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Psychedex
Sources
28
2 strong · 18 moderate · 8 weak

Studies and references cited across this article, graded by evidence strength.

Claims checked
83
60verified4partial19inconclusive

Inconclusive means the cited source neither confirms nor refutes the claim — a lower-confidence badge, not an error.

Generated
May 7, 2026 · pipeline-v5
Values approved
128/128 (100%)

Data points an editor reviewed and accepted for publication.

01

Value Provenance

Dosing

oraltrace

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Threshold50 mg50 mglow
Low75–100 mg75–100 mglow
Common100–200 mg100–200 mglow
Strong200–300 mg200–300 mglow
Heavy300+ mg300+ mglow
Editorial

All oral dose values inferred from structural analog methylone. Eutylone's DAT IC50 (120 nM) and locomotor ED50 (2 mg/kg sc in mice, Glatfelter 2021) suggest comparable or slightly higher potency to methylone, but human dose-response is entirely uncharacterized. No controlled human dosing studies exist. Ranges widened conservatively from methylone reference values. Safety-critical: these are analog-inferred estimates requiring editorial review.

Reasoning

All oral dose values inferred from structural analog methylone. Eutylone's DAT IC50 (120 nM) and locomotor ED50 (2 mg/kg sc in mice, Glatfelter 2021) suggest comparable or slightly higher potency to methylone, but human dose-response is entirely uncharacterized. No controlled human dosing studies exist. Ranges widened conservatively from methylone reference values. Safety-critical: these are analog-inferred estimates requiring editorial review.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Duration

oral

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Onsettrace15–45 minutes15–45 minuteslow
Editorial

Inferred from structural analog methylone oral onset (~15–30 min) with widened upper bound to account for unknown eutylone-specific absorption kinetics. No human PK data exists.

Reasoning

Inferred from structural analog methylone oral onset (~15–30 min) with widened upper bound to account for unknown eutylone-specific absorption kinetics. No human PK data exists.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Come uptrace15–30 minutes15–30 minuteslow
Editorial

Inferred from methylone oral come-up profile. No substance-specific data.

Reasoning

Inferred from methylone oral come-up profile. No substance-specific data.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Peaktrace1–2 hours1–2 hourslow
Editorial

Inferred from methylone oral peak duration (~1–1.5 hours) with widened upper bound. Eutylone's increased lipophilicity may slightly extend peak. No human data.

Reasoning

Inferred from methylone oral peak duration (~1–1.5 hours) with widened upper bound. Eutylone's increased lipophilicity may slightly extend peak. No human data.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Offsettrace1–2 hours1–2 hourslow
Editorial

Inferred from methylone oral offset. No substance-specific data.

Reasoning

Inferred from methylone oral offset. No substance-specific data.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Totaltrace2–4 hours2–4 hourslow
Editorial

Inferred from methylone oral total duration (~2–3.5 hours) and cathinone class data. Research output flags this as structural analog inference only. No human controlled duration data exists.

Reasoning

Inferred from methylone oral total duration (~2–3.5 hours) and cathinone class data. Research output flags this as structural analog inference only. No human controlled duration data exists.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

After effectstrace2–6 hours2–6 hourslow
Editorial

Stimulant residual effects (wakefulness, insomnia, restlessness) inferred from cathinone class. Range accounts for individual variation in sympathomimetic clearance.

Reasoning

Stimulant residual effects (wakefulness, insomnia, restlessness) inferred from cathinone class. Range accounts for individual variation in sympathomimetic clearance.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

insufflated

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Onsettrace5–15 minutes5–15 minuteslow
Editorial

Inferred from cathinone class insufflated onset profiles. Faster than oral due to nasal mucosal absorption bypassing first-pass metabolism.

Reasoning

Inferred from cathinone class insufflated onset profiles. Faster than oral due to nasal mucosal absorption bypassing first-pass metabolism.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Come uptrace5–10 minutes5–10 minuteslow
Editorial

Inferred from cathinone class insufflated profiles. Compressed come-up relative to oral.

