LSD

lysergic acid diethylamide

Sources

26 strong · 6 moderate · 1 weak

Studies and references cited across this article, graded by evidence strength.

Values approved

233/234 (100%)

Data points an editor reviewed and accepted for publication.

Value Provenance

Dosing

oraltrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Threshold	10 µg	10 µg	high
Low	15–50 µg	15–50 µg	high
Common	75–150 µg	75–150 µg	high
Strong	150–250 µg	150–250 µg	high
Heavy	300+ µg	300+ µg	high
Editorial	Threshold of 10 µg established by Holze et al. 2021 microdose study as the lowest dose producing statistically significant subjective effects vs placebo. Dose-response characterisation from Holze et al. 2021 (25/50/100/200 µg): 25 µg = threshold psychotropic, 50 µg = mild-moderate, 100 µg = full psychedelic with good-drug-effect ceiling, 200 µg = greater ego dissolution and anxiety. Tier boundaries derived from these controlled data points. Bioavailability 80% from Arikci et al. 2025.
	ReasoningReasoning Threshold of 10 µg established by Holze et al. 2021 microdose study as the lowest dose producing statistically significant subjective effects vs placebo. Dose-response characterisation from Holze et al. 2021 (25/50/100/200 µg): 25 µg = threshold psychotropic, 50 µg = mild-moderate, 100 µg = full psychedelic with good-drug-effect ceiling, 200 µg = greater ego dissolution and anxiety. Tier boundaries derived from these controlled data points. Bioavailability 80% from Arikci et al. 2025. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

Duration

oral

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Come uptrace	30–60 minutes	30–60 minutes	high
Editorial	Effects build from first alerts to approaching peak intensity over 30–60 minutes, consistent with Tmax of 1.1–1.4 hours and published effect-time curves from Holze et al. 2021 and Dolder et al. 2017.
	ReasoningReasoning Effects build from first alerts to approaching peak intensity over 30–60 minutes, consistent with Tmax of 1.1–1.4 hours and published effect-time curves from Holze et al. 2021 and Dolder et al. 2017. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study
Totaltrace	7–12 hours	7–12 hours	high
Editorial	Total subjective duration 6.7 hours at 25 µg to 11 hours at 200 µg (Holze et al. 2021). Mean duration 8.2 hours at 100 µg (Ley et al. 2023). Range of 7–12 hours captures the common-to-strong dose experience window.
	ReasoningReasoning Total subjective duration 6.7 hours at 25 µg to 11 hours at 200 µg (Holze et al. 2021). Mean duration 8.2 hours at 100 µg (Ley et al. 2023). Range of 7–12 hours captures the common-to-strong dose experience window. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study
Onsettrace	20–45 minutes	20–45 minutes	high
Editorial	Tmax 1.1–1.4 hours (Dolder et al. 2017, Holze et al. 2021 microdose). First subjective effects emerge before Tmax, typically 20–45 minutes post-ingestion based on clinical study effect-time curves.
	ReasoningReasoning Tmax 1.1–1.4 hours (Dolder et al. 2017, Holze et al. 2021 microdose). First subjective effects emerge before Tmax, typically 20–45 minutes post-ingestion based on clinical study effect-time curves. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study
Peaktrace	2–4 hours	2–4 hours	high
Editorial	Peak intensity sustained for approximately 2–4 hours at common-to-strong doses (75–200 µg), derived from published effect-time curves in Holze et al. 2021 dose-response study showing maximum subjective effects from approximately hours 2–5 post-dose.
	ReasoningReasoning Peak intensity sustained for approximately 2–4 hours at common-to-strong doses (75–200 µg), derived from published effect-time curves in Holze et al. 2021 dose-response study showing maximum subjective effects from approximately hours 2–5 post-dose. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study
Offsettrace	2–4 hours	2–4 hours	high
Editorial	Declining intensity from peak back toward baseline over approximately 2–4 hours, consistent with total duration data from Ley et al. 2023 (8.2 h mean at 100 µg) and Holze et al. 2021 (6.7–11 h at 25–200 µg).
	ReasoningReasoning Declining intensity from peak back toward baseline over approximately 2–4 hours, consistent with total duration data from Ley et al. 2023 (8.2 h mean at 100 µg) and Holze et al. 2021 (6.7–11 h at 25–200 µg). Evidence basis: controlled_human_study
After effectstrace	6–48 hours	6–48 hours	medium
Editorial	Afterglow effects (elevated mood, residual visual enhancement, emotional openness) reported for 6–48 hours following resolution. Not systematically quantified in controlled studies but consistently reported across clinical contexts. Fatigue from extended experience is common.
	ReasoningReasoning Afterglow effects (elevated mood, residual visual enhancement, emotional openness) reported for 6–48 hours following resolution. Not systematically quantified in controlled studies but consistently reported across clinical contexts. Fatigue from extended experience is common. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

