generation run 2026-05-09
61 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/c613c4f5…Selection
Verification
- record
- seen / partial
- working
The model's own caveats
- sparse_evidence
- safety_data_unverified
- structural_inference
Reproduce
- inputs
- 28 source keys (listed under Sources)
- plan
- not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
- model
- pipeline-v5
- streams
- none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
15 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
| # | source | query | seen | kept | rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PubChem | flubromazepam | 1 | 1 | Primary chemical identity verification |
| 2 | PubMed | flubromazepam toxicology case report | 5 | 2 | Direct case reports and detection studies relevant to flubromazepam |
| 3 | OpenAlex | flubromazepam designer benzodiazepine | 10 | 5 | High-citation papers with direct flubromazepam data |
| 4 | PubMed | flubromazepam pharmacology | 15 | 8 | Selected papers with direct flubromazepam data or strong contextual relevance to pharmacology, toxicology, case reports |
| 5 | PubMed | flubromazepam metabolism pharmacokinetics half-life | 2 | 2 | Primary PK data papers; Moosmann 2013 is the only human PK study for flubromazepam specifically |
| 6 | ClinicalTrials.gov · absence | flubromazepam | 0 | 0 | N/A - no results |
| 7 | Web - EMCDDA, WHO ECDD | flubromazepam EMCDDA EU member states scheduling | 6 | 1 | International scheduling status |
| 8 | WHO ECDD | — | 1 | 0 | Document saved locally for reference |
| 9 | Web - Federal Register, DEA | flubromazepam DEA Schedule I temporary permanent scheduling 2023 2024 | 5 | 2 | Establishes key US and international legal status data |
| 10 | Web - synthesis history | flubromazepam synthesis history 1960 Hoffmann Roche pharmaceutical patent | 7 | 2 | Historical context for compound origin |
| 11 | OpenAlex | flubromazepam designer benzodiazepine toxicology public health | 8 | 4 | Important review papers covering flubromazepam in context of broader designer BZD adverse events |
| 12 | Multiple sources | Flubromazepam legal status compilation | 5 | 3 | Legal status cross-reference |
| 13 | Moosmann et al. 2013 (PMID 24259203) | Pharmacokinetic data extraction | 1 | 3 | Primary PK data for the article |
| 14 | PubMed | Zawilska designer benzodiazepines expanding world NPS | 1 | 1 | Comprehensive class review with flubromazepam epidemiological data |
| 15 | PubMed | diclazepam flubromazepam pyrazolam availability cost motivations UK assessment | 1 | 1 | UK market data for flubromazepam |
79 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety22 · 17 ok
Polydrug fatalities document co-detection of flubromazepam with diazepam and diclazepam.supported
flubromazepam 10 µg/L in peripheral blood alongside... diclazepam (70 µg/L)... bky039
Partridge et al. reported a 28-year-old male found deceased at home with post-mortem peripheral blood concentrations of flubromazepam 10 µg/L, U-47700 330 µg/L, diclazepam 70 µg/L, and methylamphetamine 290 µg/L; cause of death was aspiration due to mixed drug toxicitysupported
Post-mortem case: 28-year-old male deceased at home; flubromazepam 10 µg/L in peripheral blood alongside U-47700 (330 µg/L), diclazepam (70 µg/L), methylamphetamine (290 µg/L). Cause of death: aspiration due to mixed drug toxicity. bky039
Giorgetti et al. documented flubromazepam at 480 ng/mL in a polydrug fatality also involving U-47700 (204 ng/mL), methadone (290 ng/mL), and diazepam (300 ng/mL)supported
U-47700 (204 ng/mL) + methadone (290 ng/mL) + flubromazepam (480 ng/mL) + diazepam (300 ng/mL) in peripheral blood. s00414-024-03263-7
Gundersen et al. identified flubromazepam retrospectively in two Norwegian post-mortem cases from 2015 and 2016.supported
Flubromazepam detected retrospectively in post-mortem samples from 2015 and 2016 in Norway. j.forsciint.2020.110274
Valli et al. reported a non-fatal case of polydrug intoxication with 2-methoxphenidine and flubromazepam that mimicked ischemic cerebral disease, highlighting the diagnostic complexity of NPS presentations in emergency settings.supported
Case report of polydrug intoxication with 2-methoxphenidine and flubromazepam presenting with symptoms mimicking ischemic stroke. 15563650.2017.1286016
