generation run 2026-05-07
84 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/3c78daa6…Selection
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23 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
| # | source | query | seen | kept | rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PubMed | eutylone wastewater epidemiology prevalence New Zealand Australia | 3 | 3 | Important epidemiological data on eutylone prevalence and geographic distribution |
| 2 | PubMed | eutylone pharmacology cathinone | 8 | 7 | Selected papers with direct pharmacological or epidemiological data on eutylone |
| 3 | ClinicalTrials.gov · absence | eutylone synthetic cathinone | 0 | — | Confirmed no registered clinical trials |
| 4 | OpenAlex | eutylone synthetic cathinone pharmacology | 10 | 3 | High-quality review papers covering eutylone in context of broader cathinone class |
| 5 | PubMed | eutylone forensic death postmortem overdose fatality | 1 | 1 | Relevant forensic case series mentioning eutylone as adulterant |
| 6 | PubMed | eutylone bk-EBDB N-ethylbutylone toxicology case report | 1 | 1 | Key clinical toxicology case series |
| 7 | PubMed | eutylone urine detection metabolites analytical | 1 | 1 | Primary metabolomics data for eutylone |
| 8 | PubMed | eutylone self-administration abuse liability reward | 1 | 1 | Animal model data on abuse liability |
| 9 | PubMed | eutylone intoxication clinical presentation symptoms | 1 | 1 | Largest forensic case series specifically on eutylone |
| 10 | PubChem | eutylone | 1 | 1 | Primary chemical identity source |
| 11 | WebSearch | eutylone WHO ECDD 44th expert committee scheduling 2022 critical review | 10 | 2 | WHO scheduling recommendation provides official adverse effects listing and pharmacological rationale |
| 12 | WebSearch | eutylone first appearance drug market 2019 history research chemical | 10 | 3 | Historical context and market emergence timeline |
| 13 | PubMed | eutylone fatal intoxication death single use | 1 | 1 | Key fatal case report establishing eutylone alone can cause death |
| 14 | WebFetch · absence | — | 0 | — | Attempted but failed - PDF not machine-readable via this method |
| 15 | WebSearch | eutylone SMILES CAS number molecular structure 1967 Boehringer patent | 10 | 2 | Chemical identity and historical patent information |
| 16 | PubMed + WebSearch | eutylone CAS number first appearance | 5 | 1 | Cross-referenced PubChem against web sources; identified potential error in web sources (C12 vs C13) |
| 17 | WebSearch | eutylone DEA Schedule I controlled substance 2023 scheduling | 10 | 1 | Primary US regulatory source for eutylone scheduling |
| 18 | WebSearch | eutylone legal status UK New Zealand Australia controlled analog | 10 | 2 | International legal status data |
| 19 | WebSearch | eutylone New Zealand psychoactive substances act scheduling controlled 2021 | 10 | 0 | Could not confirm specific NZ scheduling date for eutylone; gap noted |
| 20 | WebSearch | eutylone melting point solubility physical properties hydrochloride powder | 10 | 2 | Physical properties not available from PubMed/PubChem API |
| 21 | OpenAlex | structure-activity relationship synthetic cathinones SAR | 5 | 1 | Key SAR review for contextualizing eutylone structure-activity relationship |
| 22 | WebSearch | eutylone UK Misuse of Drugs Act Class B scheduling date | 10 | 0 | UK status confirmed as Class B via generic legislation; specific date unconfirmed |
| 23 | PubMed | synthetic cathinone abuse potential self-administration dopamine releasing reinforcement | 2 | 2 | Contextual background on synthetic cathinone abuse liability mechanisms applicable to eutylone |
83 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety27 · 19 ok
The single published case confirming eutylone as the sole causative agent in a fatality involved a 32-year-old man who experienced cardiac arrest after several minutes of abnormal behavior following a single usesupported
A 32-year-old man went into cardiac arrest after several minutes of abnormal behavior following a single use of eutylone. j.legalmed.2022.102085
Autopsy revealed no signs of rhabdomyolysis, suggesting the mechanism was acute cardiac arrhythmia rather than rhabdomyolysis-mediated organ failure.supported