Safety

Toxicity Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Acute	negligible	negligible	high
Chronic	low	low	high
Organs Affected	cardiovascular	cardiovascular	high
Editorial	Acute toxicity classified as negligible based on multiple Phase 1 controlled studies (Holze et al. 2022, Schmid et al. 2015) showing no SAEs at doses up to 200 µg, no documented human fatalities from direct toxicity (Nichols 2016), and an estimated TI of ~1,000. Chronic toxicity classified as low due to theoretical 5-HT₂B valvulopathy risk from ergoline-class agonism (Rouaud et al. 2024) — no clinical cases reported, but the mechanism is pharmacologically plausible for chronic high-frequency dosing.
	ReasoningReasoning Acute toxicity classified as negligible based on multiple Phase 1 controlled studies (Holze et al. 2022, Schmid et al. 2015) showing no SAEs at doses up to 200 µg, no documented human fatalities from direct toxicity (Nichols 2016), and an estimated TI of ~1,000. Chronic toxicity classified as low due to theoretical 5-HT₂B valvulopathy risk from ergoline-class agonism (Rouaud et al. 2024) — no clinical cases reported, but the mechanism is pharmacologically plausible for chronic high-frequency dosing. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

Dependence Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Physical	none	none	high
Psychological	negligible	negligible	high
Compulsive Redosing	negligible	negligible	high
Dose Escalation	negligible	negligible	high
Editorial	No physical dependence or withdrawal documented (Nichols 2016). LSD does not maintain self-administration in animals and depresses ICSS (Sakloth et al. 2019). Rapid 5-HT₂A tachyphylaxis precludes compulsive use patterns. Dose escalation not observed in clinical trial populations.
	ReasoningReasoning No physical dependence or withdrawal documented (Nichols 2016). LSD does not maintain self-administration in animals and depresses ICSS (Sakloth et al. 2019). Rapid 5-HT₂A tachyphylaxis precludes compulsive use patterns. Dose escalation not observed in clinical trial populations. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

Withdrawal Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Severity	none	none	high
Symptoms	—	—	high
Fatal	No	No	high
Medical Supervision	Not required	Not required	high
Editorial	No withdrawal syndrome has been documented for LSD in any published clinical or preclinical study. LSD produces no physical dependence (Nichols 2016).
	ReasoningReasoning No withdrawal syndrome has been documented for LSD in any published clinical or preclinical study. LSD produces no physical dependence (Nichols 2016). Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

Tolerance Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Buildup	rapid	rapid	high
Half-life	3 days	3 days	high
Full Reset	14 days	14 days	high
Cross-tolerances	psilocybin, mescaline, DMT, psilocin, 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I	psilocybin, mescaline, DMT, psilocin, 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I	high
Editorial	Rapid tolerance via 5-HT₂A downregulation is well-established (Nichols 2016). Full reset at 10–14 days confirmed by clinical trial washout periods across multiple Basel studies. Cross-tolerance with psilocybin, mescaline, and DMT confirmed by animal studies and mechanistically predicted from shared 5-HT₂A target.
	ReasoningReasoning Rapid tolerance via 5-HT₂A downregulation is well-established (Nichols 2016). Full reset at 10–14 days confirmed by clinical trial washout periods across multiple Basel studies. Cross-tolerance with psilocybin, mescaline, and DMT confirmed by animal studies and mechanistically predicted from shared 5-HT₂A target. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