In a systematic review of 49 designer benzodiazepine adverse event reports (2008–2021), the majority of fatalities were attributed to etizolam, flualprazolam, flubromazolam, and phenazepam rather than flubromazepam specificallysupported
49 reports covering ED admissions, deaths, DUID from 2008-2021. Identifies flubromazolam, flualprazolam, etizolam, phenazepam as most implicated in deaths. ph14060560
Polydrug fatalities document co-detection of flubromazepam with diazepam and diclazepam.supported
flubromazepam (480 ng/mL) + diazepam (300 ng/mL) in peripheral blood s00414-024-03263-7
Flubromazepam has been detected in the unregulated opioid drug supply in Vancouver, Canada from mid-2018 onwardsupported
NPS benzodiazepines including flubromazepam in unregulated drug supply in Vancouver BC, Canada. Associated with overdose outbreak in opioid drug supply. j.drugpo.2021.103169
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Forensic cases of impaired driving with flubromazepam have been documented.supported
Blood concentrations of designer benzodiazepines including flubromazepam reported in drugged drivers and other criminal offenders. j.forsciint.2016.09.006
Drug-facilitated sexual assault using designer benzodiazepines including flubromazepam has been documented, exploiting the compound's amnestic properties and detection evasion at standard screening.supported
Review of DBZD in DFSA cases. Notes short half-lives, rapid metabolism, and low detection windows. bkac017
Butler et al. reported a case of withdrawal seizure following abrupt cessation of flubromazepam (combined with bromazolam, alcohol, kratom, tianeptine, and phenibut)supported
Case of young male presenting with seizure after abrupt cessation of bromazolam, flubromazepam, alcohol, kratom, tianeptine and phenibut. bcr-2025-266077
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Symptom-based withdrawal management (CIWA-guided diazepam titration) is the necessary approach when equivalency is unknownsupported
Conventional taper not possible due to unknown equivalents. Managed with diazepam symptom-based approach. bcr-2025-266077
Multiple polydrug deaths document this combination: flubromazepam with U-47700, and flubromazepam appearing in the unregulated opioid supply in Vancouver creates inadvertent co-exposuresupported
Case 2 polydrug fatality: U-47700 (204 ng/mL)... flubromazepam (480 ng/mL)... s00414-024-03263-7
Multiple polydrug deaths document this combination: flubromazepam with U-47700, and flubromazepam appearing in the unregulated opioid supply in Vancouver creates inadvertent co-exposuresupported
flubromazepam 10 µg/L in peripheral blood alongside U-47700 (330 µg/L)... bky039
Multiple polydrug deaths document this combination: flubromazepam with U-47700, and flubromazepam appearing in the unregulated opioid supply in Vancouver creates inadvertent co-exposuresupported
NPS benzodiazepines including flubromazepam in unregulated drug supply in Vancouver BC, Canada. Associated with overdose outbreak in opioid drug supply. j.drugpo.2021.103169
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Concurrent opioid use: Synergistic respiratory depression with documented fatalities.supported
Case 2 polydrug fatality: U-47700 (204 ng/mL) + methadone (290 ng/mL) + flubromazepam (480 ng/mL)... s00414-024-03263-7
Concurrent opioid use: Synergistic respiratory depression with documented fatalities.supported
flubromazepam 10 µg/L... alongside U-47700 (330 µg/L)... Cause of death: aspiration due to mixed drug toxicity. bky039
history13 · 9 ok
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Tablet analysis from this setting revealed substantial dosing variability (0.34–2.33 mg per tablet), underscoring the practical harm of unregulated manufacture.supported
High tablet content variability (0.34-2.33 mg). dta.3560
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Flubromazepam appeared on internet "research chemical" markets in late 2012, alongside pyrazolam, making these two compounds — together with diclazepam — the first three designer benzodiazepines available for purchase onlinesupported
First appeared on research chemical market in 2012. jms.3279
Flubromazepam appeared on internet "research chemical" markets in late 2012, alongside pyrazolam, making these two compounds — together with diclazepam — the first three designer benzodiazepines available for purchase onlinesupported
