MDMA

3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine

6Node page

what any key link opens

psx:substance/mdma/claim/c6334b6e-7d7c-4b64-a87e-33019dc07a20

claim2026-04-20workinginconclusive

derived from · upstream

usedMDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 studypsx:substance/mdma/src/doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3

feeds · downstream

informed_bysection/safety.full@1psx:substance/mdma/section/safety.full@1

psx:substance/mdma/claim/c6334b6e-7d7c-4b64-a87e-33019dc07a20
├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3  MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study
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    ├─ used  src/pmid:16911722  The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02948.x  Rediscovering MDMA (ecstasy): the role of the American chemist Alexander T. Shulgin
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/cpt.565  Potential Psychiatric Uses for MDMA
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02565-4  MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s40263-025-01162-y  MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Regulatory Challenges and a Path Forward
    ├─ used  src/url:f04836dd1b8db9ed  Australia TGA rescheduling MDMA to Schedule 8 for PTSD treatment
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1124/pr.55.3.3  The pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy")
    ├─ used  src/pmid:15831439  Pharmacological characterization of ecstasy synthesis byproducts with recombinant human monoamine transporters
    ├─ used  src/pmid:12404538  Which neuroreceptors mediate the subjective effects of MDMA in humans? A summary of mechanistic studies
    ├─ used  src/pmid:10917407  Human pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy"): psychomotor performance and subjective effects
    ├─ used  src/pmid:16510474  MDMA in humans: factors which affect the neuropsychobiological profiles of recreational ecstasy users, the integrative role of bioenergetic stress
    ├─ used  src/pmid:15910012  Contribution of cytochrome P450 2D6 to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine disposition in humans: use of paroxetine as a metabolic inhibitor probe
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.2165/11584550-000000000-00000  Sex differences in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy)-induced cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibition in humans
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/hup.2811  Serotonin transporter availability, neurocognitive function and their correlation in abstinent 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine users
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1017/S0033291716000258
    ├─ used  src/pmid:16541247  3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings
    ├─ used  src/pmid:17152992  The origin of MDMA ("ecstasy")--separating the facts from the myth
    ├─ used  src/url:3f26882996785e95  MDMA scheduling history and DEA Schedule I placement
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1177/0269881112464827  A randomized, controlled pilot study of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of resistant, chronic PTSD
    ├─ used  src/pmid:2457659  Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) cause selective ablation of serotonergic axon terminals in forebrain: immunocytochemical evidence for neurotoxicity
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1177/0269881110378371  The safety and efficacy of {+/-}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05249-5  MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD: study design and rationale for phase 3 trials based on pooled analysis of six phase 2 randomized controlled trials [RETRACTED]
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/s41386-024-01972-6  Acute effects of R-MDMA, S-MDMA, and racemic MDMA in a randomized double-blind cross-over trial in healthy participants
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1171-11.2011
    ├─ used  src/pmid:15228154  Human pharmacology of MDMA: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and disposition
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1124/mol.60.6.1181  Amphetamine, MDMA, lysergic acid diethylamide, and metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are agonists of a rat trace amine receptor
    ├─ used  src/pmid:11106307  The serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram reduces acute cardiovascular and vegetative effects of MDMA ('Ecstasy') in healthy volunteers
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.006  Plasma oxytocin concentrations following MDMA or intranasal oxytocin in humans
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/npp.2014.12  Effects of MDMA and Intranasal oxytocin on social and emotional processing
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5010-9  Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112802  Efficacy of MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/npr2.12485  MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1017/S1461145713001132
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0402-z  Effects of MDMA on attention to positive social cues and pleasantness of affective touch
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1177/0269881120926673  Acute effects of MDMA on trust, cooperative behaviour and empathy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/npp.2017.171  MDMA Impairs Both the Encoding and Retrieval of Emotional Recollections
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111139  MDMA impairs cognitive function during withdrawal via activation of the arachidonic acid cascade in the hippocampus
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1093/brain/awaf391  Memory deficits of MDMA users are linked to cortical thinning related to 5-HT receptor densities
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03252.x  Residual neurocognitive features of long-term ecstasy users with minimal exposure to other drugs
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1659-20.2020  Hallucinogens in Mental Health: Preclinical and Clinical Studies on LSD, Psilocybin, MDMA, and Ketamine
    ├─ used  src/pmid:12468674  The 'ecstasy' hangover: hyponatremia due to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.7759/cureus.90328  Intracranial Pressure-Guided Therapy in MDMA-Induced Cerebral Edema: A Case Report
    ├─ used  src/pmid:12297982  Acute liver failure following the use of ecstasy (MDMA)
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.3310/hta13050  The harmful health effects of recreational ecstasy: a systematic review of observational evidence
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116929  Adverse events associated with classic psychedelics and MDMA: a real-world population-based study using WHO pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase)
    ├─ used  src/pmid:14758467  Study of the behavioural responses related to the potential addictive properties of MDMA in mice
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7  Safety and Efficacy of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Patients Who Use Psychoactive Substances
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      ├─ used  claim/b9ba4175-63e2-40c3-8779-261ec298d516  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/f98bcf86-e7e9-4f3f-adbc-da295a4bb282  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/7fa7c5f9-3052-4a45-b143-dae98ac48ce3  Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/f4f3bc17-b0ed-4b60-9bcc-585553997303  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/d5c5bb5d-0ad5-411e-a01a-3b53526a94a2  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/32c1b32a-7d6e-458e-8338-a217538d4862  Claim in neuroscience — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/d2fa060e-d196-479a-9692-87a601d93b78  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/a8b2986d-12d8-4fef-be3d-388018124f00  Claim in neuroscience — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/aae4d8f1-8476-46fa-be4a-0c372381cd86  Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/4c170cdf-789f-4c0d-85af-005bfa58984b  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/e4d5043f-109d-482f-80be-d967a6aedb52  Claim in effects-overview — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/6663c6af-90aa-47e0-b9e8-6f2492a08ff3  Claim in neuroscience — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/1d95bfbd-29f2-4931-8e7e-94d00d9fc5bb  Claim in neuroscience — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/3e9963bd-5d73-4e8f-9078-378365189841  Claim in neuroscience — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/26ce2cb4-226e-4cdb-b1be-98d0bae60be7  Claim in neuroscience — inconclusive  working
      └─ used  claim/624d1f97-4018-4f8f-aa51-39fb42bd2c41  Claim in neuroscience — inconclusive  working
… closure truncated at 200 nodes