Effects & Profile

Contraindications

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
psychiatric psychotic disorderstrace	absolute	absolute	high
Editorial	Sabé et al. 2025 meta-analysis identifies significant psychosis risk in persons with pre-existing psychotic disorders. Schmid et al. 2015 documents PPI impairment at 200 µg. Universal exclusion in Basel trial protocols.
	ReasoningReasoning Sabé et al. 2025 meta-analysis identifies significant psychosis risk in persons with pre-existing psychotic disorders. Schmid et al. 2015 documents PPI impairment at 200 µg. Universal exclusion in Basel trial protocols.
psychiatric bipolar disordertrace	absolute	absolute	high
Editorial	Sabé et al. 2025 meta-analysis identifies bipolar disorder as a risk factor for psychedelic-precipitated psychiatric destabilisation. Excluded from all modern LSD trials.
	ReasoningReasoning Sabé et al. 2025 meta-analysis identifies bipolar disorder as a risk factor for psychedelic-precipitated psychiatric destabilisation. Excluded from all modern LSD trials.
neurological epilepsytrace	absolute	absolute	medium
Editorial	Edwards et al. 2024 case report and Johnson et al. 2021 retrospective analysis document seizures with LSD+lithium. Direct LSD-only seizure risk in epilepsy not established by controlled data but represents a standard clinical trial exclusion.
	ReasoningReasoning Edwards et al. 2024 case report and Johnson et al. 2021 retrospective analysis document seizures with LSD+lithium. Direct LSD-only seizure risk in epilepsy not established by controlled data but represents a standard clinical trial exclusion.
other lithium therapytrace	absolute	absolute	high
Editorial	Edwards et al. 2024: three generalised seizures within 30 minutes of LSD ingestion on low-dose lithium. Johnson et al. 2021: seizures in 27 of 55 LSD+lithium reports (47–49%), vs 0 of 43 LSD+lamotrigine reports.
	ReasoningReasoning Edwards et al. 2024: three generalised seizures within 30 minutes of LSD ingestion on low-dose lithium. Johnson et al. 2021: seizures in 27 of 55 LSD+lithium reports (47–49%), vs 0 of 43 LSD+lamotrigine reports.
cardiovascular significant cardiovascular diseasetrace	relative	relative	high
Editorial	Holze et al. 2022 safety pharmacology documents moderate cardiovascular effects with no SAEs in healthy subjects. Relative contraindication based on standard clinical pharmacology principles for sympathomimetic agents.
	ReasoningReasoning Holze et al. 2022 safety pharmacology documents moderate cardiovascular effects with no SAEs in healthy subjects. Relative contraindication based on standard clinical pharmacology principles for sympathomimetic agents.
pregnancy breastfeeding pregnancy and breastfeedingtrace	absolute	absolute	medium
Editorial	No reproductive safety studies identified in the literature. Ergoline compounds have documented uterotonic activity. Standard exclusion in all clinical trials.
	ReasoningReasoning No reproductive safety studies identified in the literature. Ergoline compounds have documented uterotonic activity. Standard exclusion in all clinical trials.
other MAOI therapytrace	relative	relative	medium
Editorial	Mechanism-based reasoning from combined serotonergic pharmacology. No LSD+MAOI clinical case series published. Classified as relative contraindication rather than absolute due to absence of documented adverse events.
	ReasoningReasoning Mechanism-based reasoning from combined serotonergic pharmacology. No LSD+MAOI clinical case series published. Classified as relative contraindication rather than absolute due to absence of documented adverse events.

Timeline Phases

oral

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Onsettrace	1200–2700 sec(i=0.05)	1200–2700 sec(i=0.05)	high
Editorial	Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.
	ReasoningReasoning Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.
Come uptrace	1800–3600 sec(i=0.30)	1800–3600 sec(i=0.30)	high
Editorial	Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.
	ReasoningReasoning Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.
Ascenttrace	2700–5400 sec(i=0.70)	2700–5400 sec(i=0.70)	high
Editorial	Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.
	ReasoningReasoning Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.
Peaktrace	7200–10800 sec(i=1.00)	7200–10800 sec(i=1.00)	high
Editorial	Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.
	ReasoningReasoning Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.
Plateautrace	5400–10800 sec(i=0.50)	5400–10800 sec(i=0.50)	high
Editorial	Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.
	ReasoningReasoning Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.
Resolutiontrace	5400–10800 sec(i=0.20)	5400–10800 sec(i=0.20)	high
Editorial	Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.
	ReasoningReasoning Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.
Afterglowtrace	21600–172800 sec(i=0.05)	21600–172800 sec(i=0.05)	high
Editorial	Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.
	ReasoningReasoning Timeline derived from controlled human studies: Holze et al. 2021 dose-response (onset, duration at 25–200 µg), Ley et al. 2023 (mean total duration 8.2 h at 100 µg), Dolder et al. 2017 (Tmax 1.1–1.4 h), and Holze et al. 2021 microdose (onset ~1.1 h, peak ~2.5 h at 10 µg). Phase boundaries estimated from PK data (Tmax ~1.4 h) and published effect-time curves. Total subjective duration 8–12 hours at common-to-strong doses is well-established across multiple studies.