Reasoning

Inferred from cathinone class insufflated profiles. Compressed come-up relative to oral.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Peaktrace30–90 minutes30–90 minuteslow
Editorial

Inferred from methylone and cathinone class insufflated peak durations. Shorter and more intense than oral.

Reasoning

Inferred from methylone and cathinone class insufflated peak durations. Shorter and more intense than oral.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Offsettrace30–60 minutes30–60 minuteslow
Editorial

Inferred from cathinone class insufflated offset. Faster decline than oral with sharper comedown.

Reasoning

Inferred from cathinone class insufflated offset. Faster decline than oral with sharper comedown.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Totaltrace1–3 hours1–3 hourslow
Editorial

Inferred from methylone insufflated total duration and cathinone class data. Compressed relative to oral route.

Reasoning

Inferred from methylone insufflated total duration and cathinone class data. Compressed relative to oral route.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

After effectstrace2–6 hours2–6 hourslow
Editorial

Similar to oral aftereffects — stimulant residual effects persist regardless of ROA. Inferred from cathinone class.

Reasoning

Similar to oral aftereffects — stimulant residual effects persist regardless of ROA. Inferred from cathinone class.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Safety

Toxicity Profiletrace

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Acutehighhighmedium
Chronicmoderatemoderatemedium
Organs Affectedcardiovascular, renal, neurological, thermoregulatorycardiovascular, renal, neurological, thermoregulatorymedium
Editorial

Acute toxicity rated 'high' based on substance-specific evidence: one confirmed single-substance fatality (Nakamura 2022) and 83-case forensic series (Krotulski 2021) documenting organ damage across cardiovascular, renal, and neurological systems. Chronic toxicity rated 'moderate' via class extrapolation from synthetic cathinone neurotoxicity reviews (Daziani 2023) — discounted one level from raw findings due to absence of eutylone-specific chronic data.

Reasoning

Acute toxicity rated 'high' based on substance-specific evidence: one confirmed single-substance fatality (Nakamura 2022) and 83-case forensic series (Krotulski 2021) documenting organ damage across cardiovascular, renal, and neurological systems. Chronic toxicity rated 'moderate' via class extrapolation from synthetic cathinone neurotoxicity reviews (Daziani 2023) — discounted one level from raw findings due to absence of eutylone-specific chronic data.

Evidence basis: published_case_series

Dependence Profiletrace

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Physicallowlowlow
Psychologicalmoderatemoderatelow
Compulsive Redosinghighhighlow
Dose Escalationmoderatemoderatelow
Editorial

Substance-specific animal data confirms rewarding properties (CPP at 3–32 mg/kg, Jones 2023) and selective aversion tolerance (Ardabili 2025). Compulsive redosing risk upgraded to 'high' (from work-notes 'moderate-to-high') based on DAT-dominant profile + dissociable reward/aversion pattern. Physical dependence and withdrawal are class-inferred from stimulant cathinone patterns — no human dependence data exists.

Reasoning

Substance-specific animal data confirms rewarding properties (CPP at 3–32 mg/kg, Jones 2023) and selective aversion tolerance (Ardabili 2025). Compulsive redosing risk upgraded to 'high' (from work-notes 'moderate-to-high') based on DAT-dominant profile + dissociable reward/aversion pattern. Physical dependence and withdrawal are class-inferred from stimulant cathinone patterns — no human dependence data exists.

Evidence basis: animal_study

Withdrawal Profiletrace

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Severitymildmildlow
Symptomsfatigue, depressed mood, anhedonia, craving, hypersomnia, irritabilityfatigue, depressed mood, anhedonia, craving, hypersomnia, irritabilitylow
FatalNoNolow
Medical SupervisionNot requiredNot requiredlow
Editorial

No published withdrawal characterization exists for eutylone in humans or animals. Withdrawal predicted from stimulant cathinone class anecdotal reports: post-use crash with fatigue, depression, anhedonia, and craving. Severity, onset, and duration are entirely class-inferred.

