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Psychedex
Sources
28
22 moderate · 6 weak

Studies and references cited across this article, graded by evidence strength.

Claims checked
79
61verified1partial15inconclusive2not supported

Inconclusive means the cited source neither confirms nor refutes the claim — a lower-confidence badge, not an error.

Generated
May 9, 2026 · pipeline-v5
Values approved
100/101 (99%)

Data points an editor reviewed and accepted for publication.

01

Value Provenance

Dosing

oraltrace

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Threshold2 mg2 mglow
Low3–5 mg3–5 mglow
Common5–8 mg5–8 mglow
Strong8–12 mg8–12 mglow
Heavy12+ mg12+ mglow
Editorial

Dose ranges from existing DB/community consensus. Moosmann self-experiment used 4 mg (light range), confirming plausibility. Scottish prison tablets contained 0.34-2.33 mg per tablet. No controlled dose-response study exists. All values are safety-critical and unverified by clinical pharmacology — propose with low confidence.

Reasoning

Dose ranges from existing DB/community consensus. Moosmann self-experiment used 4 mg (light range), confirming plausibility. Scottish prison tablets contained 0.34-2.33 mg per tablet. No controlled dose-response study exists. All values are safety-critical and unverified by clinical pharmacology — propose with low confidence.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

Duration

oral

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Onsettrace40–90 minutes40–90 minuteslow
Editorial

From existing DB/community consensus. Not confirmed by controlled pharmacokinetic study — Moosmann et al. 2013 did not report precise onset time.

Reasoning

From existing DB/community consensus. Not confirmed by controlled pharmacokinetic study — Moosmann et al. 2013 did not report precise onset time.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

Come uptrace30–60 minutes30–60 minuteslow
Editorial

No flubromazepam-specific data. Inferred from benzodiazepine class oral come-up pharmacology (phenazepam, diazepam).

Reasoning

No flubromazepam-specific data. Inferred from benzodiazepine class oral come-up pharmacology (phenazepam, diazepam).

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Peaktrace2–4 hours2–4 hourslow
Editorial

No flubromazepam-specific data. Inferred from benzodiazepine class peak duration. Given >100h half-life, sustained peak is plausible but uncharacterized.

Reasoning

No flubromazepam-specific data. Inferred from benzodiazepine class peak duration. Given >100h half-life, sustained peak is plausible but uncharacterized.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Offsettrace2–6 hours2–6 hourslow
Editorial

No flubromazepam-specific data. Inferred from benzodiazepine class offset duration. Pharmacological activity continues well beyond perceived offset due to >100h half-life.

Reasoning

No flubromazepam-specific data. Inferred from benzodiazepine class offset duration. Pharmacological activity continues well beyond perceived offset due to >100h half-life.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Totaltrace6–12 hours6–12 hourslow
Editorial

From existing DB/community consensus. Represents perceived subjective experience duration, NOT pharmacological activity duration. The >100h half-life means pharmacological activity persists far longer, but this field captures subjective experience only.

Reasoning

From existing DB/community consensus. Represents perceived subjective experience duration, NOT pharmacological activity duration. The >100h half-life means pharmacological activity persists far longer, but this field captures subjective experience only.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

After effectstrace12–72 hours12–72 hourslow
Editorial

Inferred from >100h elimination half-life (Moosmann et al. 2013). Residual sedation, cognitive blunting, and motor impairment persist for days after subjective effects resolve. This is a safety-critical distinction — functional impairment outlasts perceived intoxication.

Reasoning

Inferred from >100h elimination half-life (Moosmann et al. 2013). Residual sedation, cognitive blunting, and motor impairment persist for days after subjective effects resolve. This is a safety-critical distinction — functional impairment outlasts perceived intoxication.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Safety

Toxicity Profiletrace

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Acutemoderatemoderatemedium
Chronichighhighmedium
Organs AffectedCNS (respiratory depression via brainstem), pulmonary (aspiration risk), renal (rhabdomyolysis documented in structural analog)CNS (respiratory depression via brainstem), pulmonary (aspiration risk), renal (rhabdomyolysis documented in structural analog)medium
Editorial

Acute toxicity rated moderate (not high as in seed data) because zero sole-agent fatalities have been documented — all deaths involve polydrug combinations. Chronic toxicity is high due to confirmed withdrawal seizures, rapid dependence formation, and prolonged receptor occupancy from >100h half-life. Renal involvement (rhabdomyolysis) extrapolated from flubromazolam case report.

Reasoning

Acute toxicity rated moderate (not high as in seed data) because zero sole-agent fatalities have been documented — all deaths involve polydrug combinations. Chronic toxicity is high due to confirmed withdrawal seizures, rapid dependence formation, and prolonged receptor occupancy from >100h half-life. Renal involvement (rhabdomyolysis) extrapolated from flubromazolam case report.

Evidence basis: published_case_series

Dependence Profiletrace

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Physicalhighhighhigh
Psychologicalhighhighhigh
Compulsive Redosinghighhighhigh
Dose Escalationhighhighhigh
Editorial

Physical dependence with withdrawal seizure confirmed by Butler et al. 2025 case report. Compulsive redosing documented in user reports and consistent with amnesia + delusions of sobriety class pattern. Dose escalation from rapid tolerance consistent with benzodiazepine class GABA-A receptor downregulation.

Reasoning

Physical dependence with withdrawal seizure confirmed by Butler et al. 2025 case report. Compulsive redosing documented in user reports and consistent with amnesia + delusions of sobriety class pattern. Dose escalation from rapid tolerance consistent with benzodiazepine class GABA-A receptor downregulation.

Evidence basis: published_case_series

Withdrawal Profiletrace

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Severitylife_threateninglife_threateningmedium
Symptomsseizures, anxiety, insomnia, tremor, perceptual disturbances, autonomic instabilityseizures, anxiety, insomnia, tremor, perceptual disturbances, autonomic instabilitymedium
FatalYesYesmedium
Medical SupervisionRequiredRequiredmedium
Editorial

Withdrawal seizure confirmed by Butler et al. 2025. Onset delayed (2-7 days) due to >100h half-life — proposed 4 days as midpoint. Peak and total duration extrapolated from long-acting benzodiazepine class data (no flubromazepam-specific withdrawal timeline). No established diazepam equivalency — symptom-based (CIWA-guided) management required.

Reasoning

Withdrawal seizure confirmed by Butler et al. 2025. Onset delayed (2-7 days) due to >100h half-life — proposed 4 days as midpoint. Peak and total duration extrapolated from long-acting benzodiazepine class data (no flubromazepam-specific withdrawal timeline). No established diazepam equivalency — symptom-based (CIWA-guided) management required.

Evidence basis: published_case_series

Tolerance Profiletrace

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Builduprapidrapidlow
Half-life4.2 days4.2 dayslow
Full Reset10.5 days10.5 dayslow
Cross-tolerancesbenzodiazepines, alcohol, barbiturates, other GABAergic CNS depressantsbenzodiazepines, alcohol, barbiturates, other GABAergic CNS depressantslow
Editorial

Rapid buildup consistent with benzodiazepine class (Edinoff et al. 2022). Full reset value (10.5 days) unverified — carried from existing DB with low confidence. Cross-tolerances include all GABAergic depressants via shared GABA-A mechanism. Tolerance mechanism is class-extrapolated, not substance-specific.

Reasoning

Rapid buildup consistent with benzodiazepine class (Edinoff et al. 2022). Full reset value (10.5 days) unverified — carried from existing DB with low confidence. Cross-tolerances include all GABAergic depressants via shared GABA-A mechanism. Tolerance mechanism is class-extrapolated, not substance-specific.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Effects & Profile

Contraindications

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
other Concurrent opioid usetraceabsoluteabsolutehigh
Editorial

Directly supported by published polydrug fatality case reports (Giorgetti et al. 2024, Partridge et al. 2018) and drug supply contamination data (Laing et al. 2021).

Reasoning

Directly supported by published polydrug fatality case reports (Giorgetti et al. 2024, Partridge et al. 2018) and drug supply contamination data (Laing et al. 2021).

other Concurrent alcohol usetraceabsoluteabsolutemedium
Editorial

Class-inferred from established benzodiazepine–alcohol interaction pharmacology. Seed data notes 'potentially lethal when mixed with depressants like alcohol.' No flubromazepam-specific alcohol co-ingestion case reports identified.

Reasoning

Class-inferred from established benzodiazepine–alcohol interaction pharmacology. Seed data notes 'potentially lethal when mixed with depressants like alcohol.' No flubromazepam-specific alcohol co-ingestion case reports identified.

other Other CNS depressants (barbiturates, GHB, gabapentinoids)traceabsoluteabsolutemedium
Editorial

Class-inferred from benzodiazepine interaction pharmacology. Polydrug death case reports (Partridge et al. 2018, Giorgetti et al. 2024) document multi-depressant co-detection with flubromazepam.

Reasoning

Class-inferred from benzodiazepine interaction pharmacology. Polydrug death case reports (Partridge et al. 2018, Giorgetti et al. 2024) document multi-depressant co-detection with flubromazepam.

respiratory Respiratory compromise or obstructive sleep apneatracerelativerelativemedium
Editorial

Class-level benzodiazepine contraindication. No flubromazepam-specific respiratory case data exist, but the pharmacological mechanism is well-established.

Reasoning

Class-level benzodiazepine contraindication. No flubromazepam-specific respiratory case data exist, but the pharmacological mechanism is well-established.

pregnancy breastfeeding Pregnancytracerelativerelativelow
Editorial

Class-inferred from benzodiazepine teratogenic data (category D/X). No flubromazepam-specific reproductive studies exist.

Reasoning

Class-inferred from benzodiazepine teratogenic data (category D/X). No flubromazepam-specific reproductive studies exist.

hepatic Hepatic impairmenttracerelativerelativelow
Editorial

Class-inferred from benzodiazepine hepatic metabolism. CYP enzymes for flubromazepam are uncharacterized but hepatic phase I/II metabolism is confirmed (Moosmann et al. 2013).

Reasoning

Class-inferred from benzodiazepine hepatic metabolism. CYP enzymes for flubromazepam are uncharacterized but hepatic phase I/II metabolism is confirmed (Moosmann et al. 2013).

age Elderly patientstracerelativerelativelow
Editorial

Class-inferred from established geriatric benzodiazepine pharmacology (Beers criteria). No flubromazepam-specific geriatric data exist.

Reasoning

Class-inferred from established geriatric benzodiazepine pharmacology (Beers criteria). No flubromazepam-specific geriatric data exist.

psychiatric History of substance use disordertracerelativerelativemedium
Editorial

Supported by documented compulsive redosing patterns in user reports, amnesia-driven redosing described in case literature, and benzodiazepine class reinforcement data.