Autopsy revealed no remarkable injuries and no signs of rhabdomyolysis. j.legalmed.2022.102085
In the largest published forensic case series (83 cases across 13 US states, January 2019–April 2020), 67 postmortem cases showed a mean blood concentration of 1,020 ng/mL (median 110 ng/mL; range 1.2–11,000 ng/mL)supported
Eutylone was quantitatively confirmed in 83 forensic investigations (Jan 2019–Apr 2020), including postmortem and DUID cases from 13 US states... Mean postmortem blood concentration 1,020 ng/mL (median 110 ng/mL, range 1.2–11,000 ng/mL, n=67). bkaa113
Florida accounted for 60% of confirmed positive cases.supported
Florida accounted for 60%. bkaa113
Two non-fatal chemsex-context exposures (38-year-old male: 1,374 ng/mL; 29-year-old female: 1,536 ng/mL) demonstrate survival at blood concentrations overlapping with the lower range of fatal case data.supported
Blood concentrations: 1374 ng/mL (male) and 1536 ng/mL (female). s00204-023-03615-z
Eutylone has been identified as a component of colored powder sold as tusi (also marketed as pink cocaine) in Miami-Dade fatality cases (2020–2024), typically combined with ketamine, MDMA, and other substancessupported
Eight fatalities (Sept 2020–Jul 2024) in Miami-Dade County involving colored 'tusi' powder ingestion. Eutylone identified in submitted powders. Polydrug combination cases. 1556-4029.70012
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The eutylone toxidrome combines sympathomimetic and serotonergic features:supported
Adverse effects include encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic toxidromes, excited/agitated delirium syndrome, serotonin syndrome. ijms24076230
The eutylone toxidrome combines sympathomimetic and serotonergic features:supported
Adverse effects: cardiac (tachycardia, hypertension), psychiatric (agitation, seizures, paranoia, hallucinations), severe toxicity (hyperthermia, metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis). sar.s37257
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The systematic review by Daziani et al. (2023) documents synthetic cathinone class neurotoxic mechanisms in humans: encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, excited/agitated delirium syndrome, and serotonin syndromesupported
Adverse effects include encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic toxidromes, excited/agitated delirium syndrome, serotonin syndrome. ijms24076230
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The behavioral pharmacology literature indicates that eutylone's aversive effects are dissociable from its rewarding effects and show selective tolerance with repeated exposuresupported
Eutylone (20 mg/kg, IP) pre-exposure attenuated eutylone-induced taste avoidance but not cocaine or MDMA avoidance in male rats. j.pbb.2025.174013
Eutylone induces conditioned place preference in female Sprague-Dawley rats at intraperitoneal doses of 3–32 mg/kg, confirming rewarding properties across a wide dose rangesupported
Eutylone (0, 3, 10, 18, 32 mg/kg IP)... Place preference was induced at all doses when excluding animals with high initial side preference. pha0000657
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Rewarding and aversive effects are dose-dependent and dissociable — they are not significantly correlated, suggesting mediation by partially independent neural mechanisms.supported
No significant correlation between aversive and rewarding effects. pha0000657
Class-level evidence supports the dopaminergic reinforcement model: synthetic cathinone self-administration has been documented in rats for multiple class members, and DAT inhibition potency is a reliable predictor of reinforcing efficacy across stimulant classes.supported
Reinforcing efficacy of second-generation synthetic cathinones assessed by self-administration in rats. s00213-016-4492-6
Class-level evidence supports the dopaminergic reinforcement model: synthetic cathinone self-administration has been documented in rats for multiple class members, and DAT inhibition potency is a reliable predictor of reinforcing efficacy across stimulant classes.supported
Animal studies confirm rewarding and reinforcing properties via self-administration, place conditioning, and ICSS assays. acschemneuro.8b00147