Reasoning

No published withdrawal characterization exists for eutylone in humans or animals. Withdrawal predicted from stimulant cathinone class anecdotal reports: post-use crash with fatigue, depression, anhedonia, and craving. Severity, onset, and duration are entirely class-inferred.

Evidence basis: animal_study

Tolerance Profiletrace

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Buildupmoderatemoderatelow
Half-life3 days3 dayslow
Full Reset14 days14 dayslow
Cross-tolerancesmethylone, mephedrone, MDPV, cocaine, amphetaminemethylone, mephedrone, MDPV, cocaine, amphetaminelow
Editorial

Substance-specific animal data (Ardabili 2025) confirms selective tolerance to aversive effects. Tolerance buildup rate, half-life, and full reset are entirely class-inferred from stimulant cathinone patterns (reference: methylone). Cross-tolerances inferred from shared DAT/NET inhibition pharmacology. No human tolerance data exists.

Reasoning

Substance-specific animal data (Ardabili 2025) confirms selective tolerance to aversive effects. Tolerance buildup rate, half-life, and full reset are entirely class-inferred from stimulant cathinone patterns (reference: methylone). Cross-tolerances inferred from shared DAT/NET inhibition pharmacology. No human tolerance data exists.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Effects & Profile

Contraindications

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
cardiovascular Cardiovascular diseasetraceabsoluteabsolutemedium
Editorial

Substance-specific fatal case (Nakamura 2022) confirms lethal cardiac mechanism. Sympathomimetic pharmacology (DAT IC50 120 nM, NET ~1200 nM) directly potentiates cardiovascular stress.

Reasoning

Substance-specific fatal case (Nakamura 2022) confirms lethal cardiac mechanism. Sympathomimetic pharmacology (DAT IC50 120 nM, NET ~1200 nM) directly potentiates cardiovascular stress.

other Concurrent MAOI therapytraceabsoluteabsolutemedium
Editorial

Mechanism-inferred from eutylone's DAT/NET uptake inhibition + partial SERT substrate activity. Standard pharmacological contraindication for all monoamine transporter compounds with MAOIs. No substance-specific interaction data exists.

Reasoning

Mechanism-inferred from eutylone's DAT/NET uptake inhibition + partial SERT substrate activity. Standard pharmacological contraindication for all monoamine transporter compounds with MAOIs. No substance-specific interaction data exists.

neurological Seizure disorderstraceabsoluteabsolutemedium
Editorial

Seizures documented in eutylone toxidrome per WHO ECDD 44th report and class-level evidence. Lowered seizure threshold is a pharmacological consequence of sympathomimetic/serotonergic stimulation.

Reasoning

Seizures documented in eutylone toxidrome per WHO ECDD 44th report and class-level evidence. Lowered seizure threshold is a pharmacological consequence of sympathomimetic/serotonergic stimulation.

psychiatric Psychotic spectrum disorderstracerelativerelativemedium
Editorial

Paranoia, delirium, and psychosis documented in WHO ECDD 44th report case data. DAT-dominant pharmacological profile predicts dopaminergic precipitation of psychotic episodes in vulnerable individuals.

Reasoning

Paranoia, delirium, and psychosis documented in WHO ECDD 44th report case data. DAT-dominant pharmacological profile predicts dopaminergic precipitation of psychotic episodes in vulnerable individuals.

hepatic Hepatic impairmenttracerelativerelativelow
Editorial

Mechanism-inferred from confirmed hepatic metabolism (Yeh et al. 2025, Pelletier et al. 2025 biliary excretion data). No substance-specific hepatotoxicity data, but prolonged exposure from impaired clearance is pharmacologically predictable.

Reasoning

Mechanism-inferred from confirmed hepatic metabolism (Yeh et al. 2025, Pelletier et al. 2025 biliary excretion data). No substance-specific hepatotoxicity data, but prolonged exposure from impaired clearance is pharmacologically predictable.

renal Renal impairmenttracerelativerelativelow
Editorial

Mechanism-inferred from documented rhabdomyolysis risk in cathinone toxidrome (WHO ECDD 44th report). No substance-specific renal toxicity data, but rhabdomyolysis → AKI pathway is well-established.