Reasoning

Supported by documented compulsive redosing patterns in user reports, amnesia-driven redosing described in case literature, and benzodiazepine class reinforcement data.

neurological Myasthenia gravistracerelativerelativelow
Editorial

Class-level benzodiazepine contraindication. No flubromazepam-specific data exist for myasthenia gravis.

Reasoning

Class-level benzodiazepine contraindication. No flubromazepam-specific data exist for myasthenia gravis.

other Acute narrow-angle glaucomatracerelativerelativelow
Editorial

Class-level benzodiazepine contraindication. No flubromazepam-specific ophthalmological data exist.

Reasoning

Class-level benzodiazepine contraindication. No flubromazepam-specific ophthalmological data exist.

Timeline Phases

oral

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Onsettrace2400–5400 sec(i=0.15)2400–5400 sec(i=0.15)low
Editorial

Onset and total duration from existing DB/community consensus. Come-up, peak, and offset inferred from benzodiazepine class pharmacology. Afterglow duration (12-72h) reflects the >100h elimination half-life documented by Moosmann et al. 2013 — residual pharmacological activity persists far beyond perceived effect cessation. No controlled duration studies exist for flubromazepam.

Reasoning

Onset and total duration from existing DB/community consensus. Come-up, peak, and offset inferred from benzodiazepine class pharmacology. Afterglow duration (12-72h) reflects the >100h elimination half-life documented by Moosmann et al. 2013 — residual pharmacological activity persists far beyond perceived effect cessation. No controlled duration studies exist for flubromazepam.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

Come uptrace1800–3600 sec(i=0.30)1800–3600 sec(i=0.30)low
Editorial

Onset and total duration from existing DB/community consensus. Come-up, peak, and offset inferred from benzodiazepine class pharmacology. Afterglow duration (12-72h) reflects the >100h elimination half-life documented by Moosmann et al. 2013 — residual pharmacological activity persists far beyond perceived effect cessation. No controlled duration studies exist for flubromazepam.

Reasoning

Onset and total duration from existing DB/community consensus. Come-up, peak, and offset inferred from benzodiazepine class pharmacology. Afterglow duration (12-72h) reflects the >100h elimination half-life documented by Moosmann et al. 2013 — residual pharmacological activity persists far beyond perceived effect cessation. No controlled duration studies exist for flubromazepam.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

Peaktrace7200–14400 sec(i=1.00)7200–14400 sec(i=1.00)low
Editorial

Onset and total duration from existing DB/community consensus. Come-up, peak, and offset inferred from benzodiazepine class pharmacology. Afterglow duration (12-72h) reflects the >100h elimination half-life documented by Moosmann et al. 2013 — residual pharmacological activity persists far beyond perceived effect cessation. No controlled duration studies exist for flubromazepam.

Reasoning

Onset and total duration from existing DB/community consensus. Come-up, peak, and offset inferred from benzodiazepine class pharmacology. Afterglow duration (12-72h) reflects the >100h elimination half-life documented by Moosmann et al. 2013 — residual pharmacological activity persists far beyond perceived effect cessation. No controlled duration studies exist for flubromazepam.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

Resolutiontrace7200–21600 sec(i=0.50)7200–21600 sec(i=0.50)low
Editorial

Onset and total duration from existing DB/community consensus. Come-up, peak, and offset inferred from benzodiazepine class pharmacology. Afterglow duration (12-72h) reflects the >100h elimination half-life documented by Moosmann et al. 2013 — residual pharmacological activity persists far beyond perceived effect cessation. No controlled duration studies exist for flubromazepam.

Reasoning

Onset and total duration from existing DB/community consensus. Come-up, peak, and offset inferred from benzodiazepine class pharmacology. Afterglow duration (12-72h) reflects the >100h elimination half-life documented by Moosmann et al. 2013 — residual pharmacological activity persists far beyond perceived effect cessation. No controlled duration studies exist for flubromazepam.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

Afterglowtrace43200–259200 sec(i=0.20)43200–259200 sec(i=0.20)low
Editorial

Onset and total duration from existing DB/community consensus. Come-up, peak, and offset inferred from benzodiazepine class pharmacology. Afterglow duration (12-72h) reflects the >100h elimination half-life documented by Moosmann et al. 2013 — residual pharmacological activity persists far beyond perceived effect cessation. No controlled duration studies exist for flubromazepam.

Reasoning

Onset and total duration from existing DB/community consensus. Come-up, peak, and offset inferred from benzodiazepine class pharmacology. Afterglow duration (12-72h) reflects the >100h elimination half-life documented by Moosmann et al. 2013 — residual pharmacological activity persists far beyond perceived effect cessation. No controlled duration studies exist for flubromazepam.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

Dose Tier Summaries

thresholdtrace
low

At threshold doses, flubromazepam produces minimal perceptible anxiolysis — a subtle easing of baseline tension that may be difficult to distinguish from placebo. There is no overt sedation, and cognitive function remains intact. Users may question whether the substance is active at all. Physical effects are negligible. Slight muscle relaxation may be noticed by attentive users, but motor coordination and reflexes remain unimpaired. No amnesia or disinhibition is expected. Despite the absence of perceived effects, the compound's elimination half-life exceeds 100 hours. Even a single threshold dose leaves pharmacologically active drug in the body for days, and repeated threshold dosing will accumulate toward higher effective concentrations without proportional subjective warning.

Editorial

No controlled dose-response data exist for flubromazepam. Threshold (2 mg) is community-derived, consistent with Moosmann self-experiment at 4 mg producing clear effects. Descriptions inferred from benzodiazepine class pharmacology at sub-anxiolytic receptor occupancy.

Reasoning

No controlled dose-response data exist for flubromazepam. Threshold (2 mg) is community-derived, consistent with Moosmann self-experiment at 4 mg producing clear effects. Descriptions inferred from benzodiazepine class pharmacology at sub-anxiolytic receptor occupancy.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

lighttrace
low

Clear anxiety suppression emerges at light doses, with a noticeable reduction in tension and mild sedation. Thought deceleration becomes apparent, and focus may drift. This is the dose range studied in the sole published human pharmacokinetic experiment (4 mg oral), which confirmed the compound's extreme half-life. Muscle relaxation is clearly perceptible. Mild bodily heaviness may accompany the sedation. Motor coordination is slightly reduced but functional tasks remain manageable. Appetite enhancement may occur. Residual effects are likely to persist for 24 hours or longer. Users should not assume effects have fully resolved when acute sedation subsides — subclinical cognitive and motor impairment continues well beyond the perceived effect window.

Editorial

Light range (3-5 mg) from community consensus. Moosmann self-experiment (4 mg) falls within this range and confirmed subjective benzodiazepine effects plus >100h half-life. Effect descriptions extrapolated from benzodiazepine class pharmacology at low-moderate receptor occupancy.

Reasoning

Light range (3-5 mg) from community consensus. Moosmann self-experiment (4 mg) falls within this range and confirmed subjective benzodiazepine effects plus >100h half-life. Effect descriptions extrapolated from benzodiazepine class pharmacology at low-moderate receptor occupancy.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

commontrace
low

Pronounced sedation dominates the common dose range, accompanied by clear anxiety suppression and substantial muscle relaxation. Anterograde amnesia becomes likely — users may not retain memories formed during the experience. Analysis suppression and thought deceleration are prominent, and disinhibition alters judgment and risk assessment. Motor control impairment is noticeable; coordination is reduced sufficiently to make driving hazardous. Dizziness may occur. Appetite enhancement is more likely at this level. Emotional suppression flattens the affective range. Residual cognitive blunting and motor impairment extend well beyond the perceived 6-12 hour effect window. Any repeated dosing at this level produces rapid accumulation — a daily common dose becomes a strong or heavy effective dose within days due to the >100-hour half-life.

Editorial

Common range (5-8 mg) from community consensus. No controlled dose-response studies exist. Effect descriptions extrapolated from benzodiazepine class pharmacology at moderate receptor occupancy, consistent with amnesia and disinhibition onset thresholds.

Reasoning

Common range (5-8 mg) from community consensus. No controlled dose-response studies exist. Effect descriptions extrapolated from benzodiazepine class pharmacology at moderate receptor occupancy, consistent with amnesia and disinhibition onset thresholds.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

strongtrace
low

Heavy sedation approaching hypnosis characterizes strong doses. Dense anterograde amnesia is probable — extended periods may be entirely unrecoverable. Delusions of sobriety create a dangerous feedback loop: users believe themselves functional while severely impaired, driving compulsive redosing without awareness of prior administration. Motor control impairment is significant; falls, stumbling, and slurred speech are common. Respiratory depression risk increases, particularly with any co-intoxicants. Muscle relaxation is deep and pervasive. Cognitive euphoria may occur but is unreliable. Driving, operating machinery, and complex decision-making are dangerous at this level. The combination of amnesia, disinhibition, and delusions of sobriety renders self-assessment of impairment unreliable. Medical risks escalate sharply if other depressants are present.

Editorial

Strong range (8-12 mg) from community consensus. No controlled studies at these doses. Amnesia-driven redosing and delusions of sobriety documented in benzodiazepine class literature and user reports (Orsolini et al. 2020). Respiratory depression risk extrapolated from class data.

Reasoning

Strong range (8-12 mg) from community consensus. No controlled studies at these doses. Amnesia-driven redosing and delusions of sobriety documented in benzodiazepine class literature and user reports (Orsolini et al. 2020). Respiratory depression risk extrapolated from class data.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

heavytrace
low

Deep sedation to stupor defines the heavy dose range. Complete anterograde amnesia is expected — users will have no recall of the experience. Respiratory depression becomes a concern even without co-intoxicants, and the risk of medical emergency is elevated. Loss of motor control is near-total. Speech may be unintelligible. Aspiration risk increases if vomiting occurs during deep sedation. Cognitive function is effectively abolished. This dose range has not been studied in any published research and likely reflects accumulated or repeated dosing rather than intentional single-dose administration. The >100-hour half-life means daily dosing at common levels can produce heavy-range effective concentrations within days. Flumazenil (competitive benzodiazepine antagonist) may be required for reversal, but its short half-life (~60 min) necessitates repeated dosing against flubromazepam's extreme duration.

Editorial

Heavy range (12+ mg) from community consensus. No published data at these doses. Descriptions extrapolated from benzodiazepine class overdose presentations and structural analog case reports (flubromazolam deep coma, rhabdomyolysis). Accumulation risk is a direct pharmacokinetic consequence of the >100h half-life.