indented by distance from this node, not by parentage

1Provenance card

the boundary, as counts

Sources

4832 with DOI

23 strong · 20 moderate · 5 weak

Compilations

22026-04-20T22:45:36.694Z

pipeline-v5 · prompt hash not recorded — run predates 2026-09 · 1 other run

Decisions

59last ruled 2026-06-04

1 awaiting a ruling

Issued documents

42026-10-19T20:32:40.411Z

notice · info card · emergency

Searches

250 with no results

queries and counts on the build

Claims checked

10910 supported

10 supported · 99 not

Correspondence

0received

consent field ships in Phase 4

Edges

339

derivations recorded for this entity

Complete over 48 sources, 2 compilations, and 59 decisions.Not here: the private journal (never); 1 proposal awaiting a ruling (listed as pending only).Working material — drafts, discards, unsupported claims — is listed below and readable on the working page.Cite: psychedex.org/substances/mdma/archive

2Build

one panel per compilation run

generation run 2026-04-20

72 min completedmodel not recordedplan not recordedrun/9f75a940…

research

no artifact

draft

no artifact

audit

no artifact

verify

no artifact

simplify

no artifact

publish

no artifact

Selection

results seen0

selected by the model0

consumed as sources48

Verification

claims checked0

supported0

partially supported0

not supported0

inconclusive0

record
seen / partial
working

The model's own caveats

none raised on this run

Reproduce

inputs: 48 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan: not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model: not recorded
streams: none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward

generation run 2026-04-20

83 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/7999235c…

Selection

results seen118

selected by the model45

consumed as sources48

Verification

claims checked109

supported10

partially supported0

not supported0

inconclusive99

record
seen / partial
working

The model's own caveats

none raised on this run

Reproduce

inputs: 48 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan: not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model: pipeline-v5
streams: none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward

25 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why

25 searches for this run
#	source	query	seen	kept	rationale
1	PubChem	MDMA (name lookup)	1	1	Primary chemical identity verification
2	OpenAlex	MDMA ecstasy serotonin neurotoxicity long-term	8	2	High-citation seminal papers on MDMA neurotoxicity and human pharmacology
3	PubMed	MDMA human pharmacokinetics Tmax half-life CYP2D6 metabolism	2	2	Direct human CYP2D6 MDMA metabolism data
4	PubMed	MDMA pharmacokinetics human bioavailability half-life metabolism	1	1	General ATS PK review relevant to MDMA
5	OpenAlex	MDMA 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine pharmacology	10	3	—
6	PubMed	MDMA ecstasy neurotoxicity serotonin 5-HT long-term brain damage	10	4	—
7	ClinicalTrials.gov	MDMA PTSD treatment therapy	15	6	Active, completed, and novel indication trials
8	PubMed	MDMA receptor binding affinity serotonin dopamine norepinephrine Ki	2	1	—
9	PubMed	MDMA stereoisomers R-MDMA S-MDMA enantiomers pharmacology	8	3	Key enantiomer pharmacology and transporter release EC50 data
10	PubMed	MDMA PTSD assisted therapy clinical trial randomized controlled	10	4	—
11	PubMed	PMID 20653618	1	1	History: Shulgin's role
12	WebSearch	MDMA legal status scheduling DEA Schedule I UK Class A international	10	2	Legal status primary source
13	PubMed	PMID 37709999	1	1	Second Phase 3 confirmatory trial
14	PubMed	PMID 27859039	1	1	FDA regulatory pathway documentation
15	WebSearch	Australia TGA MDMA psilocybin Schedule 8 2023	10	1	Key legal status change
16	PubMed	PMID 20643699, 23118021	2	2	Key Phase 2 clinical trial papers
17	ClinicalTrials.gov	MDMA PTSD Phase 3 MAPP2	1	1	Confirmatory Phase 3 trial
18	PubMed	PMID 16911722, 17152992	2	2	Primary historical sources from Merck archives
19	WebSearch	MDMA melting point physical properties HCl salt free base	10	1	Physical chemistry data not in PubMed
20	PubMed	PMID 12404538	1	1	Primary neuroreceptor mechanism study in humans
21	WebSearch	MDMA LD50 oral rats lethal dose mg/kg toxicology	8	1	Toxicology data for safety section
22	PubMed	MDMA Benzenhöfer Shulgin rediscovery 2010 Addiction	1	1	Primary historical reference on Shulgin's role
23	Cross-reference	MDMA chemical identity verification	1	1	Chemical identity verification for article
24	PubMed	MDMA FDA breakthrough therapy designation potential psychiatric uses	1	1	Regulatory history documentation
25	ClinicalTrials.gov	MDMA PTSD Phase 3 MAPP2 NCT04077437	1	1	Second Phase 3 confirmatory trial

109 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source

safety36 · 2 ok

Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
MDMA impairs thermoregulation through multiple pathways: 5-HT-mediated thermogenesis, vasoconstriction limiting heat dissipation, and potentiation by physical exertion in hot environmentssupported
Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Temperature dysregulation is strongly amplified at high ambient temperatures and can be fatal in rodents, primates, and humans.supported
Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
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Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

pharmacology20 · 3 ok

Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
MDMA is a substrate-type monoamine transporter releaser: it enters presynaptic terminals via the plasma membrane monoamine transporters (SERT, NET, DAT) and drives carrier-mediated reverse transport, flooding the synapse with serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA)supported
Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3
This mechanism distinguishes MDMA from reuptake blockers such as cocaine, which inhibit transporter function without inducing substrate release.supported
Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The entactogenic and empathogenic character of MDMA is attributed to this serotonergic predominance.supported
Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

summary17 · 2 ok

Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
MDMA functions as a substrate-type monoamine transporter releaser, entering presynaptic terminals via SERT, NET, and DAT and driving carrier-mediated reverse transport of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopaminesupported
Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Acute toxicity is driven primarily by hyperthermia, hyponatremia from SIADH, and serotonin syndrome — risks amplified by hot environments, physical exertion, and serotonergic co-administrationsupported
Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

neuroscience9 · 1 ok

Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
In mice, MDMA produces selective dopaminergic rather than serotonergic neurotoxicity, highlighting species-dependent vulnerability.supported
Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

