AR, et al. · Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologiepmid:12297982weakconsumed1 section
2002The 'ecstasy' hangover: hyponatremia due to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamineTraub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS · Journal of Urban Healthpmid:12468674weakconsumed1 section
2001Amphetamine, MDMA, lysergic acid diethylamide, and metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are agonists of a rat trace amine receptorBunzow JR, Sonders MS, Arttamangkul S, et al. · Molecular Pharmacologydoi:10.1124/mol.60.6.1181moderateconsumed2 sections
2001Which neuroreceptors mediate the subjective effects of MDMA in humans? A summary of mechanistic studiesLiechti ME, Vollenweider FX · Human Psychopharmacologypmid:12404538strongconsumed2 sections
2000Human pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy"): psychomotor performance and subjective effectsCami J, Farré M, Mas M, et al. · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacologypmid:10917407strongconsumed3 sections
2000The serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram reduces acute cardiovascular and vegetative effects of MDMA ('Ecstasy') in healthy volunteersLiechti ME, Vollenweider FX · Journal of Psychopharmacologypmid:11106307strongconsumed2 sections
1988Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) cause selective ablation of serotonergic axon terminals in forebrain: immunocytochemical evidence for neurotoxicityO'Hearn E, Battaglia G, De Souza EB, Kuhar MJ, Molliver ME · Journal of Neurosciencepmid:2457659moderateconsumedcited only

4Docket

one filing per activity — decisions, correspondence, reports

awaiting ruling — 1

  • dependence · taper2026-07-03
  1. 0012026-04-20revisionRevision 1

    Initial LLM generation (v5 pipeline, wiki)

    psx:substance/mdma/version/1
  2. 0022026-04-20proposaldose_tier · threshold
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dose_tier/95df5615-6eae-409f-b3e9-6c740e2aa309
  3. 0032026-04-20proposaldose_tier · light
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dose_tier/1d9bd9fd-8653-404d-a1bf-7a8477d2f29f
  4. 0042026-04-20proposaldose_tier · common
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dose_tier/27832b35-adac-4c65-a596-0219b8e9d9d5
  5. 0052026-04-20proposaldose_tier · strong
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dose_tier/881b39ed-68c8-41be-94be-a3e2d76ce376
  6. 0062026-04-20proposaldose_tier · heavy
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dose_tier/9684f1fc-017f-4067-9c4a-ac0a3a626af9
  7. 0072026-04-20proposaltimeline · oral · onset
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/timeline/c4a8f5ac-6ca3-43e0-84ca-9e19c8182e11
  8. 0082026-04-20proposaltimeline · oral · come_up
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/timeline/18aeb5ef-5691-4c15-a914-605f96bedbfc
  9. 0092026-04-20proposaltimeline · oral · peak
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/timeline/6f103a4c-af5a-4c97-a37b-2209c80c12ed
  10. 0102026-04-20proposaltimeline · oral · plateau
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/timeline/10ffde59-1cbb-4763-a848-ce153b86d34a
  11. 0112026-04-20proposaltimeline · oral · resolution
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/timeline/db54781e-cfed-4544-bb70-89715ecdf912
  12. 0122026-04-20proposaltimeline · oral · afterglow
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/timeline/3e3732f6-b8ef-4131-a27e-b8cf8e9055b4
  13. 0132026-04-20proposaltoxicity
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/toxicity/bf2b42cb-b6a0-416a-be29-aea7c9a98fd3
  14. 0142026-04-20proposaldependence · full
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dependence/e65d5293-5ccd-4a46-ba9d-e82339253f59
  15. 0152026-04-20proposalwithdrawal
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/withdrawal/7493f8a5-ca50-4b6e-a41a-d8a08a935851
  16. 0162026-04-20proposaltolerance
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/tolerance/29b7f380-82c3-462f-a613-43174484aa24
  17. 0172026-04-20proposaldosage · oral
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dosage/9645d283-c226-402c-ba9a-903e0c3ac551
  18. 0182026-04-20proposalduration · oral · onset
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/duration/43de0a1b-3738-46b5-8f34-8eba276675f2
  19. 0192026-04-20proposalduration · oral · come_up
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/duration/aade8a8a-292d-481f-a42f-0c8da4625a31
  20. 0202026-04-20proposalduration · oral · peak
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/duration/90a69b5a-f968-42b9-b95b-83cafa7897e7
  21. 0212026-04-20proposalduration · oral · offset
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/duration/c4835841-89dc-4872-89f9-d29dc7fd79ba
  22. 0222026-04-20proposalduration · oral · total
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/duration/182ff46a-1ee5-438c-8f33-009f2d819c5e
  23. 0232026-04-20proposalduration · oral · aftereffects
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/duration/d66dd4b8-28f0-47cd-b071-b69f180943c8
  24. 0242026-06-04proposal33 value proposals approved together

    one review action inferred from a shared reviewer and instant — the graph records one activity per proposal

    33 items in this filing

    • contraindication · cardiovascular
    • contraindication · hepatic
    • contraindication · psychiatric
    • contraindication · neurological
    • contraindication · pregnancy_breastfeeding
    • contraindication · other
    • dose_tier · threshold
    • dose_tier · light
    • dose_tier · common
    • dose_tier · strong
    • dose_tier · heavy
    • timeline · oral · onset
    • timeline · oral · come_up
    • timeline · oral · peak
    • timeline · oral · plateau
    • timeline · oral · resolution
    • timeline · oral · afterglow
    • toxicity
    • dependence · full
    • withdrawal
    • tolerance
    • dosage · oral
    • duration · oral · onset
    • duration · oral · come_up
    • duration · oral · peak
    • duration · oral · offset
    • duration · oral · total
    • duration · oral · aftereffects
    • contraindication · other
    • contraindication · other
    • contraindication · other
    • contraindication · pregnancy_breastfeeding
    psx:substance/mdma/proposal/contraindication/8cf67071-01c1-4a82-a8a0-e603eedb9e7b
  25. 0252026-06-04publicationPublication — backfill
    psx:substance/mdma/pub/bf000688-f775-46ad-81be-8604a8e3d69f
  26. 0262026-09-27revisionr1.a1

    brief-overview retired 2026-09-30 (founder): Description reads the essential summary for every substance.

    psx:substance/mdma/version/2

5Issued documents

what the notice, info card and emergency page said, by hash

Issued documents
documentcontent hashissuedfrom versionsuperseded
info_card30fcaed19743455e5fee35f7…2026-10-19 20:32Revision 1current
emergency47cf1475db8db7f236c6a01a…2026-09-04 04:30Revision 1current
info_card12f7eb336495d2110e02a066…2026-09-04 04:30Revision 1superseded2026-10-19
notice49a1e353e4c4637ecf7b581e…2026-09-04 04:30Revision 1current