Reasoning

Mechanism-inferred from documented rhabdomyolysis risk in cathinone toxidrome (WHO ECDD 44th report). No substance-specific renal toxicity data, but rhabdomyolysis → AKI pathway is well-established.

other Hyperthermia-prone environmentstracerelativerelativemedium
Editorial

Hyperthermia identified as the primary life-threatening mechanism in cathinone class toxidrome (WHO ECDD, Debruyne 2014). Environmental heat + exertion synergize with sympathomimetic thermoregulatory disruption.

Reasoning

Hyperthermia identified as the primary life-threatening mechanism in cathinone class toxidrome (WHO ECDD, Debruyne 2014). Environmental heat + exertion synergize with sympathomimetic thermoregulatory disruption.

pregnancy breastfeeding Pregnancytraceabsoluteabsolutelow
Editorial

Class-inferred from stimulant cathinone pharmacology. No substance-specific reproductive data exists. Precautionary absolute contraindication standard for novel sympathomimetic compounds without safety data.

Reasoning

Class-inferred from stimulant cathinone pharmacology. No substance-specific reproductive data exists. Precautionary absolute contraindication standard for novel sympathomimetic compounds without safety data.

Timeline Phases

oral

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Onsettrace900–2700 sec(i=0.15)900–2700 sec(i=0.15)low
Editorial

All oral timeline phases inferred from structural analog methylone and cathinone class pharmacology. No human pharmacokinetic or controlled dosing data exists for eutylone. Phase 1 work-notes specify oral total duration 2–4 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all at low confidence via structural analog inference.

Reasoning

All oral timeline phases inferred from structural analog methylone and cathinone class pharmacology. No human pharmacokinetic or controlled dosing data exists for eutylone. Phase 1 work-notes specify oral total duration 2–4 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all at low confidence via structural analog inference.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Come uptrace900–1800 sec(i=0.50)900–1800 sec(i=0.50)low
Editorial

All oral timeline phases inferred from structural analog methylone and cathinone class pharmacology. No human pharmacokinetic or controlled dosing data exists for eutylone. Phase 1 work-notes specify oral total duration 2–4 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all at low confidence via structural analog inference.

Reasoning

All oral timeline phases inferred from structural analog methylone and cathinone class pharmacology. No human pharmacokinetic or controlled dosing data exists for eutylone. Phase 1 work-notes specify oral total duration 2–4 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all at low confidence via structural analog inference.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Peaktrace3600–7200 sec(i=1.00)3600–7200 sec(i=1.00)low
Editorial

All oral timeline phases inferred from structural analog methylone and cathinone class pharmacology. No human pharmacokinetic or controlled dosing data exists for eutylone. Phase 1 work-notes specify oral total duration 2–4 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all at low confidence via structural analog inference.

Reasoning

All oral timeline phases inferred from structural analog methylone and cathinone class pharmacology. No human pharmacokinetic or controlled dosing data exists for eutylone. Phase 1 work-notes specify oral total duration 2–4 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all at low confidence via structural analog inference.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Resolutiontrace3600–7200 sec(i=0.40)3600–7200 sec(i=0.40)low
Editorial

All oral timeline phases inferred from structural analog methylone and cathinone class pharmacology. No human pharmacokinetic or controlled dosing data exists for eutylone. Phase 1 work-notes specify oral total duration 2–4 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all at low confidence via structural analog inference.

Reasoning

All oral timeline phases inferred from structural analog methylone and cathinone class pharmacology. No human pharmacokinetic or controlled dosing data exists for eutylone. Phase 1 work-notes specify oral total duration 2–4 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all at low confidence via structural analog inference.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Afterglowtrace7200–21600 sec(i=0.15)7200–21600 sec(i=0.15)low
Editorial

All oral timeline phases inferred from structural analog methylone and cathinone class pharmacology. No human pharmacokinetic or controlled dosing data exists for eutylone. Phase 1 work-notes specify oral total duration 2–4 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all at low confidence via structural analog inference.