history7 · 0 ok

Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

clinical-evidence5 · 0 ok

Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

comparative-pharmacology5 · 2 ok

Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The critical pharmacological distinction is selectivity: amphetamine strongly prefers dopamine release (DAT > NET >> SERT), whereas MDMA shifts toward serotonin (NET > SERT > DAT in absolute EC₅₀ terms, but with a SERT/DAT ratio reflecting greater relative serotonin activity than amphetamine)supported
Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
In rodent neurotoxicity models, both compounds produce serotonergic axon terminal damage; MDA may be a mediator of MDMA neurotoxicity through metabolic conversion.supported
Covers MDMA serotonin/dopamine release, hyperthermia, neurotoxicity in rats and primates, equivocal human neurotoxicity evidence pr.55.3.3

pharmacokinetic-detail5 · 0 ok

Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

receptor-pharmacology3 · 0 ok

Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

chemistry1 · 0 ok

Claim in chemistry — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

effects-overview1 · 0 ok

Claim in effects-overview — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Other runs

brief run2026-09-27completed3 minrun/90eca14b…

3Sources

48 consumed · sorted by year · feeds = sections resting on it

Sources 1 to 30
year	source	tier	status	feeds
2026	Adverse events associated with classic psychedelics and MDMA: a real-world population-based study using WHO pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase)Syed OA, Nestor SM, Husain MI, et al. · Psychiatry Researchdoi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116929	moderate	consumed	1 section
2026	Efficacy of MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysisFares-Otero NE, Furukawa Y, Sijbrandij M, et al. · European Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112802	strong	consumed	cited only
2026	Memory deficits of MDMA users are linked to cortical thinning related to 5-HT receptor densitiesCoray RC, Beliveau V, Zimmermann J, et al. · Braindoi:10.1093/brain/awaf391	moderate	consumed	2 sections
2026	Safety and Efficacy of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Patients Who Use Psychoactive SubstancesRached G, Campana A, Fiani D, et al. · CNS Drugsdoi:10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7	strong	consumed	1 section
2025	Intracranial Pressure-Guided Therapy in MDMA-Induced Cerebral Edema: A Case ReportKhalifa H, Abdulmajeed M · Cureusdoi:10.7759/cureus.90328	weak	consumed	1 section
2025	MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Regulatory Challenges and a Path ForwardSingh B · CNS Drugsdoi:10.1007/s40263-025-01162-y	moderate	consumed	2 sections
2024	Acute effects of R-MDMA, S-MDMA, and racemic MDMA in a randomized double-blind cross-over trial in healthy participantsStraumann I, Avedisian I, Klaiber A, Varghese N, Eckert A, Rudin D, Luethi D, Liechti ME · Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1038/s41386-024-01972-6	strong	consumed	6 sections
2024	MDMA impairs cognitive function during withdrawal via activation of the arachidonic acid cascade in the hippocampusNawata Y, Nishioku T, Yamamoto T, Yamaguchi T · Drug and Alcohol Dependencedoi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111139	moderate	consumed	1 section
2024	MDMA scheduling history and DEA Schedule I placementDrug Enforcement Administrationurl:3f26882996785e95	weak	consumed	cited only
2024	MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsShahrour G, Sohail K, Elrais S, et al. · Neuropsychopharmacology Reportsdoi:10.1002/npr2.12485	strong	consumed	1 section
2023	Australia TGA rescheduling MDMA to Schedule 8 for PTSD treatmentTherapeutic Goods Administration (Australia)url:f04836dd1b8db9ed	weak	consumed	cited only
2023	MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trialMitchell J, Ot'alora G M, van der Kolk B, Shannon S, Bogenschutz MP · Nature Medicinedoi:10.1038/s41591-023-02565-4	strong	consumed	2 sections
2022	Serotonin transporter availability, neurocognitive function and their correlation in abstinent 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine usersvan de Blaak FL, Dumont GJH · Human Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1002/hup.2811	moderate	consumed	2 sections