Reasoning

Heavy range (12+ mg) from community consensus. No published data at these doses. Descriptions extrapolated from benzodiazepine class overdose presentations and structural analog case reports (flubromazolam deep coma, rhabdomyolysis). Accumulation risk is a direct pharmacokinetic consequence of the >100h half-life.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

02

History

current version
published Jun 4, 2026AI-generated—
versions
1 total
publication ledger

backfill Jun 4, 2026

Historical versions do not record which reviewer approved them; editorial accountability is recorded per value in the database and in the publication ledger going forward.

full version history suggest a correctioncontact@psychedex.org
03

Sources

22 moderate · 6 weak
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    Detectability of designer benzodiazepines in CEDIA, EMIT II Plus, HEIA, and KIMS II immunochemical screening assays
    Pettersson Bergstrand M, Helander A, Hansson T, Beck O · 2017 · Drug Testing and Analysis
    doi.org/10.1002/dta.2003pubmed 273668701 claim checked1 verified
  23. [23]
    moderate
    Urine analysis of 28 designer benzodiazepines by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry
    Pettersson Bergstrand M, Beck O, Helander A · 2018 · Clinical Mass Spectrometry
    doi.org/10.1016/j.clinms.2018.08.004pubmed 391933601 claim checked1 verified
  24. [24]
    moderate
    Fast and Sensitive Method for the Determination of 17 Designer Benzodiazepines in Hair by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
    DeFreitas L, Fonseca Pego AM, Kronstrand R, Lendoiro E, de Castro-Rios A, Concheiro M · 2022 · Journal of Analytical Toxicology
    doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkac044pubmed 357488141 claim checked1 verified
  25. [25]
    moderate
    Blood concentrations of new designer benzodiazepines in forensic cases.
    Høiseth G, Skogstad Tuv S, Karinen R · 2016 · Forensic Science International
    doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.006pubmed 276854732 claims checked2 verified
  26. [26]
    weak
    Analytically diagnosed intoxication by 2-methoxphenidine and flubromazepam mimicking an ischemic cerebral disease
    Valli A, Lonati D, Locatelli CA, Buscaglia E, Tuccio MD, Papa P · 2017 · Clinical Toxicology
    doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2017.1286016pubmed 284522342 claims checked2 verified
  27. [27]
    moderate
    Flubromazolam - Basic pharmacokinetic evaluation of a highly potent designer benzodiazepine
    Huppertz LM, Moosmann B, Auwärter V · 2018 · Drug Testing and Analysis
    doi.org/10.1002/dta.2203pubmed 283785331 claim checked1 verified
  28. [28]
    moderate
    Designer Benzodiazepines: A Review of Toxicology and Public Health Risks
    Brunetti P, Giorgetti R, Tagliabracci A, Huestis MA, Busardò FP · 2021 · Pharmaceuticals
    doi.org/10.3390/ph14060560pubmed 342082842 claims checked2 verified
04

Claim Verification

Citation-bearing claims in this article were checked by an AI model against the abstract of the source they cite — every safety-critical claim, plus a sample of the rest. Verdicts below are model-issued, not human-issued; when an editor overrides a verdict, the override is recorded alongside it. Claims whose source does not support them are flagged for editorial review.

summary8 claims7verified1inconclusive
verifiedFlubromazepam (7-bromo-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one) is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative and positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors that occupies a distinctive pharmacokinetic niche among designer benzodiazepines: an elimination half-life exceeding 100 hours places it among the longest-acting compounds in its class[1]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms 'Extremely long elimination half-life >100h'. GABA-A PAM classification is consistent with benzodiazepine pharmacology described in the study's context.

Extremely long elimination half-life >100h

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

inconclusiveFlubromazepam was first synthesized circa 1960 during the early wave of benzodiazepine pharmaceutical development but was never clinically developed or marketed[1]model confidence 85%
Inconclusive

Abstract only notes 'First appeared on research chemical market in 2012'. The 1960 synthesis date and lack of clinical development are not addressed anywhere in the abstract.

First appeared on research chemical market in 2012

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedIt resurfaced in late 2012 on internet research chemical markets, making it one of the first three designer benzodiazepines available online alongside diclazepam and pyrazolam[2]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract directly states flubromazepam, diclazepam and pyrazolam were the first designer benzodiazepines available online.

Letter noting flubromazepam, diclazepam and pyrazolam were the first designer benzodiazepines available online.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedThe sole published human pharmacokinetic data derive from a single researcher self-experiment at 4 mg oral[1]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract explicitly describes 'Self-experiment with 4 mg flubromazepam'. SCOPE confirms this is the only human PK study.

Self-experiment with 4 mg flubromazepam

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedAs a classical benzodiazepine, flubromazepam is presumed to potentiate GABAergic inhibition at the α/γ2 subunit interface of GABA-A receptors, though no substance-specific binding data exist[7]model confidence 82%
Verified

Review covers benzodiazepine GABA-A PAM action and subunit-selective interactions at alpha1/2/3/5 subunits — directly supports the general mechanism cited. The abstract is about the right topic.

Review of benzodiazepine structural evolution as GABA-A PAMs since 1960s. Discusses subtype-selective interactions with GABA-A receptor isoforms at alpha1/2/3/5 subunits.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedAll documented fatalities involve polydrug combinations, particularly opioids[5]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract documents a polydrug fatality with flubromazepam co-detected with opioids (U-47700, methadone). States 'NSOs often combined with opioids and benzodiazepines in polydrug deaths.'

Case 2 polydrug fatality: U-47700 (204 ng/mL) + methadone (290 ng/mL) + flubromazepam (480 ng/mL)... NSOs often combined with opioids and benzodiazepines in polydrug deaths.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedAll documented fatalities involve polydrug combinations, particularly opioids[6]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract documents another polydrug fatality with flubromazepam + U-47700 (opioid) + other substances. Cause of death was mixed drug toxicity.

flubromazepam 10 µg/L in peripheral blood alongside U-47700 (330 µg/L), diclazepam (70 µg/L), methylamphetamine (290 µg/L). Cause of death: aspiration due to mixed drug toxicity.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedPhysical dependence develops rapidly with continuous use, and abrupt cessation has produced life-threatening withdrawal seizures[4]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract directly documents a seizure after abrupt cessation of flubromazepam (combined with other substances). Seizure is a life-threatening withdrawal event.

Case of young male presenting with seizure after abrupt cessation of bromazolam, flubromazepam, alcohol, kratom, tianeptine and phenibut.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

history13 claims8verified1partial4inconclusive
inconclusiveThe first published scientific characterization appeared in 2013, when Moosmann and colleagues described NMR and mass spectrometric identification data alongside preliminary pharmacokinetic observations from a researcher self-experiment at 4 mg oral[1]model confidence 75%
Inconclusive

Abstract confirms NMR, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS characterization and 4 mg self-experiment — matching the described content. However, the specific year (2013) and author name (Moosmann) cannot be verified from the abstract text alone.

Self-experiment with 4 mg flubromazepam. Characterized by NMR, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, LC-Q-ToF-MS.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedTablet analysis from this setting revealed substantial dosing variability (0.34–2.33 mg per tablet), underscoring the practical harm of unregulated manufacture.[10]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly states 'High tablet content variability (0.34-2.33 mg)' matching the exact figures in the claim.

High tablet content variability (0.34-2.33 mg).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

inconclusiveLike hundreds of benzodiazepine analogs produced during this period, flubromazepam remained a "poorly characterized research drug candidate" that was never advanced to clinical trials or pharmaceutical marketing[1]model confidence 72%
Inconclusive

Abstract doesn't contain the quoted phrase 'poorly characterized research drug candidate' or discuss pharmaceutical development history. The paper being the 'first published characterization' (per SCOPE) implies prior lack of characterization, but this specific claim can't be verified from the abstract.

First appeared on research chemical market in 2012.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedFlubromazepam appeared on internet "research chemical" markets in late 2012, alongside pyrazolam, making these two compounds — together with diclazepam — the first three designer benzodiazepines available for purchase online[1]model confidence 93%
Verified

Abstract confirms 'First appeared on research chemical market in 2012'. The 'first three' designation is confirmed by citation [2]; this citation supports the 2012 timeline.

First appeared on research chemical market in 2012.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedFlubromazepam appeared on internet "research chemical" markets in late 2012, alongside pyrazolam, making these two compounds — together with diclazepam — the first three designer benzodiazepines available for purchase online[2]model confidence 98%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms flubromazepam, diclazepam and pyrazolam were the first three designer benzodiazepines available online.

Letter noting flubromazepam, diclazepam and pyrazolam were the first designer benzodiazepines available online.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

inconclusiveAbouchedid et al. documented the availability, cost, and motivations for flubromazepam use in the United Kingdom, finding self-medication of anxiety and insomnia as primary drivers[11]model confidence 85%
Inconclusive

Abstract marked as 'Not available'. Cannot verify from abstract text.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

inconclusiveIn May 2017, the UK specifically classified flubromazepam as a Class C controlled substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971[11]model confidence 85%
Inconclusive

Abstract marked as 'Not available'. Cannot verify the specific date or classification details from abstract text.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedSocial media discussions about flubromazepam continued and adapted following scheduling, indicating that legal controls did not eliminate demand.[8]model confidence 93%
Verified

Abstract describes thematic netnographic analyses of social media content and tracking of flubromazepam market evolution over >10 years including post-scheduling period, directly supporting this claim.

Compares chemical analyses of tablet samples pre-UK PSA 2016 with thematic netnographic analyses of social media content. Tracks flubromazepam market evolution over >10 years.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedForensic detection of flubromazepam in post-mortem samples has been documented retrospectively in Norway from 2015 and 2016, consistent with widespread availability from 2012 onward[13]model confidence 98%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms retrospective detection in Norwegian post-mortem samples from 2015 and 2016.

Flubromazepam detected retrospectively in post-mortem samples from 2015 and 2016 in Norway.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedIn Swedish emergency departments, the STRIDA project identified flubromazepam among NPS benzodiazepines presenting in intoxication cases between 2010 and 2016[14]model confidence 88%
Verified

Abstract confirms STRIDA project data includes flubromazepam intoxication cases from Swedish emergency departments. The specific date range (2010–2016) can't be verified from the abstract but the core claim is supported.

Bioanalytical and clinical data from NPS BZD intoxications in Swedish STRIDA project. Includes flubromazepam intoxication data.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedScottish prison populations showed increased flubromazepam prevalence from 2021 onward, a shift attributed to the scheduling of etizolam — as one designer benzodiazepine was controlled, demand migrated to alternatives[10]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract directly states 'Flubromazepam emerged as prevalent after etizolam in 2021-2022', confirming the shift following etizolam scheduling.

Flubromazepam emerged as prevalent after etizolam in 2021-2022.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

partialDue to the compound's potential for scheduling, synthesis and full characterization of 12 positional isomers of flubromazepam were conducted for forensic reference purposes, enabling laboratories to distinguish the controlled substance from structurally similar but technically uncontrolled analogs.[16]model confidence 85%
Partial

Abstract confirms forensic reference synthesis and DEA scheduling context, but states only 9 of 12 isomers were synthesized in this paper. The claim of 'full characterization of 12 positional isomers' is materially overstated for this single citation (the remaining 3 are covered by citation [24]).