Dose Tier Summaries

thresholdtrace

high

At threshold doses (5–10 µg oral), effects are subtle and often sub-perceptual: mild mood elevation, slight visual brightening, enhanced colour saturation, and a gentle sense of heightened awareness or cognitive fluency. These doses are commonly encountered in microdosing protocols. The psychotropic threshold — the lowest dose producing statistically significant subjective effects versus placebo — is 10 µg (LSD base). Physically, mild pupil dilation may be noticeable. Other somatic effects are generally absent at this range. Functional impairment is minimal; most activities remain manageable, though subtle shifts in emotional reactivity and sensory acuity may be apparent to the user.

Editorial

Holze et al. 2021 microdose study (5/10/20 µg) establishes 5 µg as sub-perceptual and 10 µg as the psychotropic threshold with statistically significant 'under the influence' and 'good drug effect' ratings. Duration data from the same study.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

lighttrace

high

At light doses (15–50 µg oral), perceptual effects become reliably noticeable: enhanced colour perception, mild visual drifting on textured surfaces, increased music appreciation, thought acceleration, and heightened emotional sensitivity. Cognitive effects include increased pattern recognition and associative thinking. At the upper end of this range (50 µg), mild-to-moderate altered states of consciousness emerge, including early time distortion and a sense of novelty in familiar environments. Physical effects include pupil dilation, mild stimulation, slight jaw tension, and occasional nausea. Body temperature regulation may feel slightly off. Effects last approximately 5–7 hours at 25 µg and longer toward 50 µg. Sleep is difficult for several hours after effects subside.

Editorial

Holze et al. 2021 dose-response study documents 25 µg as producing threshold psychotropic effects and 50 µg as producing mild-to-moderate altered states. Duration at 25 µg is 6.7 hours. Microdose study covers the lower end of this range.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

commontrace

high

At common doses (75–150 µg oral), the full psychedelic experience emerges: pronounced open and closed-eye visuals including geometric patterns overlaying surfaces, colour shifting, drifting and morphing of objects, and tracers behind moving objects. Time distortion becomes significant — minutes may feel like hours. Thought connectivity increases dramatically, often producing novel associations, personal insights, and enhanced emotional empathy. Ego dissolution may occur, particularly at the upper end of this range. Music, art, and nature can feel profoundly meaningful. Physically, jaw tension, temperature dysregulation, peripheral vasoconstriction (cold extremities), and occasional nausea are common. Pupil dilation is pronounced. Heart rate and blood pressure increase moderately. Effects at 100 µg last approximately 8 hours on average, with the positive subjective experience reaching a ceiling — higher doses within this range do not increase pleasant effects but extend duration.

Editorial

Holze et al. 2021 dose-response study establishes 100 µg as producing full psychedelic experience with 'good drug effect' ceiling. Mean duration at 100 µg is 8.2 hours (Ley et al. 2023). Cardiovascular data from Holze 2022 safety pharmacology.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

strongtrace

high

At strong doses (150–250 µg oral), effects intensify beyond the positive ceiling established at 100 µg: greater ego dissolution, more intense visual phenomena (complex geometric hallucinations, synesthesia, visual transformations of environments and faces), and significantly increased anxiety compared to common doses. Cognitive control is substantially impaired — maintaining coherent trains of thought becomes difficult. Emotional responses can swing rapidly between profound beauty and overwhelming anxiety. Ineffability increases — the experience becomes difficult to articulate during and after. Physically, cardiovascular effects (blood pressure and heart rate elevation) are more pronounced. Nausea, headache, and jaw tension are more likely. The experience extends to approximately 10–11 hours at 200 µg. Functional impairment is significant; self-care, navigation, and communication are compromised. Sleep is impossible for 10+ hours after ingestion.