2021	Acute effects of MDMA on trust, cooperative behaviour and empathy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled experimentBorissova A, Ferguson B, Wall MB, et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1177/0269881120926673	strong	consumed	cited only
2021	MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 studyMitchell JM, Bogenschutz M, Lilienstein A, et al. · Nature Medicinedoi:10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3	strong	consumed	3 sections
2020	Hallucinogens in Mental Health: Preclinical and Clinical Studies on LSD, Psilocybin, MDMA, and KetamineDe Gregorio D, Aguilar-Valles A, Preller KH, Heifets BD, Hibicke M · Journal of Neurosciencedoi:10.1523/jneurosci.1659-20.2020	moderate	consumed	1 section
2019	Effects of MDMA on attention to positive social cues and pleasantness of affective touchBershad AK, Mayo LM, Van Hedger K, et al. · Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1038/s41386-019-0402-z	strong	consumed	1 section
2019	MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD: study design and rationale for phase 3 trials based on pooled analysis of six phase 2 randomized controlled trials [RETRACTED]Mithoefer MC, Feduccia AA, Jerome L, et al. · Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1007/s00213-019-05249-5	moderate	consumed	cited only
2018	MDMA Impairs Both the Encoding and Retrieval of Emotional RecollectionsDoss MK, Weafer J, Gallo DA, de Wit H · Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1038/npp.2017.171	strong	consumed	1 section
2018	Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot studyDanforth AL, Grob CS, Struble C, et al. · Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1007/s00213-018-5010-9	strong	consumed	1 section
2017	Potential Psychiatric Uses for MDMAYazar-Klosinski BB, Mithoefer MC · Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeuticsdoi:10.1002/cpt.565	moderate	consumed	2 sections
2016	Meta-analysis of executive functioning in ecstasy/polydrug usersRoberts CA, Jones A, Montgomery C · Psychological Medicinedoi:10.1017/s0033291716000258	strong	consumed	cited only
2014	Effects of MDMA and Intranasal oxytocin on social and emotional processingKirkpatrick MG, Lee R, Wardle MC, Jacob S, de Wit H · Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1038/npp.2014.12	strong	consumed	2 sections
2014	Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of methylphenidate and MDMA administered alone or in combinationHysek CM, Simmler LD, Schillinger N, et al. · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1017/s1461145713001132	strong	consumed	cited only
2014	Plasma oxytocin concentrations following MDMA or intranasal oxytocin in humansKirkpatrick MG, Francis SM, Lee R, de Wit H, Jacob S · Psychoneuroendocrinologydoi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.006	strong	consumed	2 sections
2013	A randomized, controlled pilot study of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of resistant, chronic PTSDOehen P, Traber R, Widmer V, Schnyder U · Journal of Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1177/0269881112464827	strong	consumed	1 section
2011	Characterization of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) enantiomers in vitro and in the MPTP-lesioned primate: R-MDMA reduces severity of dyskinesia, whereas S-MDMA extends duration of ON-timeHuot P, Johnston TH, Lewis KD, et al. · Journal of Neurosciencedoi:10.1523/jneurosci.1171-11.2011	moderate	consumed	cited only
2011	Residual neurocognitive features of long-term ecstasy users with minimal exposure to other drugsHalpern JH, Sherwood AR, Hudson JI, Gruber S, Kozin D, Pope HG · Addictiondoi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03252.x	moderate	consumed	1 section
2011	Sex differences in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy)-induced cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibition in humansYubero-Lahoz S, Pardo R, Farré M, et al. · Clinical Pharmacokineticsdoi:10.2165/11584550-000000000-00000	strong	consumed	4 sections
2011	The safety and efficacy of {+/-}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot studyMithoefer MC, Wagner MT, Mithoefer AT, Jerome L, Doblin R · Journal of Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1177/0269881110378371	strong	consumed	2 sections