Reasoning

All oral timeline phases inferred from structural analog methylone and cathinone class pharmacology. No human pharmacokinetic or controlled dosing data exists for eutylone. Phase 1 work-notes specify oral total duration 2–4 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all at low confidence via structural analog inference.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

insufflated

FieldPublishedAI ProposedConfidence
Onsettrace300–900 sec(i=0.20)300–900 sec(i=0.20)low
Editorial

All insufflated timeline phases inferred from methylone insufflated profiles and cathinone class pharmacology. No substance-specific human data exists. Phase 1 work-notes specify insufflated total 1–3 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all low confidence.

Reasoning

All insufflated timeline phases inferred from methylone insufflated profiles and cathinone class pharmacology. No substance-specific human data exists. Phase 1 work-notes specify insufflated total 1–3 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all low confidence.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Come uptrace300–600 sec(i=0.60)300–600 sec(i=0.60)low
Editorial

All insufflated timeline phases inferred from methylone insufflated profiles and cathinone class pharmacology. No substance-specific human data exists. Phase 1 work-notes specify insufflated total 1–3 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all low confidence.

Reasoning

All insufflated timeline phases inferred from methylone insufflated profiles and cathinone class pharmacology. No substance-specific human data exists. Phase 1 work-notes specify insufflated total 1–3 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all low confidence.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Peaktrace1800–5400 sec(i=1.00)1800–5400 sec(i=1.00)low
Editorial

All insufflated timeline phases inferred from methylone insufflated profiles and cathinone class pharmacology. No substance-specific human data exists. Phase 1 work-notes specify insufflated total 1–3 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all low confidence.

Reasoning

All insufflated timeline phases inferred from methylone insufflated profiles and cathinone class pharmacology. No substance-specific human data exists. Phase 1 work-notes specify insufflated total 1–3 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all low confidence.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Resolutiontrace1800–3600 sec(i=0.35)1800–3600 sec(i=0.35)low
Editorial

All insufflated timeline phases inferred from methylone insufflated profiles and cathinone class pharmacology. No substance-specific human data exists. Phase 1 work-notes specify insufflated total 1–3 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all low confidence.

Reasoning

All insufflated timeline phases inferred from methylone insufflated profiles and cathinone class pharmacology. No substance-specific human data exists. Phase 1 work-notes specify insufflated total 1–3 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all low confidence.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Afterglowtrace7200–21600 sec(i=0.15)7200–21600 sec(i=0.15)low
Editorial

All insufflated timeline phases inferred from methylone insufflated profiles and cathinone class pharmacology. No substance-specific human data exists. Phase 1 work-notes specify insufflated total 1–3 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all low confidence.

Reasoning

All insufflated timeline phases inferred from methylone insufflated profiles and cathinone class pharmacology. No substance-specific human data exists. Phase 1 work-notes specify insufflated total 1–3 hours with aftereffects 2–6 hours, all low confidence.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Dose Tier Summaries

thresholdtrace
low

Minimal perceptible stimulation emerges as a subtle increase in alertness and baseline energy without pronounced euphoria or mood shift. Users may notice mild mood brightening and a faint sharpening of sensory awareness, but the experience remains close to baseline and easily mistakable for caffeine-level arousal. Physical effects are minimal — slight heart rate elevation may be noticeable to body-aware individuals, but appetite suppression and sympathomimetic activation are generally imperceptible. The serotonergic component is likely below the threshold of subjective detection at this dose range. Functional impairment is negligible. Sleep may be mildly delayed if taken in the evening. Duration of effects is brief, consistent with threshold cathinone stimulation.

Editorial

All values inferred from structural analog methylone (threshold ~50–75 mg oral) and cathinone class pharmacology. No human dosing data exists for eutylone. Phase 1 work-notes specify low-confidence analog inference.