Synthesis of 9 of 12 possible flubromazepam positional isomers as reference standards.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedDue to the compound's potential for scheduling, synthesis and full characterization of 12 positional isomers of flubromazepam were conducted for forensic reference purposes, enabling laboratories to distinguish the controlled substance from structurally similar but technically uncontrolled analogs.[17]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract confirms 'Synthesis of remaining 3 of 12 flubromazepam positional isomers, completing the set for forensic analysis', confirming the full set of 12 was ultimately characterized.

Synthesis of remaining 3 of 12 flubromazepam positional isomers, completing the set for forensic analysis.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

chemistry3 claims2verified1not supported
verifiedTablets seized from Scottish prison populations varied in mass and drug content (0.34–2.33 mg flubromazepam per tablet), reflecting inconsistent clandestine manufacture[10]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms the exact figures (0.34-2.33 mg) and Scottish prison context.

495 seized samples from 11 Scottish prisons 2020-2022... High tablet content variability (0.34-2.33 mg).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

not supportedIts triazolo analog flubromazolam, which incorporates a fused triazole ring at the 1,2-position, is a structurally distinct and substantially more potent compound that should not be confused with flubromazepam.[2]model confidence 92%
Not supported

cited source's abstract does not support this claim — flagged for editorial review

Abstract covers the first three designer BZDs available online (flubromazepam, diclazepam, pyrazolam) and legal/detection issues. Flubromazolam is never mentioned in this abstract, making it entirely irrelevant to this specific claim.

Letter noting flubromazepam, diclazepam and pyrazolam were the first designer benzodiazepines available online.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedThese structural elements were confirmed by NMR and mass spectrometric analysis in the first published characterization.[1]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract directly describes characterization by NMR, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, LC-Q-ToF-MS, confirming both NMR and mass spectrometric analysis.

Characterized by NMR, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, LC-Q-ToF-MS.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

pharmacology6 claims4verified2inconclusive
inconclusiveClassical benzodiazepines bind at the extracellular interface between α and γ2 subunits (the α(+)/γ2(−) interface), enhancing the frequency of chloride channel opening in response to GABA binding and thereby potentiating inhibitory neurotransmission[7]model confidence 78%
Inconclusive

Abstract confirms the review covers BZD GABA-A PAM action and subunit-selective interactions, but doesn't specifically describe the α(+)/γ2(−) binding interface, chloride channel opening, or the frequency-enhancement mechanism. These specific mechanistic details would be in the full text.

Review of benzodiazepine structural evolution as GABA-A PAMs since 1960s. Discusses subtype-selective interactions with GABA-A receptor isoforms at alpha1/2/3/5 subunits.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

inconclusiveThe compound's subunit selectivity profile — whether it preferentially modulates α1βγ2 (sedation, amnesia), α2/α3βγ2 (anxiolysis), or α5βγ2 (memory impairment) subtypes — is entirely uncharacterized[7]model confidence 75%
Inconclusive

The review covers BZD subunit selectivity at alpha1/2/3/5, relevant context, but cannot confirm the specific claim that flubromazepam's individual profile is 'entirely uncharacterized' — that statement requires data absent from this abstract.

Discusses subtype-selective interactions with GABA-A receptor isoforms at alpha1/2/3/5 subunits.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedThe sole published human pharmacokinetic data for flubromazepam derive from a single researcher self-administration study at 4 mg oral[1]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract confirms self-experiment at 4 mg. SCOPE explicitly identifies this as 'only human PK study for flubromazepam'.

Self-experiment with 4 mg flubromazepam.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedThe elimination half-life was estimated at greater than 100 hours, placing flubromazepam among the longest-acting benzodiazepines known — comparable to or exceeding diazepam's active metabolite desmethyldiazepam[1]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms 'Extremely long elimination half-life >100h'. The comparative framing relative to desmethyldiazepam is authorial synthesis, but the core >100h fact is confirmed.

Extremely long elimination half-life >100h

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedTwo principal phase I metabolites were identified:[1]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract mentions exactly two main metabolites: 'monohydroxylated compound' and 'debrominated compound', consistent with 'two principal phase I metabolites'.

Main metabolites: monohydroxylated compound (detectable up to 28 days in urine) and debrominated compound.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedDesigner benzodiazepines as a class "undergo phase I and II metabolism similar to traditional benzodiazepines, but their specific metabolic pathways and the influence of genetic polymorphisms are yet to be clarified"[18]model confidence 98%
Verified

Abstract directly states 'phase I and II metabolism similar to traditional BZDs; genetic polymorphisms and drug interactions not yet clarified for specific compounds', matching the quoted claim almost verbatim.

Notes phase I and II metabolism similar to traditional BZDs; genetic polymorphisms and drug interactions not yet clarified for specific compounds.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

receptor pharmacology2 claims2verified
verifiedAs a 1,4-benzodiazepine, flubromazepam is presumed to bind at the classical benzodiazepine site (the α(+)/γ2(−) subunit interface) of GABA-A receptors containing α1, α2, α3, or α5 subunits in combination with β and γ2 subunits[7]model confidence 85%
Verified

Review covers BZD GABA-A PAM action and explicitly discusses subtype-selective interactions at alpha1/2/3/5 subunits, supporting the claim about presumed binding at these subunit combinations.

Review of benzodiazepine structural evolution as GABA-A PAMs since 1960s. Discusses subtype-selective interactions with GABA-A receptor isoforms at alpha1/2/3/5 subunits.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedThe functional consequences of subunit modulation are well established for the class: α1-containing receptors mediate sedation, amnesia, and anticonvulsant effects; α2- and α3-containing receptors mediate anxiolysis and muscle relaxation; α5-containing receptors contribute to memory impairment[7]model confidence 82%
Verified

A review explicitly on BZD structural evolution as GABA-A PAMs discussing subtype-selective interactions at alpha1/2/3/5 subunits would cover these well-established functional mappings. Abstract is on the right topic and the functional consequences are a core part of subunit selectivity reviews.

Discusses subtype-selective interactions with GABA-A receptor isoforms at alpha1/2/3/5 subunits.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

pharmacokinetic detail11 claims10verified1inconclusive
inconclusiveAll human PK data derive from a single self-administration study (n=1, 4 mg oral, sample collection over 31 days).[1]model confidence 72%
Inconclusive

Abstract confirms n=1, 4 mg oral. The metabolite was 'detectable up to 28 days in urine' but the study collection duration of '31 days' is a specific factual claim not verifiable from the abstract — 28 days (detectability) vs 31 days (collection period) cannot be resolved.

Self-experiment with 4 mg flubromazepam... monohydroxylated compound (detectable up to 28 days in urine)

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedAt the 4 mg dose studied, standard immunochemical benzodiazepine urine screens showed insufficient cross-reactivity to reliably detect flubromazepam[1]model confidence 98%
Verified

Abstract directly states 'Immunochemical cross-reactivity insufficient for safe detection.'

Immunochemical cross-reactivity insufficient for safe detection.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedPost-mortem blood concentrations documented in published case reports: 480 ng/mL in a polydrug fatality (peripheral blood) and 10 µg/L in another polydrug death[5]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract confirms flubromazepam at 480 ng/mL in peripheral blood in a polydrug fatality.

flubromazepam (480 ng/mL)... in peripheral blood

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedPost-mortem blood concentrations documented in published case reports: 480 ng/mL in a polydrug fatality (peripheral blood) and 10 µg/L in another polydrug death[6]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract confirms flubromazepam at 10 µg/L in peripheral blood in a post-mortem polydrug case.

flubromazepam 10 µg/L in peripheral blood

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedThis finding has implications for supervised drug treatment settings and drug-facilitated crime investigation.[1]model confidence 88%
Verified

Abstract documents insufficient immunochemical cross-reactivity for detection, which directly implies implications for drug treatment monitoring and forensic/crime investigation settings.

Immunochemical cross-reactivity insufficient for safe detection.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedThis finding has implications for supervised drug treatment settings and drug-facilitated crime investigation.[20]model confidence 93%
Verified

Abstract is explicitly about DBZD in DFSA (drug-facilitated sexual assault) cases and discusses detection windows and pharmacokinetics — directly addressing drug-facilitated crime investigation implications.

Review of DBZD in DFSA cases. Notes short half-lives, rapid metabolism, and low detection windows.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedIn blood, O'Connor et al. reported 79–107% cross-reactivity with the Immunalysis Benzodiazepine ELISA kit for flubromazepam spiked at known concentrations[21]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms '79-107% cross-reactivity for... flubromazepam... with Immunalysis BZD ELISA kit', exactly matching the claim.

Cross-reactivity 79-107% for phenazepam, etizolam, pyrazolam, flubromazepam, diclazepam and delorazepam with Immunalysis BZD ELISA kit.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedPettersson Bergstrand et al. confirmed generally high cross-reactivity in CEDIA, EMIT II Plus, HEIA, and KIMS II immunoassay platforms, suggesting detection probability is dose-dependent: higher blood concentrations achieve sufficient cross-reactivity while lower concentrations may evade screening.[22]model confidence 90%
Verified

Abstract confirms high cross-reactivity of flubromazepam in the four named immunoassay platforms. The dose-dependency inference is reasonable synthesis; the core cross-reactivity finding in those specific assays is confirmed.

Tested cross-reactivity of 13 designer benzodiazepines including flubromazepam in 4 immunoassays. High cross-reactivity generally. KIMS II and CEDIA showed highest sensitivity.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedValidated LC-HRMS methods for urine have been published, and a validated hair detection method covering 17 designer benzodiazepines including flubromazepam has been described.[23]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract describes an LC-HRMS method for 28 NPS BZDs in urine including flubromazepam, confirming the urine LC-HRMS method part of the claim.

28 NPS BZDs in urine including flubromazepam detected in patient samples from emergency wards.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedValidated LC-HRMS methods for urine have been published, and a validated hair detection method covering 17 designer benzodiazepines including flubromazepam has been described.[24]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms 'Validated LC-MS/MS method for 17 designer BZDs including flubromazepam in hair', matching the claim exactly.

Validated LC-MS/MS method for 17 designer BZDs including flubromazepam in hair.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedForensic blood concentration data from Norwegian cases and Swedish STRIDA project intoxications have also been reported.[25]model confidence 88%
Verified

Abstract reports flubromazepam blood concentrations in drugged drivers and criminal offenders in forensic cases, supporting this claim about forensic blood concentration data.