Letter noting flubromazepam, diclazepam and pyrazolam were the first designer benzodiazepines available online. wps.20236
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Social media discussions about flubromazepam continued and adapted following scheduling, indicating that legal controls did not eliminate demand.supported
Compares chemical analyses of tablet samples pre-UK PSA 2016 with thematic netnographic analyses of social media content. Tracks flubromazepam market evolution over >10 years. pharmacy12010013
Forensic detection of flubromazepam in post-mortem samples has been documented retrospectively in Norway from 2015 and 2016, consistent with widespread availability from 2012 onwardsupported
Flubromazepam detected retrospectively in post-mortem samples from 2015 and 2016 in Norway. j.forsciint.2020.110274
In Swedish emergency departments, the STRIDA project identified flubromazepam among NPS benzodiazepines presenting in intoxication cases between 2010 and 2016supported
Bioanalytical and clinical data from NPS BZD intoxications in Swedish STRIDA project. Includes flubromazepam intoxication data. 15563650.2018.1506130
Scottish prison populations showed increased flubromazepam prevalence from 2021 onward, a shift attributed to the scheduling of etizolam — as one designer benzodiazepine was controlled, demand migrated to alternativessupported
Flubromazepam emerged as prevalent after etizolam in 2021-2022. dta.3560
Due to the compound's potential for scheduling, synthesis and full characterization of 12 positional isomers of flubromazepam were conducted for forensic reference purposes, enabling laboratories to distinguish the controlled substance from structurally similar but technically uncontrolled analogs.partially supported
Synthesis of 9 of 12 possible flubromazepam positional isomers as reference standards. acs.joc.9b01433
Due to the compound's potential for scheduling, synthesis and full characterization of 12 positional isomers of flubromazepam were conducted for forensic reference purposes, enabling laboratories to distinguish the controlled substance from structurally similar but technically uncontrolled analogs.supported
Synthesis of remaining 3 of 12 flubromazepam positional isomers, completing the set for forensic analysis. acs.joc.1c02492
pharmacokinetic-detail11 · 10 ok
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
At the 4 mg dose studied, standard immunochemical benzodiazepine urine screens showed insufficient cross-reactivity to reliably detect flubromazepamsupported
Immunochemical cross-reactivity insufficient for safe detection. jms.3279
Post-mortem blood concentrations documented in published case reports: 480 ng/mL in a polydrug fatality (peripheral blood) and 10 µg/L in another polydrug deathsupported
flubromazepam (480 ng/mL)... in peripheral blood s00414-024-03263-7
Post-mortem blood concentrations documented in published case reports: 480 ng/mL in a polydrug fatality (peripheral blood) and 10 µg/L in another polydrug deathsupported
flubromazepam 10 µg/L in peripheral blood bky039
This finding has implications for supervised drug treatment settings and drug-facilitated crime investigation.supported
Immunochemical cross-reactivity insufficient for safe detection. jms.3279
This finding has implications for supervised drug treatment settings and drug-facilitated crime investigation.supported
Review of DBZD in DFSA cases. Notes short half-lives, rapid metabolism, and low detection windows. bkac017
In blood, O'Connor et al. reported 79–107% cross-reactivity with the Immunalysis Benzodiazepine ELISA kit for flubromazepam spiked at known concentrationssupported
Cross-reactivity 79-107% for phenazepam, etizolam, pyrazolam, flubromazepam, diclazepam and delorazepam with Immunalysis BZD ELISA kit. bkv122
Pettersson Bergstrand et al. confirmed generally high cross-reactivity in CEDIA, EMIT II Plus, HEIA, and KIMS II immunoassay platforms, suggesting detection probability is dose-dependent: higher blood concentrations achieve sufficient cross-reactivity while lower concentrations may evade screening.supported
Tested cross-reactivity of 13 designer benzodiazepines including flubromazepam in 4 immunoassays. High cross-reactivity generally. KIMS II and CEDIA showed highest sensitivity. dta.2003
Validated LC-HRMS methods for urine have been published, and a validated hair detection method covering 17 designer benzodiazepines including flubromazepam has been described.supported