Reasoning

All values inferred from structural analog methylone (threshold ~50–75 mg oral) and cathinone class pharmacology. No human dosing data exists for eutylone. Phase 1 work-notes specify low-confidence analog inference.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

lighttrace
low

Noticeable stimulation with increased energy, mild cognitive euphoria, and emerging sociability enhancement. Focus enhancement and thought acceleration become apparent, along with mild talkativeness and motivation enhancement. A faint prosocial warmth from eutylone's partial serotonin transporter activity may become detectable, though substantially less than MDMA or methylone at equivalent doses. Physical effects include slight heart rate increase, mild appetite suppression, and early wakefulness. Pupil dilation may be noticeable. Body high is minimal but present as a subtle energetic buzz. Sleep will likely be delayed by 2–4 hours if taken in the evening. Functional impairment remains low, though users may notice restlessness and difficulty sitting still.

Editorial

Inferred from methylone light dose range (~75–100 mg oral) and cathinone class subjective effect profiles. Eutylone's DAT IC50 (120 nM) and partial SERT activity (~50% max efflux) predict stimulant-dominant effects with attenuated empathogenic warmth. No human data.

Reasoning

Inferred from methylone light dose range (~75–100 mg oral) and cathinone class subjective effect profiles. Eutylone's DAT IC50 (120 nM) and partial SERT activity (~50% max efflux) predict stimulant-dominant effects with attenuated empathogenic warmth. No human data.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

commontrace
low

Clear stimulation with pronounced cognitive euphoria, energy, and sociability enhancement. Disinhibition and communication enhancement are prominent. The partial entactogenic warmth from SERT activity is most apparent at this range — a mild empathy enhancement and tactile euphoria that falls well short of MDMA's emotional immersion but distinguishes eutylone from purely dopaminergic stimulants. Cardiovascular activation becomes evident: tachycardia, mild body high, and appetite suppression are typical. Bruxism, dry mouth, excessive sweating, and pupil dilation are common. Temperature dysregulation begins. Wakefulness is pronounced, and insomnia is likely for 4–6 hours post-dose. Compulsive redosing urge may emerge at this tier — eutylone's DAT-dominant profile generates strong craving. Users expecting MDMA-like duration may redose inappropriately due to the shorter, more stimulant-forward character.

Editorial

Inferred from methylone common dose range (~100–200 mg oral) and eutylone's characterized pharmacological profile (DAT IC50 120 nM, partial SERT ~50% max efflux). Effects texture drawn from WHO ECDD review, animal behavioral data, and cathinone class reports.

Reasoning

Inferred from methylone common dose range (~100–200 mg oral) and eutylone's characterized pharmacological profile (DAT IC50 120 nM, partial SERT ~50% max efflux). Effects texture drawn from WHO ECDD review, animal behavioral data, and cathinone class reports.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

strongtrace
low

Intense stimulation with strong euphoria that may transition toward anxiety and cognitive dysphoria as dopaminergic activation escalates beyond the serotonergic ceiling. The partial SERT substrate effect plateaus (~50% max efflux) while DAT inhibition continues to intensify, predicting a shift from pleasant warmth to anxious overstimulation. Paranoia, confusion, and thought disorganization may emerge. Pronounced cardiovascular effects including abnormal heartbeat and vasoconstriction. Temperature dysregulation becomes a significant safety concern — hyperthermia risk increases substantially. Muscle tension, trembling, bruxism, and excessive sweating intensify. Restlessness is prominent. Compulsive redosing urge is strong at this tier. Insomnia is likely for 6+ hours. The experience becomes increasingly uncomfortable and difficult to manage, with irritability and dysphoria during the offset phase.

Editorial

Inferred from methylone strong dose range (~200–300 mg oral) with eutylone's pharmacological profile predicting dose-dependent shift: serotonergic ceiling (~50% SERT) means empathogenic effects plateau while dopaminergic stimulation escalates. Work-notes flag this mechanism explicitly.