Blood concentrations of designer benzodiazepines including flubromazepam reported in drugged drivers and other criminal offenders.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

effects overview2 claims1verified1inconclusive
verifiedWhat distinguishes it from most benzodiazepines in subjective character is duration: the compound's extreme half-life (>100 hours) means residual cognitive blunting, motor impairment, and emotional flattening persist well beyond the window of perceived intoxication, and repeated dosing produces insidious accumulation that users frequently underestimate[1]model confidence 88%
Verified

Abstract confirms >100h half-life and metabolite detectability up to 28 days, directly supporting the claim about extreme duration. The downstream effects (residual cognitive blunting, accumulation) are reasonable pharmacokinetic inferences from this confirmed data.

Extremely long elimination half-life >100h. Main metabolites: monohydroxylated compound (detectable up to 28 days in urine)

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

inconclusiveWithin the designer benzodiazepine landscape, flubromazepam occupies a low-potency, ultra-long-acting niche — closer in duration and accumulation risk to phenazepam than to its own triazolo analog flubromazolam, which is far more potent but substantially shorter-acting[2]model confidence 78%
Inconclusive

Abstract covers first three online designer BZDs and their legal/detection status. It does not address potency comparisons, duration, accumulation risk, or comparisons with phenazepam or flubromazolam. These pharmacological comparisons are not verifiable from this abstract.

Letter noting flubromazepam, diclazepam and pyrazolam were the first designer benzodiazepines available online.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

clinical evidence7 claims7verified
verifiedA single researcher self-administration study (n=1, 4 mg oral) providing preliminary pharmacokinetic observations.[1]model confidence 98%
Verified

Abstract directly describes a self-experiment at 4 mg with pharmacokinetic data.

Self-experiment with 4 mg flubromazepam... Extremely long elimination half-life >100h.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedCase reports of acute intoxication, polydrug fatalities, and withdrawal presentations.[4]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract documents a withdrawal presentation (seizure after abrupt cessation of flubromazepam and other substances).

Case of young male presenting with seizure after abrupt cessation of bromazolam, flubromazepam, alcohol, kratom, tianeptine and phenibut.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedCase reports of acute intoxication, polydrug fatalities, and withdrawal presentations.[5]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract documents a polydrug fatality involving flubromazepam.

Case 2 polydrug fatality: U-47700 (204 ng/mL) + methadone (290 ng/mL) + flubromazepam (480 ng/mL)...

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedCase reports of acute intoxication, polydrug fatalities, and withdrawal presentations.[6]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract documents a polydrug death (aspiration due to mixed drug toxicity) involving flubromazepam.

Post-mortem case: 28-year-old male deceased at home; flubromazepam 10 µg/L... Cause of death: aspiration due to mixed drug toxicity.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedCase reports of acute intoxication, polydrug fatalities, and withdrawal presentations.[26]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract documents a case of polydrug acute intoxication with flubromazepam.

Case report of polydrug intoxication with 2-methoxphenidine and flubromazepam presenting with symptoms mimicking ischemic stroke.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedPopulation-level surveillance data from poison control centers and emergency departments.[15]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract describes NPDS (National Poison Data System) data on designer benzodiazepine exposures — the NPDS is the US poison control center database, directly confirming this claim.

NPDS data on designer benzodiazepine exposures 2014-2017.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedPopulation-level surveillance data from poison control centers and emergency departments.[14]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract describes STRIDA project data from Swedish emergency department intoxication cases, confirming ED-level surveillance data.

Bioanalytical and clinical data from NPS BZD intoxications in Swedish STRIDA project.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

safety22 claims17verified5inconclusive
verifiedPolydrug fatalities document co-detection of flubromazepam with diazepam and diclazepam.[6]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract documents flubromazepam co-detected with diclazepam in a polydrug fatality.

flubromazepam 10 µg/L in peripheral blood alongside... diclazepam (70 µg/L)...

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedPartridge et al. reported a 28-year-old male found deceased at home with post-mortem peripheral blood concentrations of flubromazepam 10 µg/L, U-47700 330 µg/L, diclazepam 70 µg/L, and methylamphetamine 290 µg/L; cause of death was aspiration due to mixed drug toxicity[6]model confidence 99%
Verified

All specific details in the claim — age, circumstances, all four concentrations with their precise values, and cause of death — are confirmed verbatim in the abstract.

Post-mortem case: 28-year-old male deceased at home; flubromazepam 10 µg/L in peripheral blood alongside U-47700 (330 µg/L), diclazepam (70 µg/L), methylamphetamine (290 µg/L). Cause of death: aspiration due to mixed drug toxicity.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedGiorgetti et al. documented flubromazepam at 480 ng/mL in a polydrug fatality also involving U-47700 (204 ng/mL), methadone (290 ng/mL), and diazepam (300 ng/mL)[5]model confidence 99%
Verified

All four concentrations match exactly: flubromazepam 480 ng/mL, U-47700 204 ng/mL, methadone 290 ng/mL, diazepam 300 ng/mL.

U-47700 (204 ng/mL) + methadone (290 ng/mL) + flubromazepam (480 ng/mL) + diazepam (300 ng/mL) in peripheral blood.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedGundersen et al. identified flubromazepam retrospectively in two Norwegian post-mortem cases from 2015 and 2016.[13]model confidence 98%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms retrospective detection of flubromazepam in post-mortem samples from 2015 and 2016 in Norway.

Flubromazepam detected retrospectively in post-mortem samples from 2015 and 2016 in Norway.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedValli et al. reported a non-fatal case of polydrug intoxication with 2-methoxphenidine and flubromazepam that mimicked ischemic cerebral disease, highlighting the diagnostic complexity of NPS presentations in emergency settings.[26]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract confirms the case of polydrug intoxication with 2-methoxphenidine and flubromazepam mimicking ischemic stroke. Non-fatal status is implied by it being reported as an intoxication case rather than a fatality.

Case report of polydrug intoxication with 2-methoxphenidine and flubromazepam presenting with symptoms mimicking ischemic stroke.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedIn a systematic review of 49 designer benzodiazepine adverse event reports (2008–2021), the majority of fatalities were attributed to etizolam, flualprazolam, flubromazolam, and phenazepam rather than flubromazepam specifically[28]model confidence 98%
Verified

Abstract confirms 49 reports from 2008-2021 and directly names flubromazolam, flualprazolam, etizolam, phenazepam as 'most implicated in deaths', with flubromazepam absent from that list.

49 reports covering ED admissions, deaths, DUID from 2008-2021. Identifies flubromazolam, flualprazolam, etizolam, phenazepam as most implicated in deaths.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedPolydrug fatalities document co-detection of flubromazepam with diazepam and diclazepam.[5]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract documents flubromazepam co-detected with diazepam in a polydrug fatality.

flubromazepam (480 ng/mL) + diazepam (300 ng/mL) in peripheral blood

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedFlubromazepam has been detected in the unregulated opioid drug supply in Vancouver, Canada from mid-2018 onward[3]model confidence 90%
Verified

Abstract confirms flubromazepam detection in the unregulated drug supply in Vancouver, BC, associated with an opioid overdose outbreak. The 'mid-2018 onward' date cannot be verified from the abstract but the geographic and supply context are confirmed.

NPS benzodiazepines including flubromazepam in unregulated drug supply in Vancouver BC, Canada. Associated with overdose outbreak in opioid drug supply.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

inconclusiveBilateral pinpoint unreactive pupils and rhabdomyolysis (CK elevation to 15,960 U/L) have been documented in structural analog overdose (flubromazolam).[19]model confidence 80%
Inconclusive

Abstract mentions amnesia, sedation, tolerance, and severe withdrawals for flubromazolam but does not specifically describe bilateral pinpoint pupils or rhabdomyolysis at CK 15,960 U/L. These specific clinical findings may be in the full text.

Review of designer benzodiazepines including flubromazolam (triazolo-analogue of flubromazepam). Notes amnesia, sedation, tolerance, and severe withdrawals.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

inconclusiveFlumazenil (competitive benzodiazepine antagonist) reverses GABA-A-mediated sedation and has been confirmed effective in structural analog overdose[19]model confidence 78%
Inconclusive

Abstract mentions sedation and clinical effects of flubromazolam/designer BZDs but does not mention flumazenil or its effectiveness in reversal.

Notes amnesia, sedation, tolerance, and severe withdrawals.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

inconclusiveThe combination of anterograde amnesia with delusions of sobriety creates a dangerous feedback loop: users may not recall having already dosed and may redose repeatedly, escalating exposure without subjective awareness of intoxication.[19]model confidence 75%
Inconclusive

Abstract mentions amnesia as a noted effect, but doesn't describe the specific feedback loop mechanism, delusions of sobriety, or the redosing pattern. These details are not verifiable from the abstract.

Notes amnesia, sedation, tolerance, and severe withdrawals.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedForensic cases of impaired driving with flubromazepam have been documented.[25]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract explicitly reports blood concentrations of flubromazepam in 'drugged drivers', confirming forensic impaired driving cases.

Blood concentrations of designer benzodiazepines including flubromazepam reported in drugged drivers and other criminal offenders.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedDrug-facilitated sexual assault using designer benzodiazepines including flubromazepam has been documented, exploiting the compound's amnestic properties and detection evasion at standard screening.[20]model confidence 93%
Verified

Abstract is explicitly about DBZD in DFSA cases and discusses pharmacokinetics in the context of forensic biosamples and detection windows — directly supporting this claim.

Review of DBZD in DFSA cases. Notes short half-lives, rapid metabolism, and low detection windows.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedButler et al. reported a case of withdrawal seizure following abrupt cessation of flubromazepam (combined with bromazolam, alcohol, kratom, tianeptine, and phenibut)[4]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract confirms all details: seizure, abrupt cessation, and the same list of substances (bromazolam, flubromazepam, alcohol, kratom, tianeptine, phenibut).

Case of young male presenting with seizure after abrupt cessation of bromazolam, flubromazepam, alcohol, kratom, tianeptine and phenibut.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

inconclusiveRapid tolerance development is characteristic of the benzodiazepine class, driven by GABA-A receptor downregulation and allosteric uncoupling[19]model confidence 75%
Inconclusive

Abstract notes tolerance as a clinical finding, but does not describe the specific mechanism of 'GABA-A receptor downregulation and allosteric uncoupling'. Mechanistic detail is not verifiable from this abstract.

Notes amnesia, sedation, tolerance, and severe withdrawals.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedSymptom-based withdrawal management (CIWA-guided diazepam titration) is the necessary approach when equivalency is unknown[4]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract directly states 'Conventional taper not possible due to unknown equivalents. Managed with diazepam symptom-based approach', supporting this claim.

Conventional taper not possible due to unknown equivalents. Managed with diazepam symptom-based approach.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedMultiple polydrug deaths document this combination: flubromazepam with U-47700, and flubromazepam appearing in the unregulated opioid supply in Vancouver creates inadvertent co-exposure[5]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract documents a polydrug fatality combining flubromazepam with U-47700 (opioid), directly supporting this claim.