Editorial

Holze et al. 2021 documents 200 µg as producing greater ego dissolution, significantly more anxiety, increased ineffability, and impaired cognitive control versus 100 µg. Duration at 200 µg extends to ~11 hours. Good drug effect does not increase above 100 µg ceiling.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

heavytrace

medium

At heavy doses (>250 µg oral), effects escalate unpredictably: complete ego dissolution is common, with loss of the boundary between self and environment. Visual perception may become entirely dominated by hallucinatory content — complex geometric transformations, entity-like imagery, and panoramic visions that replace rather than overlay normal perception. Thought loops, profound confusion, and inability to distinguish internal experience from external reality characterize this range. The experience can be transcendent or deeply distressing, and this outcome is difficult to predict or control. Physically, cardiovascular stress intensifies, with more pronounced tachycardia and hypertension. Severe nausea and temperature dysregulation are more likely. Duration may exceed 12 hours. Total functional impairment persists throughout — safe navigation, communication, and self-care are not possible. A sober, experienced companion is essential at this dose range.

Editorial

No controlled human studies have been published at doses above 200 µg. Effects are extrapolated from the dose-response trend established by Holze et al. 2021 (25–200 µg) and from clinical/community reports. The dose-response relationship above 200 µg is not well characterized.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

History

current version

published Oct 3, 2026system—

versions

8 total · since previous: +0 / −0 citations

publication ledger

publish Oct 3, 2026 · by agent-psx

publish Sep 24, 2026 · by agent-psx (local dev)

publish Sep 23, 2026 · by Chris

publish Sep 20, 2026 · by agent-psx (local dev)

backfill Jun 4, 2026

Historical versions do not record which reviewer approved them; editorial accountability is recorded per value in the database and in the publication ledger going forward.

full version history suggest a correction contact@psychedex.org

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26 strong · 6 moderate · 1 weak