Reasoning

Inferred from methylone strong dose range (~200–300 mg oral) with eutylone's pharmacological profile predicting dose-dependent shift: serotonergic ceiling (~50% SERT) means empathogenic effects plateau while dopaminergic stimulation escalates. Work-notes flag this mechanism explicitly.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

heavytrace
low

Dangerous territory with high risk of medical emergency. Cardiac arrhythmia, severe hyperthermia, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, delirium, and psychosis are all documented complications at extreme cathinone doses. The single published eutylone fatality (cardiac blood 4,290 ng/g) involved cardiac arrest after a single use — presumably at a heavy dose. Cognitive function deteriorates severely: delirium, delusions, confusion, and reality testing impairment dominate. Paranoia and agitation may escalate to excited delirium syndrome. Physical effects are extreme — abnormal heartbeat, dangerous temperature dysregulation, and seizure threshold reduction create compounding organ-failure risk. This dose range carries demonstrated single-use lethality. No antidote exists. Emergency medical intervention is likely required. Eutylone is frequently sold as MDMA — users unknowingly consuming heavy doses face acute cardiac and thermoregulatory crisis without preparation.

Editorial

Inferred from methylone heavy dose range (300+ mg oral) and substance-specific fatal case data (Nakamura 2022). Toxidrome features from WHO ECDD review, Chen et al. 2021, and Krotulski et al. 2021 forensic series inform the adverse effect profile.

Reasoning

Inferred from methylone heavy dose range (300+ mg oral) and substance-specific fatal case data (Nakamura 2022). Toxidrome features from WHO ECDD review, Chen et al. 2021, and Krotulski et al. 2021 forensic series inform the adverse effect profile.

Evidence basis: structural_analogy

02

History

current version
published Jun 4, 2026AI-generated—
versions
1 total
publication ledger

backfill Jun 4, 2026

Historical versions do not record which reviewer approved them; editorial accountability is recorded per value in the database and in the publication ledger going forward.

full version history suggest a correctioncontact@psychedex.org
03

Sources

2 strong · 18 moderate · 8 weak
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    Chemicalbook / Chemsrc (chemical databases) · 2024
    linkno claims checked
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    moderate
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    moderate
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    World Health Organization ECDD · 2021
    linkno claims checked
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    weak
    A fatal case of intoxication from a single use of eutylone: Clinical symptoms and quantitative analysis results
    Nakamura M, Takaso M, Takeda A, Hitosugi M · 2022 · Legal Medicine (Tokyo)
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    moderate
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    linkno claims checked
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    moderate
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    Conditioned taste avoidance and conditioned place preference induced by the third-generation synthetic cathinone eutylone in female Sprague-Dawley rats
    Jones RA, Huang S, Manke HN, Riley AL · 2023 · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
    doi.org/10.1037/pha0000657pubmed 372278845 claims checked4 verified1 partial
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    Effects of Serial Polydrug Use on the Rewarding and Aversive Effects of the Novel Synthetic Cathinone Eutylone
    Manke HN, Nunn SS, Sulima A, Rice KC, Riley AL · 2023 · Brain Sciences
    doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13091294pubmed 377598951 claim checked1 inconclusive
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    Tusi but not 2C: A Miami-Dade medical examiner case series highlighting the variable drug composition in colored powder paraphernalia
    Moore DM, Giachetti AD, Zaney ME, Potoukian RB, Hutchins KD · 2025 · Journal of Forensic Sciences
    doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.70012pubmed 400822141 claim checked1 verified
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    weak
    UNODC Announcement: Increasing Prevalence of Eutylone and Benzylone in the United States
    United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) · 2020
    linkno claims checked
  17. [17]
    moderate
    Structure-Activity Relationship of Synthetic Cathinones: An Updated Review
    Nadal-Gratacós N, Pazos MD, Pubill D, Camarasa J, Escubedo E, Berzosa X, López-Arnau R · 2024 · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science
    doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.4c00299pubmed 392962713 claims checked3 verified
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    moderate
    PubChem Compound: Eutylone (CID 57360686)
    National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) · 2024
    linkno claims checked
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    Stability of synthetic cathinones in clinical and forensic toxicological analysis—Where are we now?
    Aldubayyan AA, Castrignan E, Elliott S, Abbate V · 2021 · Drug Testing and Analysis
    doi.org/10.1002/dta.2990pubmed 33283466no claims checked
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    In vitro metabolic profiling of methylenedioxy-substituted synthetic cathinones for enhanced detection in urine sample analysis
    Yeh YL, Hsieh CL, Huang YJ, Chang YH, Wang SM · 2025 · Journal of Food and Drug Analysis
    doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.3543pubmed 405923384 claims checked4 verified
  21. [21]
    moderate
    Cathinone metabolism and biliary excretion in an ex-vivo pig liver model: Example of 4-Cl-PVP and eutylone
    Pelletier R, Le Daré B, Kerforne T, Parvedy NP, Lemaitre F, Tron C, Maunand K, Corlu A, Morel I, Rayar M, Gicquel T · 2025 · Food and Chemical Toxicology
    doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2024.115217pubmed 397939513 claims checked3 verified
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    doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076230pubmed 370472013 claims checked2 verified1 inconclusive
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    doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2020.1868491pubmed 334488822 claims checked2 inconclusive
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    doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00147pubmed 297144731 claim checked1 verified
04