Case 2 polydrug fatality: U-47700 (204 ng/mL)... flubromazepam (480 ng/mL)...

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedMultiple polydrug deaths document this combination: flubromazepam with U-47700, and flubromazepam appearing in the unregulated opioid supply in Vancouver creates inadvertent co-exposure[6]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract documents another polydrug death with flubromazepam and U-47700 co-detected.

flubromazepam 10 µg/L in peripheral blood alongside U-47700 (330 µg/L)...

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedMultiple polydrug deaths document this combination: flubromazepam with U-47700, and flubromazepam appearing in the unregulated opioid supply in Vancouver creates inadvertent co-exposure[3]model confidence 93%
Verified

Abstract confirms flubromazepam in unregulated opioid drug supply in Vancouver, supporting the inadvertent co-exposure aspect of the claim.

NPS benzodiazepines including flubromazepam in unregulated drug supply in Vancouver BC, Canada. Associated with overdose outbreak in opioid drug supply.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

inconclusiveButler et al. specifically noted that kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) "inhibits benzodiazepine metabolism," contributing to management difficulty in a flubromazepam withdrawal case[4]model confidence 72%
Inconclusive

Abstract confirms the case involved kratom and management difficulty ('Conventional taper not possible'), but does not include the specific quoted statement that kratom 'inhibits benzodiazepine metabolism'. This quoted assertion is not verifiable from the abstract.

Conventional taper not possible due to unknown equivalents. Managed with diazepam symptom-based approach.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedConcurrent opioid use: Synergistic respiratory depression with documented fatalities.[5]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract documents a fatality with flubromazepam co-occurring with opioids (U-47700, methadone), supporting synergistic opioid fatality.

Case 2 polydrug fatality: U-47700 (204 ng/mL) + methadone (290 ng/mL) + flubromazepam (480 ng/mL)...

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedConcurrent opioid use: Synergistic respiratory depression with documented fatalities.[6]model confidence 93%
Verified

Abstract documents a polydrug death with flubromazepam + U-47700 (opioid). Cause was 'aspiration due to mixed drug toxicity', consistent with opioid-BZD interaction.

flubromazepam 10 µg/L... alongside U-47700 (330 µg/L)... Cause of death: aspiration due to mixed drug toxicity.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

comparative pharmacology4 claims2verified1inconclusive1not supported
verifiedAmong designer benzodiazepines reviewed by Brunetti et al., phenazepam was associated with a higher proportion of fatal adverse events than flubromazepam.[28]model confidence 90%
Verified

Abstract identifies flubromazolam, flualprazolam, etizolam, and phenazepam as 'most implicated in deaths' — flubromazepam is notably absent from this list, supporting that phenazepam had higher fatal adverse events.

Identifies flubromazolam, flualprazolam, etizolam, phenazepam as most implicated in deaths.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

not supportedflubromazolam is the triazolo-fused analog of flubromazepam, incorporating a 1,2,4-triazole ring at the 1,2-position of the diazepine ring[2]model confidence 93%
Not supported

cited source's abstract does not support this claim — flagged for editorial review

Abstract covers the first three designer BZDs available online (flubromazepam, diclazepam, pyrazolam) and does not mention flubromazolam or its structural relationship to flubromazepam at all.

Letter noting flubromazepam, diclazepam and pyrazolam were the first designer benzodiazepines available online.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

inconclusiveClinical presentations with flubromazolam are more severe: deep coma, bilateral pinpoint unreactive pupils, acute respiratory failure, and rhabdomyolysis have been documented[19]model confidence 78%
Inconclusive

Abstract mentions flubromazolam and notes amnesia, sedation, tolerance, and severe withdrawals, but does not describe the specific severe clinical presentations claimed (deep coma, pinpoint pupils, respiratory failure, rhabdomyolysis). These specific findings are not verifiable from the abstract.

Review of designer benzodiazepines including flubromazolam (triazolo-analogue of flubromazepam). Notes amnesia, sedation, tolerance, and severe withdrawals.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

verifiedFlubromazolam has a substantially shorter half-life than flubromazepam, estimated at 10–20 hours[27]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms 'Terminal elimination half-life 10-20h' for flubromazolam.

Terminal elimination half-life 10-20h.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

legal status1 claim1verified
verifiedThe synthesis and characterization of 12 positional isomers for forensic differentiation reflects regulatory anticipation that structurally similar but technically distinct compounds may be marketed to circumvent controls.[16]model confidence 92%
Verified

Abstract notes DEA targeting for scheduling and synthesis of isomers as forensic reference standards — both directly support the regulatory anticipation rationale in the claim.

Synthesis of 9 of 12 possible flubromazepam positional isomers as reference standards. Notes flubromazepam recognition as designer benzodiazepine since 2012 and DEA targeting for scheduling.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 9, 2026

05

Coverage & Gaps

effect links
70 links · 69 approved · 22 audited0/70 with evidence basis
06

Research Trail

substance-article pipeline-v5 May 9, 2026

StepSourceQueryResults
1database lookupPubChemflubromazepam1 result, 1 selected
selection rationale

Primary chemical identity verification

2literature searchPubMedflubromazepam pharmacology15 results, 8 selected
selection rationale

Selected papers with direct flubromazepam data or strong contextual relevance to pharmacology, toxicology, case reports

3literature searchPubMedflubromazepam toxicology case report5 results, 2 selected
selection rationale

Direct case reports and detection studies relevant to flubromazepam

4literature searchPubMedflubromazepam metabolism pharmacokinetics half-life2 results, 2 selected
selection rationale

Primary PK data papers; Moosmann 2013 is the only human PK study for flubromazepam specifically

5literature searchOpenAlexflubromazepam designer benzodiazepine10 results, 5 selected
selection rationale

High-citation papers with direct flubromazepam data

6clinical trial searchClinicalTrials.govflubromazepam0 results, 0 selected
selection rationale

N/A - no results

7legal status searchWeb - Federal Register, DEAflubromazepam DEA Schedule I temporary permanent scheduling 2023 20245 results, 2 selected
selection rationale

Establishes key US and international legal status data

8legal status searchWeb - EMCDDA, WHO ECDDflubromazepam EMCDDA EU member states scheduling6 results, 1 selected
selection rationale

International scheduling status

9document retrievalWHO ECDD—1 result, 0 selected
selection rationale

Document saved locally for reference

10web searchWeb - synthesis historyflubromazepam synthesis history 1960 Hoffmann Roche pharmaceutical patent7 results, 2 selected
selection rationale

Historical context for compound origin

11literature searchOpenAlexflubromazepam designer benzodiazepine toxicology public health8 results, 4 selected
selection rationale

Important review papers covering flubromazepam in context of broader designer BZD adverse events

12literature searchPubMeddiclazepam flubromazepam pyrazolam availability cost motivations UK assessment1 result, 1 selected
selection rationale

UK market data for flubromazepam

13literature searchPubMedZawilska designer benzodiazepines expanding world NPS1 result, 1 selected
selection rationale

Comprehensive class review with flubromazepam epidemiological data

14cross referenceMultiple sourcesFlubromazepam legal status compilation5 results, 3 selected
selection rationale

Legal status cross-reference

15data extractionMoosmann et al. 2013 (PMID 24259203)Pharmacokinetic data extraction1 result, 3 selected
selection rationale

Primary PK data for the article

Research document (raw, unedited pipeline output)
# Research Output: Flubromazepam

## Chemical Identity

**PubChem CID:** 12947024 (api_verified via get_pubchem_compound [Ref 1])
**IUPAC name:** 7-bromo-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
**Molecular formula:** C₁₅H₁₀BrFN₂O
**Molecular weight:** 333.15 g/mol
**InChIKey:** ZRKDDZBVSZLOFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

**Comparison with seed data:** The systematic name, molecular formula, and molecular weight in the brief match PubChem exactly. The InChIKey and PubChem CID were absent from seed data and are now confirmed. ⚠️ SMILES was not returned by the PubChem API tool; this should be populated from PubChem entry CID 12947024 directly. ⚠️ CAS number was not returned by the API; per secondary sources the compound is sometimes referenced with no registered CAS distinct from its pharmaceutical development, but this could not be confirmed via primary API.

**Structural note:** Flubromazepam is a 1,4-benzodiazepine bearing a bromine substituent at the 7-position and a 2-fluorophenyl group at the 5-position. It is the desmethyl analog of phenazepam in which the chlorine substituent is replaced by fluorine (web sources; not confirmed by primary literature — FLAG). Its triazolo analog flubromazolam is structurally distinct and should not be confused with flubromazepam Moosmann et al. (2015 [Ref 2]).

---

## Pharmacology

### Mechanism of Action
Flubromazepam acts as a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA-A) receptors at the classical benzodiazepine binding site located at the extracellular α(+)/γ2(−) subunit interface. This enhances GABAergic chloride ion influx in response to GABA binding, producing CNS depression. This mechanism is class-inferred from benzodiazepine pharmacology and has not been confirmed by published flubromazepam-specific receptor binding studies (Jiang et al. 2026 [Ref 35]; Manchester et al. 2018 [Ref 3]).

⚠️ **CRITICAL GAP — BINDING AFFINITY DATA:** No published Ki or EC₅₀ values for flubromazepam at GABA-A receptor subunits were identified in the literature. No subunit selectivity data exist. The DEA's 2023 imminent hazard determination noted only that flubromazepam "produces agonist effects on GABA-A channels" [Ref 27]. All receptor binding data are class-inferred from benzodiazepine pharmacology, not substance-specific.

**GABA-A subunit context (class):** Classical non-selective benzodiazepines modulate α1β2γ2, α2βγ2, α3βγ2, and α5βγ2 receptor subtypes; α1 contributes to sedation and amnesia, α2/α3 to anxiolysis, α5 to memory effects. Flubromazepam's subunit profile is uncharacterized (Jiang et al. 2026 [Ref 35]).

### Pharmacokinetics

**Human PK data source:** A single self-administration study in one researcher is the only published human pharmacokinetic data for flubromazepam (Moosmann et al. 2013 [Ref 1]). No controlled clinical pharmacokinetic studies exist.

**Dose in study:** 4 mg oral
**Sample collection period:** Up to 31 days post-ingestion
**Elimination half-life:** Estimated >100 hours — categorizing flubromazepam among the longest-acting benzodiazepines known (Moosmann et al. 2013 [Ref 1]). This is among the most clinically significant pharmacokinetic findings for this compound.
**Tmax / Peak serum concentration:** Not precisely characterized in the single available study.
**Oral bioavailability:** Not measured; oral ROA assumed from self-experiment design.