28 NPS BZDs in urine including flubromazepam detected in patient samples from emergency wards. j.clinms.2018.08.004
Validated LC-HRMS methods for urine have been published, and a validated hair detection method covering 17 designer benzodiazepines including flubromazepam has been described.supported
Validated LC-MS/MS method for 17 designer BZDs including flubromazepam in hair. bkac044
Forensic blood concentration data from Norwegian cases and Swedish STRIDA project intoxications have also been reported.supported
Blood concentrations of designer benzodiazepines including flubromazepam reported in drugged drivers and other criminal offenders. j.forsciint.2016.09.006
summary8 · 7 ok
Flubromazepam (7-bromo-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one) is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative and positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors that occupies a distinctive pharmacokinetic niche among designer benzodiazepines: an elimination half-life exceeding 100 hours places it among the longest-acting compounds in its classsupported
Extremely long elimination half-life >100h jms.3279
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
It resurfaced in late 2012 on internet research chemical markets, making it one of the first three designer benzodiazepines available online alongside diclazepam and pyrazolamsupported
Letter noting flubromazepam, diclazepam and pyrazolam were the first designer benzodiazepines available online. wps.20236
The sole published human pharmacokinetic data derive from a single researcher self-experiment at 4 mg oralsupported
Self-experiment with 4 mg flubromazepam jms.3279
As a classical benzodiazepine, flubromazepam is presumed to potentiate GABAergic inhibition at the α/γ2 subunit interface of GABA-A receptors, though no substance-specific binding data existsupported
Review of benzodiazepine structural evolution as GABA-A PAMs since 1960s. Discusses subtype-selective interactions with GABA-A receptor isoforms at alpha1/2/3/5 subunits. med.70026
All documented fatalities involve polydrug combinations, particularly opioidssupported
Case 2 polydrug fatality: U-47700 (204 ng/mL) + methadone (290 ng/mL) + flubromazepam (480 ng/mL)... NSOs often combined with opioids and benzodiazepines in polydrug deaths. s00414-024-03263-7
All documented fatalities involve polydrug combinations, particularly opioidssupported
flubromazepam 10 µg/L in peripheral blood alongside U-47700 (330 µg/L), diclazepam (70 µg/L), methylamphetamine (290 µg/L). Cause of death: aspiration due to mixed drug toxicity. bky039
Physical dependence develops rapidly with continuous use, and abrupt cessation has produced life-threatening withdrawal seizuressupported
Case of young male presenting with seizure after abrupt cessation of bromazolam, flubromazepam, alcohol, kratom, tianeptine and phenibut. bcr-2025-266077
clinical-evidence7 · 7 ok
A single researcher self-administration study (n=1, 4 mg oral) providing preliminary pharmacokinetic observations.supported
Self-experiment with 4 mg flubromazepam... Extremely long elimination half-life >100h. jms.3279
Case reports of acute intoxication, polydrug fatalities, and withdrawal presentations.supported
Case of young male presenting with seizure after abrupt cessation of bromazolam, flubromazepam, alcohol, kratom, tianeptine and phenibut. bcr-2025-266077
Case reports of acute intoxication, polydrug fatalities, and withdrawal presentations.supported
Case 2 polydrug fatality: U-47700 (204 ng/mL) + methadone (290 ng/mL) + flubromazepam (480 ng/mL)... s00414-024-03263-7
Case reports of acute intoxication, polydrug fatalities, and withdrawal presentations.supported
Post-mortem case: 28-year-old male deceased at home; flubromazepam 10 µg/L... Cause of death: aspiration due to mixed drug toxicity. bky039
Case reports of acute intoxication, polydrug fatalities, and withdrawal presentations.supported
Case report of polydrug intoxication with 2-methoxphenidine and flubromazepam presenting with symptoms mimicking ischemic stroke. 15563650.2017.1286016
Population-level surveillance data from poison control centers and emergency departments.supported
NPDS data on designer benzodiazepine exposures 2014-2017. 15563650.2018.1510502