Eutylone pre-exposure selectively reduces its own subsequent aversive effects without affecting cocaine- or MDMA-induced aversionsupported
Eutylone (20 mg/kg, IP) pre-exposure attenuated eutylone-induced taste avoidance but not cocaine or MDMA avoidance in male rats. j.pbb.2025.174013
Eutylone history increases cocaine-induced reward in animal models, suggesting pharmacodynamic potentiation beyond simple additive effects.supported
Eutylone history increased place preferences induced by cocaine but had no impact on MDMA or eutylone. j.pbb.2026.174152
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Aripiprazole was present alongside eutylone in the published fatal casesupported
Only other drug present was aripiprazole in therapeutic range. j.legalmed.2022.102085
The published fatal case involved cardiac arrest as the apparent mechanism of death.supported
A 32-year-old man went into cardiac arrest after several minutes of abnormal behavior following a single use of eutylone. j.legalmed.2022.102085
Hepatic impairment (relative): Hepatic metabolism is the primary elimination pathway; biliary excretion has been confirmedsupported
The study describes the metabolism of NPS such as cathinones (with focus on 4-Cl-PVP and eutylone) in blood and bile using a normothermic perfused pig liver model. j.fct.2024.115217
pharmacology14 · 12 ok
The foundational pharmacological characterization of eutylone comes from Glatfelter et al. (2021), who assessed eutylone and its structural isomers using in vitro transporter uptake inhibition assays in rat brain synaptosomes and in vivo locomotor activity assessments in mice.supported
All drugs displayed dose-related inhibition of [3H]neurotransmitter uptake at dopamine transporters (DAT) and norepinephrine transporters (NET)... All drugs stimulated dose-related locomotion in mice. acschemneuro.0c00797
Eutylone functions as a hybrid transporter compound: it acts as an uptake inhibitor at the dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET), while simultaneously functioning as a weak partial substrate (releasing agent) at the serotonin transporter (SERT), achieving approximately 50% of the maximal efflux response produced by full releasing agents.supported
Eutylone and pentylone displayed weak partial releasing actions at SERT which achieved 50% of maximal response... Eutylone is a hybrid transporter compound with uptake inhibition properties at DAT and NET but substrate activity at SERT. acschemneuro.0c00797
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
This hybrid mechanistic character is corroborated by behavioral pharmacology: eutylone's interoceptive effects in rodent models are distinct from both cocaine and MDMA despite shared pharmacological targetssupported
Eutylone (20 mg/kg, IP) pre-exposure attenuated eutylone-induced taste avoidance but not cocaine or MDMA avoidance in male rats. j.pbb.2025.174013
This hybrid mechanistic character is corroborated by behavioral pharmacology: eutylone's interoceptive effects in rodent models are distinct from both cocaine and MDMA despite shared pharmacological targetssupported
Eutylone history attenuated eutylone-induced avoidance but not MDMA or cocaine avoidance in female rats. j.pbb.2026.174152
Postmortem data from Krotulski et al. (2021); fatal single-use case from Nakamura et al. (2022); chemsex cases from Pelletier et al. (2024).supported
Eutylone was quantitatively confirmed in 83 forensic investigations (Jan 2019–Apr 2020), including postmortem and DUID cases from 13 US states. bkaa113
Postmortem data from Krotulski et al. (2021); fatal single-use case from Nakamura et al. (2022); chemsex cases from Pelletier et al. (2024).supported
A 32-year-old man went into cardiac arrest after several minutes of abnormal behavior following a single use of eutylone. j.legalmed.2022.102085
Postmortem data from Krotulski et al. (2021); fatal single-use case from Nakamura et al. (2022); chemsex cases from Pelletier et al. (2024).supported
Case of eutylone intoxication in chemsex context (38-year-old man, 29-year-old woman). s00204-023-03615-z
No therapeutic index or lethal threshold can be established from these data alone.supported
Mean postmortem blood concentration 1,020 ng/mL (median 110 ng/mL, range 1.2–11,000 ng/mL, n=67). Cause and manner of death data for 22 postmortem cases. bkaa113