**Metabolic pathway:** Two principal phase I metabolites identified (Moosmann et al. 2013 [Ref 1]):
1. **3-Hydroxyflubromazepam** (monohydroxylated compound) — the primary urinary metabolite; detected in urine up to **28 days** post-ingestion via LC-MS/MS (LLOQ not specified but samples collected over 31 days). This metabolite is recommended as the target analyte for urine drug testing.
2. **Debrominated compound** — minor metabolite identified via LC-Q-ToF-MS.
3. **Glucuronide conjugates** were also detected (Moosmann et al. 2013 [Ref 1]).

**CYP enzymes:** The specific CYP enzymes responsible for flubromazepam metabolism are uncharacterized. Wu & Fu (2022 [Ref 32]) note that designer benzodiazepines "undergo phase I and II metabolism similar to traditional benzodiazepines, but their specific metabolic pathways and the influence of genetic polymorphisms are yet to be clarified." Traditional benzodiazepines are predominantly metabolized by CYP3A4 with contributions from CYP2C19. ⚠️ FLAG: All CYP enzyme attribution for flubromazepam is class-inferred only.

**Detection windows:**
- Urine (LC-MS/MS): parent detectable; monohydroxy metabolite detectable up to 28 days (Moosmann et al. 2013 [Ref 1])
- Hair: not specifically studied for flubromazepam; a hair method covering 17 designer BZDs including flubromazepam was validated (DeFreitas et al. 2022 [Ref not numbered — PMID 35748814])
- Blood: detected at 480 ng/mL in post-mortem cases (Giorgetti et al. 2024 [Ref 8]) and 10 µg/L in another (Partridge et al. 2018 [Ref 11])

**Immunoassay cross-reactivity:** At typical recreational doses (4 mg in self-experiment), standard immunochemical benzodiazepine screens showed **insufficient cross-reactivity** to reliably detect flubromazepam in urine (Moosmann et al. 2013 [Ref 1]). However, O'Connor et al. (2016 [Ref 15]) reported 79–107% cross-reactivity with the Immunalysis® Benzodiazepine ELISA kit for flubromazepam spiked into blood, suggesting dose-dependent detection probability. Pettersson Bergstrand et al. (2016 [Ref 14]) confirmed generally high cross-reactivity in CEDIA, EMIT II Plus, HEIA, and KIMS II assays. The clinical implication is that low-dose use may evade standard urine screening — relevant for drug-withdrawal settings and drug-facilitated crimes (Moosmann et al. 2013 [Ref 1]; Pérez Orts et al. 2022 [Ref 22]).

---

## History

**First synthesis:** Flubromazepam was first synthesized in approximately 1960 during the early era of benzodiazepine pharmaceutical development, but was never approved for medical use or marketed commercially (web sources; confirmed as consistent with Moosmann et al. 2013 [Ref 1] which notes these compounds were "poorly characterized research drug candidates"). The precise institutional origin (i.e., specific pharmaceutical company) was not confirmed by primary academic sources — ⚠️ FLAG for human review. The claim that it is specifically a Hoffmann-La Roche compound is consistent with the broader benzodiazepine discovery context but is not confirmed by primary sources accessed during this research.

**Designer drug emergence:** Flubromazepam appeared on internet "research chemical" markets in **late 2012**, alongside pyrazolam, making it one of the first three designer benzodiazepines available online (the others being diclazepam and pyrazolam) (Moosmann et al. 2013 [Ref 1]; Moosmann, King & Auwärter 2015 [Ref 2]).

**Scientific characterization:** The first published scientific characterization was by Moosmann et al. (2013 [Ref 1]), which described NMR and mass spectrometric data and preliminary pharmacokinetic information from a researcher self-experiment with 4 mg oral dose.

**Regulatory history:**
- 2012: Appeared on grey market
- 2016: UK Psychoactive Substances Act enacted — catches flubromazepam as general psychoactive substance prohibition
- May 2017: UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 amended — flubromazepam classified as **Class C** controlled drug specifically (Mullin et al. 2024 [Ref 6]; Abouchedid et al. 2018 [Ref 18])
- July 26, 2023: DEA temporarily placed flubromazepam in **Schedule I** of the US Controlled Substances Act (imminent hazard to public safety) [Ref 27]
- 2023–2024: WHO ECDD 46th review conducted — concluded flubromazepam did NOT meet threshold for international scheduling recommendation [Ref 26]
- Market evolution: After UK Class C scheduling, social media discussions about flubromazepam continued and adapted (Mullin et al. 2024 [Ref 6])

**Forensic timeline:** Flubromazepam was detected retrospectively in post-mortem forensic samples from Norway dating to 2015 and 2016 (Gundersen et al. 2020 [Ref 16]), consistent with widespread availability from 2012 onward. Scottish prison populations showed increased flubromazepam prevalence from 2021 onward after etizolam was controlled (Marland et al. 2024 [Ref 25]).

**Isomer concern:** Due to its potential for scheduling, synthesis and characterization of 12 positional isomers of flubromazepam was conducted for forensic reference purposes (Ligon et al. 2019 [Ref 23]; Parker & France 2022 [Ref 24]). These isomers could theoretically be marketed as technically uncontrolled analogs.

---

## Subjective Effects

⚠️ **All subjective effects data are derived from user reports, trip reports, and case literature — no controlled human dosing studies exist.**

**Published descriptions from user reports and literature:**

Flubromazepam produces effects consistent with classical benzodiazepine pharmacology. El Balkhi et al. (2020 [Ref 13]) analyzed trip reports from web forums for designer benzodiazepine users, finding that the psychopharmacological effects follow structural/pharmacological predictions. Orsolini et al. (2020 [Ref 20]) synthesized literature and psychonaut trip reports, noting typical benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic profile.

Documented effects from case literature, user reports, and class data:
- **Anxiolysis and anxiety suppression** — primary sought effect; documented by users in self-medication contexts (Abouchedid et al. 2018 [Ref 18])
- **Sedation and hypnosis** — prominent; described as "heavy sedation" in user reports; Edinoff et al. (2022 [Ref 7]) describe these as characteristic of the flubromazolam analog
- **Amnesia** — notable and prolonged relative to shorter-acting benzodiazepines; "long-lasting amnesia" documented in structural analog literature [Ref 7]
- **Muscle relaxation** — consistent with class pharmacology
- **Cognitive and motor impairment** — driving under influence documented in forensic cases (Høiseth et al. 2016 [Ref 4])
- **Disinhibition** — class effect; contributing to impaired decision-making
- **Euphoria** — reported by some users (class data and user reports); may vary by individual
- **Delusions of sobriety** — notable class risk; users may feel more sober than they are, facilitating continued drug use and dangerous activities including driving
- **Compulsive redosing** — reported, consistent with amnesia creating uncertainty about prior doses

**Duration context:** Given a half-life >100 hours (Moosmann et al. 2013 [Ref 1]), residual pharmacological effects may persist substantially beyond the period of perceived intoxication. The "total" duration of 6–12 hours in the DB seed data likely reflects the acute peak effects window, not pharmacological elimination.

**Dose/duration note:** The seed DB dose and duration data (Threshold 2 mg, Light 3–5 mg, Common 5–8 mg, Strong 8–12 mg, Heavy 12+ mg; onset 40–90 min, total 6–12 h) are plausible for an oral benzodiazepine with >100h half-life, but are not directly confirmed by published controlled dosing studies. The Moosmann self-experiment used 4 mg. Real-world tablets in Scottish prisons showed substantial variability (0.34–2.33 mg per tablet) (Marland et al. 2024 [Ref 25]), suggesting dose uncertainty is a significant practical harm.

---

## Safety & Toxicity

### Lethality
⚠️ **No LD₅₀ data for flubromazepam in any species were found in published literature.**

**Polydrug fatalities (confirmed flubromazepam involvement):**

1. **Partridge et al. 2018 [Ref 11]:** 28-year-old male found deceased at home. Post-mortem peripheral blood concentrations: flubromazepam 10 µg/L, U-47700 opioid 330 µg/L, diclazepam 70 µg/L, methylamphetamine 290 µg/L. Cause of death: aspiration (of gastric content) due to mixed drug toxicity. Flubromazepam and diclazepam co-detected with opioid and stimulant.

2. **Giorgetti et al. 2024 [Ref 8]:** Case 2 of three polydrug deaths. Peripheral blood: flubromazepam 480 ng/mL, U-47700 204 ng/mL, methadone 290 ng/mL, diazepam 300 ng/mL. Death attributed primarily to novel synthetic opioid with benzodiazepine synergy. This is the highest published flubromazepam blood concentration in a fatality case.

3. **Gundersen et al. 2020 [Ref 16]:** Flubromazepam retrospectively identified in two Norwegian post-mortem cases (2015, 2016) during forensic data reanalysis; exact role not specified.

### Non-fatal Serious Adverse Events

**Valli et al. 2017 [Ref 10]:** Case report of polydrug intoxication with 2-methoxphenidine and flubromazepam that mimicked ischemic cerebral disease. Highlights risk of misdiagnosis in emergency settings.

**Bäckberg et al. 2019 [Ref 5]:** STRIDA project data from Sweden (2010–2016) included NPS benzodiazepine intoxications presenting to emergency departments; flubromazepam among substances detected.

### Withdrawal Seizures
**Butler et al. 2025 [Ref 9]:** Young male presenting with **seizure** following abrupt cessation of flubromazepam (combined with bromazolam, alcohol, kratom, tianeptine, phenibut). Highlights: (a) withdrawal seizure as life-threatening; (b) no established diazepam equivalency for flubromazepam; (c) symptom-based management (CIWA-guided diazepam) required instead of standard equivalent-dose tapering. This is a safety-critical case report directly relevant to harm reduction guidance.

### Overdose Recognition
In structural analog case (flubromazolam, Łukasik-Głębocka et al. 2016 [Ref 7]): benzodiazepine overdose presenting with deep coma, bilateral pinpoint unreactive pupils, acute respiratory failure, and hypotension. Flumazenil (competitive BZD antagonist) improved consciousness — confirming GABA-A mechanism and establishing flumazenil as a reversal agent for this class. Rhabdomyolysis (CK 15,960 U/L) also occurred in that case.

### Population-Level Data
Brunetti et al. (2021 [Ref 19]) reviewed 49 designer benzodiazepine adverse event reports (2008–2021); flubromazepam included among 12 substances with sufficient data. The majority of deaths were attributed to etizolam, flualprazolam, flubromazolam, and phenazepam rather than flubromazepam specifically, suggesting flubromazepam may carry relatively lower acute mortality risk compared to ultra-potent analogs — but polydrug fatalities confirm it can be lethal in combination.

Carpenter et al. (2019 [Ref 12]) reported on designer benzodiazepine exposures recorded in the US National Poison Data System (NPDS) 2014–2017, providing US population exposure context.

### Drug Supply Contamination
Laing et al. (2021 [Ref 29]) documented flubromazepam (among other NPS benzodiazepines) appearing in the **unregulated opioid drug supply** in Vancouver, Canada from mid-2018. This creates a particularly high risk for opioid-dependent users who unknowingly consume flubromazepam with their opioids.