Population-level surveillance data from poison control centers and emergency departments.supported
Bioanalytical and clinical data from NPS BZD intoxications in Swedish STRIDA project. 15563650.2018.1506130
pharmacology6 · 4 ok
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The sole published human pharmacokinetic data for flubromazepam derive from a single researcher self-administration study at 4 mg oralsupported
Self-experiment with 4 mg flubromazepam. jms.3279
The elimination half-life was estimated at greater than 100 hours, placing flubromazepam among the longest-acting benzodiazepines known — comparable to or exceeding diazepam's active metabolite desmethyldiazepamsupported
Extremely long elimination half-life >100h jms.3279
Two principal phase I metabolites were identified:supported
Main metabolites: monohydroxylated compound (detectable up to 28 days in urine) and debrominated compound. jms.3279
Designer benzodiazepines as a class "undergo phase I and II metabolism similar to traditional benzodiazepines, but their specific metabolic pathways and the influence of genetic polymorphisms are yet to be clarified"supported
Notes phase I and II metabolism similar to traditional BZDs; genetic polymorphisms and drug interactions not yet clarified for specific compounds. aiht-2023-74-3771
comparative-pharmacology4 · 2 ok
Among designer benzodiazepines reviewed by Brunetti et al., phenazepam was associated with a higher proportion of fatal adverse events than flubromazepam.supported
Identifies flubromazolam, flualprazolam, etizolam, phenazepam as most implicated in deaths. ph14060560
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — not_supportednot supportedworking →
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Flubromazolam has a substantially shorter half-life than flubromazepam, estimated at 10–20 hourssupported
Terminal elimination half-life 10-20h. dta.2203
chemistry3 · 2 ok
Tablets seized from Scottish prison populations varied in mass and drug content (0.34–2.33 mg flubromazepam per tablet), reflecting inconsistent clandestine manufacturesupported
495 seized samples from 11 Scottish prisons 2020-2022... High tablet content variability (0.34-2.33 mg). dta.3560
Claim in chemistry — not_supportednot supportedworking →
These structural elements were confirmed by NMR and mass spectrometric analysis in the first published characterization.supported
Characterized by NMR, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, LC-Q-ToF-MS. jms.3279
effects-overview2 · 1 ok
What distinguishes it from most benzodiazepines in subjective character is duration: the compound's extreme half-life (>100 hours) means residual cognitive blunting, motor impairment, and emotional flattening persist well beyond the window of perceived intoxication, and repeated dosing produces insidious accumulation that users frequently underestimatesupported
Extremely long elimination half-life >100h. Main metabolites: monohydroxylated compound (detectable up to 28 days in urine) jms.3279
Claim in effects-overview — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
receptor-pharmacology2 · 2 ok
As a 1,4-benzodiazepine, flubromazepam is presumed to bind at the classical benzodiazepine site (the α(+)/γ2(−) subunit interface) of GABA-A receptors containing α1, α2, α3, or α5 subunits in combination with β and γ2 subunitssupported
Review of benzodiazepine structural evolution as GABA-A PAMs since 1960s. Discusses subtype-selective interactions with GABA-A receptor isoforms at alpha1/2/3/5 subunits. med.70026
The functional consequences of subunit modulation are well established for the class: α1-containing receptors mediate sedation, amnesia, and anticonvulsant effects; α2- and α3-containing receptors mediate anxiolysis and muscle relaxation; α5-containing receptors contribute to memory impairmentsupported
Discusses subtype-selective interactions with GABA-A receptor isoforms at alpha1/2/3/5 subunits. med.70026
legal-status1 · 1 ok
The synthesis and characterization of 12 positional isomers for forensic differentiation reflects regulatory anticipation that structurally similar but technically distinct compounds may be marketed to circumvent controls.supported
Synthesis of 9 of 12 possible flubromazepam positional isomers as reference standards. Notes flubromazepam recognition as designer benzodiazepine since 2012 and DEA targeting for scheduling. acs.joc.9b01433