Show all 48 sources — 18 more

Sources 31 to 48
year	source	tier	status	feeds
2010	Rediscovering MDMA (ecstasy): the role of the American chemist Alexander T. ShulginBenzenhöfer U, Passie T · Addictiondoi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02948.x	moderate	consumed	2 sections
2009	The harmful health effects of recreational ecstasy: a systematic review of observational evidenceRogers G, Elston J, Garside R, et al. · Health Technology Assessmentdoi:10.3310/hta13050	strong	consumed	1 section
2007	3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findingsBaumann MH, Wang X, Rothman RB · Psychopharmacologypmid:16541247	moderate	consumed	2 sections
2006	MDMA in humans: factors which affect the neuropsychobiological profiles of recreational ecstasy users, the integrative role of bioenergetic stressParrott AC · Journal of Psychopharmacologypmid:16510474	moderate	consumed	2 sections
2006	The origin of MDMA ("ecstasy")--separating the facts from the mythBernschneider-Reif S, Oxler F, Freudenmann RW · Die Pharmaziepmid:17152992	moderate	consumed	1 section
2006	The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documentsFreudenmann RW, Oxler F, Bernschneider-Reif S · Addictionpmid:16911722	moderate	consumed	2 sections
2005	Contribution of cytochrome P450 2D6 to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine disposition in humans: use of paroxetine as a metabolic inhibitor probeSegura M, Farré M, Pichini S, et al. · Clinical Pharmacokineticspmid:15910012	strong	consumed	4 sections
2005	Pharmacological characterization of ecstasy synthesis byproducts with recombinant human monoamine transportersPifl C, Nagy G, Berényi S, et al. · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeuticspmid:15831439	moderate	consumed	3 sections
2004	Human pharmacology of MDMA: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and dispositionde la Torre R, Farré M, Roset PN, Pizarro N, Abanades S, Segura M, Segura J, Camí J · Therapeutic Drug Monitoringpmid:15228154	moderate	consumed	3 sections
2004	Study of the behavioural responses related to the potential addictive properties of MDMA in miceRobledo P, Balerio G, Berrendero F, Maldonado R · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacologypmid:14758467	moderate	consumed	1 section
2003	The pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy")Green AR, Mechan AO, Elliott JM, O'Shea E, Colado MI · Pharmacological Reviewsdoi:10.1124/pr.55.3.3	strong	consumed	5 sections
2002	Acute liver failure following the use of ecstasy (MDMA)Lange-Brock N, Berg T, Müller AR, et al. · Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologiepmid:12297982	weak	consumed	1 section
2002	The 'ecstasy' hangover: hyponatremia due to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamineTraub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS · Journal of Urban Healthpmid:12468674	weak	consumed	1 section
2001	Amphetamine, MDMA, lysergic acid diethylamide, and metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are agonists of a rat trace amine receptorBunzow JR, Sonders MS, Arttamangkul S, et al. · Molecular Pharmacologydoi:10.1124/mol.60.6.1181	moderate	consumed	2 sections
2001	Which neuroreceptors mediate the subjective effects of MDMA in humans? A summary of mechanistic studiesLiechti ME, Vollenweider FX · Human Psychopharmacologypmid:12404538	strong	consumed	2 sections
2000	Human pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy"): psychomotor performance and subjective effectsCami J, Farré M, Mas M, et al. · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacologypmid:10917407	strong	consumed	3 sections
2000	The serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram reduces acute cardiovascular and vegetative effects of MDMA ('Ecstasy') in healthy volunteersLiechti ME, Vollenweider FX · Journal of Psychopharmacologypmid:11106307	strong	consumed	2 sections
1988	Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) cause selective ablation of serotonergic axon terminals in forebrain: immunocytochemical evidence for neurotoxicityO'Hearn E, Battaglia G, De Souza EB, Kuhar MJ, Molliver ME · Journal of Neurosciencepmid:2457659	moderate	consumed	cited only