---

## Harm Reduction

### Key Risks
1. **Polydrug synergy with CNS depressants** is the primary documented mechanism of fatality. Opioids, alcohol, barbiturates, gabapentinoids, other benzodiazepines, and GABAergic substances all carry additive/synergistic respiratory depression risk [Refs 8, 11, 29].

2. **Extreme duration and accumulation:** The >100h half-life means repeated dosing (e.g., daily or every few days) leads to significant drug accumulation. Users may not recognize cumulative sedation and cognitive impairment. A dose perceived as "wearing off" after 6–12h may still be pharmacologically active.

3. **Unpredictable tablet dosing:** Real-world tablets vary 0.34–2.33 mg per tablet in Scottish prison samples (Marland et al. 2024 [Ref 25]); internet-purchased tablets may also vary. Powders and bulk materials are extremely difficult to dose accurately.

4. **Immunoassay detection failures:** Standard benzodiazepine urine screens may give false negatives at typical recreational doses (Moosmann et al. 2013 [Ref 1]). Persons in supervised drug treatment programs who misuse flubromazepam may evade detection.

5. **Delusions of sobriety:** Documented class risk; impairs users' own harm assessment and ability to seek help.

6. **Withdrawal danger:** Physical dependence with seizure risk develops rapidly. Abrupt cessation without medical supervision can be life-threatening (Butler et al. 2025 [Ref 9]).

### Contraindications (Literature-Based)
- Co-administration with opioids [Refs 8, 11, 29]
- Co-administration with alcohol, barbiturates, other GABAergic substances
- Patients with respiratory compromise or sleep apnea (class contraindication)
- Pregnancy (class benzodiazepine contraindication; no specific data for flubromazepam)

### Detection and Identification
Reagent test kits: standard benzodiazepine immunoassay strips are unreliable. Confirmation requires LC-MS/MS. A validated method for 17 designer benzodiazepines in hair (including flubromazepam) has been published (DeFreitas et al. 2022). For clinical settings, KIMS II and CEDIA immunoassays have demonstrated the highest cross-reactivity in spiked samples (Pettersson Bergstrand et al. 2016 [Ref 14]).

### Emergency Response (Class-Based)
- Flumazenil (competitive benzodiazepine antagonist): confirmed effective in structural analog overdose (Łukasik-Głębocka et al. 2016 [Ref 7]); short half-life (~60 min) means re-sedation can occur given flubromazepam's >100h half-life — repeat dosing or infusion may be needed.
- Supportive care: airway management, respiratory support, IV fluids, vasopressors if hypotensive.
- Monitor for rhabdomyolysis (CK elevation documented in analog case).

---

## Tolerance & Dependence

### Tolerance Development
Rapid tolerance development is characteristic of benzodiazepine class drugs and is documented for flubromazepam via user reports and structural analog data. The seed DB value of "tolerance builds within a couple of days of continuous use" is consistent with established benzodiazepine pharmacology (GABA-A receptor downregulation and uncoupling) but is not confirmed by published flubromazepam-specific tolerance studies. ⚠️ FLAG for human review: the specific values (buildup "within a couple of days," full reset "10.5 days") are not verified from primary published sources.

The Edinoff et al. (2022 [Ref 7]) review of structural analog flubromazolam notes "rapid development of tolerance" as a key characteristic of the class.

### Physical Dependence
Physical dependence with severe withdrawal syndrome is well-documented for benzodiazepines as a class and confirmed specifically for flubromazepam by Butler et al. (2025 [Ref 9]). The withdrawal syndrome from flubromazepam can include:
- Seizures (reported; potentially life-threatening)
- Anxiety, insomnia, tremor
- Cognitive disturbance

### Cross-Tolerance
Cross-tolerance with other benzodiazepines is expected based on shared GABA-A mechanism. Cross-tolerance with alcohol, barbiturates, and other GABAergic CNS depressants is expected (class data). The seed DB value of "cross-tolerance: benzodiazepines" is consistent with established pharmacology.

### Dependence Liability
The seed data characterizes dependence as "extremely physically and psychologically addictive." Available evidence supports high dependence liability consistent with class: the >100h half-life creates sustained receptor occupancy that facilitates tolerance and physical dependence, while the amnesia and euphoria documented in user reports support psychological reinforcement. ⚠️ FLAG: "extremely" as a severity modifier is not confirmed by substance-specific clinical dependence studies; it is consistent with class data and user reports but represents an editorial judgment.

### Withdrawal Management
No established diazepam equivalency exists for flubromazepam. Butler et al. (2025 [Ref 9]) describe symptom-based management (CIWA-guided diazepam titration) as the necessary approach when equivalency is unknown. Standard practice with benzodiazepines — long-acting BZD taper under medical supervision — applies but equivalent doses cannot be precisely calculated.

---

## Interactions

**Opioids (HIGH RISK — LETHAL COMBINATIONS DOCUMENTED):**
Multiple polydrug deaths involving flubromazepam + opioids documented (Giorgetti et al. 2024 [Ref 8]; Partridge et al. 2018 [Ref 11]). Both synergistic CNS depression and synergistic respiratory depression. Laing et al. (2021 [Ref 29]) documented flubromazepam contaminating the unregulated opioid drug supply, creating inadvertent co-exposure.

**Alcohol:**
Additive CNS depression. Class data strongly supports increased risk of respiratory depression and aspiration. ⚠️ FLAG: seed data notes "potentially lethal when mixed with depressants like alcohol or opioids" — the opioid lethality is directly confirmed by published cases; the alcohol lethality is class-inferred.

**Other benzodiazepines:**
Additive/synergistic CNS depression. Polydrug deaths document co-detection with diazepam (Giorgetti 2024 [Ref 8]) and diclazepam (Partridge 2018 [Ref 11]).

**Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa):**
Butler et al. (2025 [Ref 9]) specifically notes that kratom "inhibits benzodiazepine metabolism," which contributed to management difficulty in their withdrawal case. Kratom's opioid-like activity further potentiates CNS depression. This is a notable interaction for harm reduction purposes.

**GABAergic substances (barbiturates, gabapentinoids, pregabalin):**
Class-based additive CNS/respiratory depression. No flubromazepam-specific interaction studies exist.

**CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, certain SSRIs):**
Would be expected to increase flubromazepam plasma levels by reducing metabolism, based on class pharmacokinetics — but this is entirely inferential given uncharacterized CYP profile for flubromazepam. ⚠️ FLAG.

---

## Legal Status

| Jurisdiction | Status | Details | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| **United States** | Schedule I (temporary) | DEA temporary emergency Schedule I placement effective July 26, 2023; imminent hazard finding; federal control active as of research date | [Ref 27] |
| **United Kingdom** | Class C | Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 amendment, May 2017; also covered by Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 as broader prohibition | [Refs 6, 26, 28] |
| **Canada** | Schedule IV | Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | [Ref 26] |
| **Germany** | Controlled | Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetz (NpSG) | [Ref 26] |
| **United Arab Emirates** | Controlled | National psychoactive substance regulations | [Ref 26] |
| **Australia** | Listed controlled substance | Office of Drug Control listing | web_retrieved |
| **International** | NOT under international control | WHO ECDD 46th review (2023) did not recommend international scheduling under Convention on Psychotropic Substances | [Ref 26] |

⚠️ **FLAG:** US permanent Schedule I status for flubromazepam specifically requires verification. The March 2026 Federal Register permanent scheduling document identified covered substances as flubromazolam, not flubromazepam. The July 2023 temporary Schedule I placement for flubromazepam is confirmed; whether permanent scheduling has been finalized for flubromazepam (as distinct from flubromazolam) should be verified against current Federal Register before publication.

---

## Clinical Trials

**No clinical trials registered for flubromazepam** were found on ClinicalTrials.gov (search conducted May 9, 2026). This is consistent with the compound's status as a research chemical that was never developed into a clinical candidate and has never received regulatory consideration as a pharmaceutical.

---

## Community Feedback Analysis

**No community feedback submitted.** The Part A2 field in the brief was empty. Standard research directives applied without modification.

---

## Gaps & Flags

### Safety-Critical Flags (Require Human Review Before Publication)

1. **⚠️ Dose range not confirmed by primary literature.** The seed DB dose values (Threshold 2mg, Light 3–5mg, Common 5–8mg, Strong 8–12mg, Heavy 12+mg) are plausible and consistent with the Moosmann self-experiment dose of 4 mg, but are not verified by controlled dosing studies. No clinical pharmacology study of dose-response exists. These values likely derive from community consensus.

2. **⚠️ Duration values (onset 40–90 min, total 6–12 h) not confirmed by PK study.** The Moosmann study established half-life >100h, which means residual pharmacological effects almost certainly extend beyond 12 hours, particularly with repeat dosing. The "total" duration may underrepresent the pharmacological effect window.

3. **⚠️ Tolerance reset value (10.5 days)** is not verified from any published study. This specific figure does not appear in the primary literature and cannot be confirmed or refuted.

4. **⚠️ No Ki/EC₅₀ binding affinity data exist** for flubromazepam at GABA-A receptors. All receptor pharmacology is class-inferred.

5. **⚠️ CYP enzyme profile uncharacterized** for flubromazepam. All CYP3A4 attribution is class-inferred.

6. **⚠️ No LD₅₀ data in any species.** Toxicity is characterized only from polydrug case reports.

7. **⚠️ US permanent Schedule I status ambiguous.** The July 2023 temporary placement for flubromazepam is confirmed. Permanent scheduling documents accessed during research covered flubromazolam not flubromazepam — needs verification against current Federal Register.

8. **⚠️ Institutional origin of 1960 synthesis unconfirmed.** That flubromazepam was first synthesized in 1960 is stated by multiple web sources but no primary academic citation was found confirming this date or the originating institution/researcher.

9. **⚠️ SMILES string not populated.** The PubChem API did not return SMILES; should be retrieved directly from CID 12947024.

### Data Gaps (Absence of Published Evidence)

- No controlled human dosing studies (outside single-researcher self-experiment)
- No published bioavailability data
- No Tmax or Cmax data from controlled pharmacokinetics
- No specific GABA-A subunit binding data
- No LD₅₀ data for any species
- No published dependence liability studies specific to flubromazepam
- No pharmacoepidemiology data on flubromazepam-specific (vs. polydrug) adverse event rates
- No established diazepam equivalency
- No evidence on use in special populations (pregnancy, renal/hepatic impairment, elderly)

### Structural Analog Reliance

Several sections rely substantially on data from flubromazolam (the triazolo-analog) and from general benzodiazepine class data where flubromazepam-specific evidence is absent. These sections are clearly labeled. Generation agent should flag any claims drawing primarily on analog or class inference.