Krotulski et al. (2021) identified three eutylone metabolites in authentic human forensic specimens, including one metabolite unique to eutylone functioning as a biomarker and one shared with butylone. β-Ketone reduction (hydrogenation at the keto group) was identified as the primary metabolic pathway.partially supported
Three metabolites identified including one unique biomarker and one shared with butylone. bkaa113
Yeh et al. (2025) used pooled human liver microsomes, cytosol, and UDPGA cofactor to map five key metabolic pathways:supported
Key pathways included N-dealkylation, β-ketone reduction, aliphatic hydroxylation, demethylenation, and glucuronide conjugation. 2224-6614.3543
The β-ketone reduction product and demethylenation-then-O-methylation products were confirmed as the most reliable urine detection targets, extending detection windows beyond the 50 ng/mL analytical threshold in analysis of 29 authentic urine samples.supported
Analysis of 29 urine samples confirmed metabolites generated from β-ketone reduction (M2) and demethylenation followed by O-methylation (M3-5) as reliable detection targets. 2224-6614.3543
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Pelletier et al. (2025) characterized eutylone metabolism and biliary excretion using an ex vivo pig liver normothermic machine perfusion model — the first biliary excretion data for any cathinone in this structural series.supported
The study describes the metabolism of NPS such as cathinones (with focus on 4-Cl-PVP and eutylone) in blood and bile using a normothermic perfused pig liver model. j.fct.2024.115217
comparative-pharmacology8 · 7 ok
Eutylone (ED₅₀ ~2 mg/kg, sc) was described as relatively similar to N-ethylpentylone and pentylone and slightly more potent than DMP (ED₅₀ = 3.5 mg/kg, sc).supported
DMP was a locomotor stimulant in mice (ED50 = 3.5 mg/kg) exhibiting potency relatively similar to eutylone, NEP, and pentylone. bkaf002
Glatfelter et al. (2021) directly compared eutylone, dibutylone, and pentylone — three structural isomers — across monoamine transporter assays and locomotor stimulation in mice:supported
Eutylone and pentylone inhibited uptake at serotonin transporters (SERT), while dibutylone did not. All drugs stimulated dose-related locomotion in mice. acschemneuro.0c00797
Dibutylone's complete absence of SERT activity distinguishes it as a pure stimulant without entactogenic contribution, while pentylone shares eutylone's hybrid transporter profile.supported
Eutylone and pentylone inhibited uptake at serotonin transporters (SERT), while dibutylone did not. Additionally, eutylone and pentylone displayed weak partial releasing actions at SERT. acschemneuro.0c00797
SERT activity: Methylone is a more efficacious SERT substrate (full releaser), producing an entactogenic profile closer to MDMA. Eutylone's partial SERT substrate activity (~50% max efflux) produces attenuated serotonergic effects.partially supported
Eutylone and pentylone displayed weak partial releasing actions at SERT which achieved 50% of maximal response. acschemneuro.0c00797
Structural basis: The N-ethyl (vs. N-methyl) and α-ethyl (vs. α-H) modifications in eutylone increase lipophilicity and sterically alter transporter binding, accounting for the shifted selectivity profile.supported
N-alkyl group length and alpha-carbon substitution affect potency and selectivity at monoamine transporters. acsptsci.4c00299
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Eutylone history increased cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in female rats but did not alter MDMA or eutylone place preference.supported
Eutylone history increased place preferences induced by cocaine but had no impact on MDMA or eutylone. j.pbb.2026.174152
These findings support the interpretation that eutylone's hybrid DAT-inhibitor/partial-SERT-substrate profile produces a subjective state that is neither purely stimulant (cocaine-like) nor purely entactogenic (MDMA-like) but represents a pharmacologically intermediate experience.supported
Suggests eutylone's hybrid pharmacology creates unique interoceptive effect different from cocaine or MDMA. j.pbb.2025.174013
summary7 · 6 ok
It inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake while acting as a weak partial substrate (releasing agent) at the serotonin transporter — a mechanistic profile intermediate between pure dopamine reuptake inhibitors and full monoamine releasers such as MDMAsupported
Eutylone is a hybrid transporter compound with uptake inhibition properties at DAT and NET but substrate activity at SERT. acschemneuro.0c00797
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
By 2022–2023, international wastewater surveillance ranked eutylone among the top three most prevalent new psychoactive substances globallysupported
Eutylone among top 3 most prevalent NPS detected globally (with mitragynine and 3-methylmethcathinone). j.watres.2025.124847
Eutylone inhibits uptake at the dopamine transporter (DAT IC₅₀ = 120 nM) with approximately 10-fold selectivity over the norepinephrine transportersupported
effects at DAT were 10-fold more potent (IC50 = 120 nM). acschemneuro.0c00797
This hybrid profile generates interoceptive effects in animal models that are pharmacologically distinct from both cocaine and MDMA.supported
Suggests eutylone's hybrid pharmacology creates unique interoceptive effect different from cocaine or MDMA. j.pbb.2025.174013
This hybrid profile generates interoceptive effects in animal models that are pharmacologically distinct from both cocaine and MDMA.supported
Eutylone history attenuated eutylone-induced avoidance but not MDMA or cocaine avoidance in female rats. j.pbb.2026.174152
Eutylone carries demonstrated single-use lethality: one published fatality attributes cardiac arrest solely to eutylone at a cardiac blood concentration of 4,290 ng/gsupported
A 32-year-old man went into cardiac arrest after several minutes of abnormal behavior following a single use of eutylone. Eutylone concentration in cardiac blood was 4290 ng/g. j.legalmed.2022.102085
history5 · 3 ok
International scheduling was formalized in 2022.supported
WHO and EMCDDA scheduled eutylone since 2022. s00204-023-03615-z
Wastewater surveillance data from 2022–2023 ranked eutylone among the top three most prevalent new psychoactive substances globally, with particularly high mass loads detected in New Zealandpartially supported
Eutylone among top 3 most prevalent NPS detected globally (with mitragynine and 3-methylmethcathinone). j.watres.2025.124847
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Eutylone is classified in the behavioral pharmacology literature as a third-generation synthetic cathinone, terminology denoting compounds that emerged after the initial bath salt wave (mephedrone, MDPV) and the second-generation N-ethylpentylone wave.supported
Conditioned taste avoidance and conditioned place preference induced by the third-generation synthetic cathinone eutylone in female Sprague-Dawley rats. pha0000657
neuroscience5 · 4 ok
Conditioned place preference data (3–32 mg/kg IP in rats) confirm activation of reward circuitry at all tested doses.partially supported
Place preference was induced at all doses when excluding animals with high initial side preference. pha0000657
Eutylone's primary mechanism — dopamine transporter inhibition with an IC₅₀ of 120 nM — directly potentiates mesolimbic dopamine signaling through the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) reward circuitsupported
effects at DAT were 10-fold more potent (IC50 = 120 nM). acschemneuro.0c00797
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Eutylone history enhanced cocaine reward without enhancing MDMA reward, further suggesting that eutylone exposure selectively modifies dopaminergic reinforcement circuits while leaving serotonergic reward pathways relatively unaffected.supported
Eutylone history increased place preferences induced by cocaine but had no impact on MDMA or eutylone. j.pbb.2026.174152
The dissociability of rewarding and aversive effects of eutylone at different doses aligns with the incentive salience framework, which distinguishes dopamine-mediated wanting (incentive motivation) from opioid/hedonic liking (consummatory pleasure)supported
No significant correlation between aversive and rewarding effects. pha0000657
pharmacokinetic-detail5 · 4 ok
Five primary biotransformation pathways have been identified through in vitro and clinical specimen analysis:supported