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strong
Psychedelics promote plasticity by directly binding to BDNF receptor TrkB
Moliner R, Girych M, Brunello CA, Kovaleva V, Biojone C, Enkavi G, Antenucci L, Kot EF, Goncharuk SA, Kaurinkoski K, Kuutti M, Fred SM, Elsilä LV, Sakson S, Cannarozzo C, Diniz CRAF, Seiffert N, Rubiolo A, Haapaniemi H, Meshi E, Nagaeva E, Öhman T, Róg T, Kankuri E, Vilar M, Varjosalo M, Korpi ER, Permi P, Mineev KS, Saarma M, Vattulainen I, Casarotto PC, Castrén E · 2023 · Nature Neuroscience
doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01316-5 pubmed 37280397no claims checked
[15]
strong
Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity
Ly C, Greb AC, Cameron LP, Wong JM, Barragan EV, Wilson PC, Burbach KF, Soltanzadeh Zarandi S, Sood A, Paddy MR, Duim WC, Dennis MY, McAllister AK, Ori-McKenney KM, Gray JA, Olson DE · 2018 · Cell Reports
doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022 pubmed 29898390no claims checked
[16]
strong
Acute Effects and Pharmacokinetics of LSD after Paroxetine or Placebo Pre-Administration in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Phase I Trial
Becker AM, Humbert-Droz M, Mueller L, Jelušić A, Tolev A, Straumann I, Avedisian I, Erne L, Thomann J, Luethi D, Grünblatt E, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen H, Liechti ME · 2025 · Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
doi.org/10.1002/cpt.3618 pubmed 40022427no claims checked
[17]
strong
The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs
Carhart-Harris RL, Leech R, Hellyer PJ, Shanahan M, Feilding A, Tagliazucchi E, Chialvo DR, Nutt D · 2014 · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020 pubmed 24550805no claims checked
[18]
moderate
LSD-assisted therapy in patients with anxiety: open-label prospective 12-month follow-up
Holze F, Gasser P, Müller F, Strebel M, Liechti ME · 2024 · British Journal of Psychiatry
doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2024.99 pubmed 39078038no claims checked
[19]
strong
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological predictors of the LSD experience in healthy participants
Vizeli P, Studerus E, Holze F, Schmid Y, Dolder PC, Ley L, Straumann I, Becker AM, Müller F, Arikci D, Liechti ME · 2024 · Translational Psychiatry
doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03074-9 pubmed 39231959no claims checked
[20]
strong
Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects
Holze F, Ley L, Müller F, Becker AM, Straumann I, Vizeli P, Kuehne SS, Roder MA, Duthaler U, Kolaczynska KE, Varghese N, Eckert A, Liechti ME · 2022 · Neuropsychopharmacology
doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01297-2 pubmed 35217796no claims checked
[21]
strong
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Assisted Therapy in Patients With Anxiety With and Without a Life-Threatening Illness: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Study
Holze F, Gasser P, Müller F, Dolder PC, Liechti ME · 2023 · Biological Psychiatry
doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.08.025 pubmed 36266118no claims checked
[22]
strong
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Krebs TS, Johansen PØ · 2012 · Journal of Psychopharmacology
doi.org/10.1177/0269881112439253 pubmed 22406913no claims checked
[23]
moderate
LSD microdosing for major depressive disorder: Mood and pharmacokinetic outcomes from a Phase 2a trial
Daldegan-Bueno D, Donegan CJ, Sumner R, Forsyth A, et al., Muthukumaraswamy S · 2026 · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111645 pubmed 41713673no claims checked
[24]
strong
A low dose of lysergic acid diethylamide decreases pain perception in healthy volunteers
Ramaekers JG, Hutten N, Mason NL, Dolder P, Theunissen EL, Holze F, Liechti ME, Feilding A, Kuypers KP · 2021 · Journal of Psychopharmacology
doi.org/10.1177/0269881120940937 pubmed 32842825no claims checked
[25]
strong
Safety pharmacology of acute LSD administration in healthy subjects
Holze F, Caluori TV, Vizeli P, Liechti ME · 2022 · Psychopharmacology
doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05978-6 pubmed 34515824no claims checked
[26]
strong
Microdosing psychedelics and the risk of cardiac fibrosis and valvulopathy: Comparison to known cardiotoxins
Rouaud A, Calder AE, Hasler G · 2024 · Journal of Psychopharmacology
doi.org/10.1177/02698811231225609 pubmed 38214279no claims checked
[27]
moderate
A Review of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and an Exploratory Study of Subjects Claiming Symptoms of HPPD
Halpern JH, Lerner AG, Passie T · 2018 · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_457 pubmed 27822679no claims checked
[28]
moderate
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder: Etiology, Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Perspectives
Martinotti G, Santacroce R, Pettorruso M, Montemitro C, Spano MC, Lorusso M, Di Giannantonio M, Gallimberti L · 2018 · Brain Sciences
doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8030047 pubmed 29543710no claims checked
[29]
strong
Pharmacological Treatment of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD): A Systematic Review
Neven A, Blom JD · 2025 · Harvard Review of Psychiatry
doi.org/10.1097/hrp.0000000000000439 pubmed 40938689no claims checked
[30]
strong
Reconsidering evidence for psychedelic-induced psychosis: an overview of reviews, a systematic review, and meta-analysis of human studies
Sabé M, Sulstarova A, Glangetas A, De Pieri M, et al., Kirschner M · 2025 · Molecular Psychiatry
doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02800-5 pubmed 39592825no claims checked
[31]
moderate
New-Onset Seizures in an Adolescent Following Use of LSD while on Low-Dose Lithium Therapy: A Case Study
Edwards C, Van Gerpen S, Anand V · 2024 · South Dakota Medicine
pubmed 38986146no claims checked
[32]
weak
Classic psychedelic coadministration with lithium, but not lamotrigine, is associated with seizures: an analysis of online psychedelic experience reports
Johnson MW, et al. · 2021
linkno claims checked
[33]
strong
Flashback phenomena after administration of LSD and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants
Müller F, Kraus E, Holze F, Becker A, Ley L, Schmid Y, Vizeli P, Liechti ME, Borgwardt S · 2022 · Psychopharmacology
doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06066-z pubmed 35076721no claims checked

Claim Verification

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Coverage & Gaps

effect links

204 links · 203 approved · 152 audited1/204 with evidence basis

interactions

12 approved pairs0/12 graded

receptor bindings

24 binding constants0/24 source-linked

LSD

Value Provenance

Dosing

oraltrace →

Duration

oral

Safety

Toxicity Profiletrace →

Dependence Profiletrace →

Withdrawal Profiletrace →

Tolerance Profiletrace →

Effects & Profile

Contraindications

Timeline Phases

oral

Dose Tier Summaries

History

Sources

Claim Verification

Coverage & Gaps

oraltrace

Toxicity Profiletrace

Dependence Profiletrace

Withdrawal Profiletrace

Tolerance Profiletrace