4Docket

one filing per activity — decisions, correspondence, reports

awaiting ruling — 1

dependence · taper2026-07-03

0012026-04-20revisionRevision 1
Initial LLM generation (v5 pipeline, wiki)
psx:substance/mdma/version/1
0022026-04-20proposaldose_tier · threshold
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dose_tier/95df5615-6eae-409f-b3e9-6c740e2aa309
0032026-04-20proposaldose_tier · light
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dose_tier/1d9bd9fd-8653-404d-a1bf-7a8477d2f29f
0042026-04-20proposaldose_tier · common
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dose_tier/27832b35-adac-4c65-a596-0219b8e9d9d5
0052026-04-20proposaldose_tier · strong
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dose_tier/881b39ed-68c8-41be-94be-a3e2d76ce376
0062026-04-20proposaldose_tier · heavy
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dose_tier/9684f1fc-017f-4067-9c4a-ac0a3a626af9
0072026-04-20proposaltimeline · oral · onset
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/timeline/c4a8f5ac-6ca3-43e0-84ca-9e19c8182e11
0082026-04-20proposaltimeline · oral · come_up
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/timeline/18aeb5ef-5691-4c15-a914-605f96bedbfc
0092026-04-20proposaltimeline · oral · peak
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/timeline/6f103a4c-af5a-4c97-a37b-2209c80c12ed
0102026-04-20proposaltimeline · oral · plateau
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/timeline/10ffde59-1cbb-4763-a848-ce153b86d34a
0112026-04-20proposaltimeline · oral · resolution
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/timeline/db54781e-cfed-4544-bb70-89715ecdf912
0122026-04-20proposaltimeline · oral · afterglow
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/timeline/3e3732f6-b8ef-4131-a27e-b8cf8e9055b4
0132026-04-20proposaltoxicity
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/toxicity/bf2b42cb-b6a0-416a-be29-aea7c9a98fd3
0142026-04-20proposaldependence · full
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dependence/e65d5293-5ccd-4a46-ba9d-e82339253f59
0152026-04-20proposalwithdrawal
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/withdrawal/7493f8a5-ca50-4b6e-a41a-d8a08a935851
0162026-04-20proposaltolerance
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/tolerance/29b7f380-82c3-462f-a613-43174484aa24
0172026-04-20proposaldosage · oral
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/dosage/9645d283-c226-402c-ba9a-903e0c3ac551
0182026-04-20proposalduration · oral · onset
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/duration/43de0a1b-3738-46b5-8f34-8eba276675f2
0192026-04-20proposalduration · oral · come_up
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/duration/aade8a8a-292d-481f-a42f-0c8da4625a31
0202026-04-20proposalduration · oral · peak
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/duration/90a69b5a-f968-42b9-b95b-83cafa7897e7
0212026-04-20proposalduration · oral · offset
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/duration/c4835841-89dc-4872-89f9-d29dc7fd79ba
0222026-04-20proposalduration · oral · total
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/duration/182ff46a-1ee5-438c-8f33-009f2d819c5e
0232026-04-20proposalduration · oral · aftereffects
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/duration/d66dd4b8-28f0-47cd-b071-b69f180943c8
0242026-06-04proposal33 value proposals approved together
one review action inferred from a shared reviewer and instant — the graph records one activity per proposal
33 items in this filing
- contraindication · cardiovascular
- contraindication · hepatic
- contraindication · psychiatric
- contraindication · neurological
- contraindication · pregnancy_breastfeeding
- contraindication · other
- dose_tier · threshold
- dose_tier · light
- dose_tier · common
- dose_tier · strong
- dose_tier · heavy
- timeline · oral · onset
- timeline · oral · come_up
- timeline · oral · peak
- timeline · oral · plateau
- timeline · oral · resolution
- timeline · oral · afterglow
- toxicity
- dependence · full
- withdrawal
- tolerance
- dosage · oral
- duration · oral · onset
- duration · oral · come_up
- duration · oral · peak
- duration · oral · offset
- duration · oral · total
- duration · oral · aftereffects
- contraindication · other
- contraindication · other
- contraindication · other
- contraindication · pregnancy_breastfeeding
psx:substance/mdma/proposal/contraindication/8cf67071-01c1-4a82-a8a0-e603eedb9e7b
0252026-06-04publicationPublication — backfill
psx:substance/mdma/pub/bf000688-f775-46ad-81be-8604a8e3d69f
0262026-09-27revisionr1.a1
brief-overview retired 2026-09-30 (founder): Description reads the essential summary for every substance.
psx:substance/mdma/version/2

5Issued documents

what the notice, info card and emergency page said, by hash

Issued documents
document	content hash	issued	from version	superseded
info_card	30fcaed19743455e5fee35f7…	2026-10-19 20:32	Revision 1	current
emergency	47cf1475db8db7f236c6a01a…	2026-09-04 04:30	Revision 1	current
info_card	12f7eb336495d2110e02a066…	2026-09-04 04:30	Revision 1	superseded2026-10-19
notice	49a1e353e4c4637ecf7b581e…	2026-09-04 04:30	Revision 1	current

MDMA

6Node page

derived from · upstream

feeds · downstream

1Provenance card

2Build

generation run 2026-04-20

research→

draft→

audit→

verify→

simplify→

publish

Selection

Verification

The model's own caveats

Reproduce

generation run 2026-04-20

research→

draft→

audit→

verify→

simplify→

publish

Selection

Verification

The model's own caveats

Reproduce

Other runs

3Sources

4Docket

awaiting ruling — 1

5Issued documents

research

draft

audit

verify

simplify

research

draft

audit

verify

simplify