Key pathways included N-dealkylation, β-ketone reduction, aliphatic hydroxylation, demethylenation, and glucuronide conjugation. 2224-6614.3543
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Five primary biotransformation pathways have been identified through in vitro and clinical specimen analysis:supported
Identified 16 phase I metabolites (hydroxylated, demethylated) and phase II metabolites (glucuroconjugates, sulfoconjugates). s00204-023-03615-z
Pelletier et al. (2025) demonstrated eutylone undergoes hepatic extraction and biliary excretion using an ex vivo pig liver normothermic machine perfusion modelsupported
The study describes the metabolism of NPS such as cathinones (with focus on 4-Cl-PVP and eutylone) in blood and bile using a normothermic perfused pig liver model. j.fct.2024.115217
Urine detection targets recommended for forensic and clinical laboratories include the β-ketone reduction product and demethylenation-O-methylation metabolites, which extend detection windows beyond 50 ng/mL in authentic specimenssupported
Analysis of 29 urine samples confirmed metabolites generated from β-ketone reduction (M2) and demethylenation followed by O-methylation (M3-5) as reliable detection targets. 2224-6614.3543
chemistry3 · 2 ok
The methylenedioxy ring system confers partial serotonergic (entactogenic) character compared to non-oxygenated cathinones.supported
3,4-methylenedioxy ring substitution (as in eutylone) confers entactogen/MDMA-like profile. acsptsci.4c00299
These changes increase lipophilicity, sterically alter transporter binding geometry, and shift the pharmacological profile away from methylone's fuller MDMA-like serotonergic character toward greater dopamine transporter selectivity.supported
N-alkyl group length and alpha-carbon substitution affect potency and selectivity at monoamine transporters. acsptsci.4c00299
Claim in chemistry — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
clinical-evidence3 · 2 ok
Pelletier et al. (2024) reported blood concentrations and metabolite profiles from two non-fatal chemsex-context exposures (male, 38 years: 1,374 ng/mL; female, 29 years: 1,536 ng/mL), providing paired exposure-outcome data in survivors.supported
Case of eutylone intoxication in chemsex context (38-year-old man, 29-year-old woman). Blood concentrations: 1374 ng/mL (male) and 1536 ng/mL (female). s00204-023-03615-z
Nakamura et al. (2022) documented a fatal single-use case with cardiac arrest and a cardiac blood concentration of 4,290 ng/g — the only published case attributing death solely to eutylone.supported
A 32-year-old man went into cardiac arrest after several minutes of abnormal behavior following a single use of eutylone. Eutylone concentration in cardiac blood was 4290 ng/g. j.legalmed.2022.102085
Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
receptor-pharmacology3 · 3 ok
Eutylone was the most potent at inducing locomotor stimulation in mice (ED₅₀ = 2 mg/kg, sc).supported
eutylone was most potent and efficacious in this regard (ED50 = 2 mg/kg, sc). acschemneuro.0c00797
The only published receptor-level pharmacological data for eutylone come from Glatfelter et al. (2021), who used rat brain synaptosomal uptake inhibition assays.supported
All drugs displayed dose-related inhibition of [3H]neurotransmitter uptake at dopamine transporters (DAT) and norepinephrine transporters (NET). acschemneuro.0c00797
The NET IC₅₀ is not explicitly reported but is inferred from the characterization that DAT effects were 10-fold more potent than NET effectssupported
effects at DAT were 10-fold more potent (IC50 = 120 nM). acschemneuro.0c00797
legal-status2 · 1 ok
Claim in legal-status — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
International scheduling under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 was formalized in 2022supported
WHO and EMCDDA scheduled eutylone since 2022. s00204-023-03615-z
effects-overview1 · 1 ok
Animal behavioral evidence confirms this intermediate positioning — eutylone's interoceptive effects are pharmacologically distinct from both reference compounds.supported
Suggests eutylone's hybrid pharmacology creates unique interoceptive effect different from cocaine or MDMA. j.pbb.2025.174013