Claim Verification

Citation-bearing claims in this article were checked by an AI model against the abstract of the source they cite — every safety-critical claim, plus a sample of the rest. Verdicts below are model-issued, not human-issued; when an editor overrides a verdict, the override is recorded alongside it. Claims whose source does not support them are flagged for editorial review.

summary7 claims6verified1inconclusive
verifiedIt inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake while acting as a weak partial substrate (releasing agent) at the serotonin transporter — a mechanistic profile intermediate between pure dopamine reuptake inhibitors and full monoamine releasers such as MDMA[1]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract explicitly confirms DAT/NET uptake inhibition and weak partial releasing actions at SERT achieving 50% maximal response, describing eutylone as a 'hybrid transporter compound.'

Eutylone is a hybrid transporter compound with uptake inhibition properties at DAT and NET but substrate activity at SERT.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveMarket emergence accelerated after August 2019 when scheduling of the related compound N-ethylpentylone drove rapid substitution toward eutylone as an uncontrolled structural alternative[3]model confidence 85%
Inconclusive

Abstract covers Jan 2019–Apr 2020 forensic investigations but does not mention NEP scheduling, August 2019, or market substitution dynamics.

Eutylone was quantitatively confirmed in 83 forensic investigations (Jan 2019–Apr 2020), including postmortem and DUID cases from 13 US states.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedBy 2022–2023, international wastewater surveillance ranked eutylone among the top three most prevalent new psychoactive substances globally[4]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly states eutylone was among the top 3 most prevalent NPS detected globally in 2022/2023 wastewater surveillance.

Eutylone among top 3 most prevalent NPS detected globally (with mitragynine and 3-methylmethcathinone).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedEutylone inhibits uptake at the dopamine transporter (DAT IC₅₀ = 120 nM) with approximately 10-fold selectivity over the norepinephrine transporter[1]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly reports DAT IC50 = 120 nM and states DAT effects were 10-fold more potent than NET.

effects at DAT were 10-fold more potent (IC50 = 120 nM).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThis hybrid profile generates interoceptive effects in animal models that are pharmacologically distinct from both cocaine and MDMA.[7]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract confirms eutylone's hybrid pharmacology creates a unique interoceptive effect different from cocaine or MDMA in male rats.

Suggests eutylone's hybrid pharmacology creates unique interoceptive effect different from cocaine or MDMA.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThis hybrid profile generates interoceptive effects in animal models that are pharmacologically distinct from both cocaine and MDMA.[8]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract confirms eutylone history attenuated eutylone-induced avoidance but not MDMA or cocaine avoidance in female rats, demonstrating pharmacologically distinct interoceptive effects.

Eutylone history attenuated eutylone-induced avoidance but not MDMA or cocaine avoidance in female rats.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedEutylone carries demonstrated single-use lethality: one published fatality attributes cardiac arrest solely to eutylone at a cardiac blood concentration of 4,290 ng/g[6]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms cardiac arrest following single use of eutylone with cardiac blood concentration of 4290 ng/g; aripiprazole was the only other drug present and was in therapeutic range.

A 32-year-old man went into cardiac arrest after several minutes of abnormal behavior following a single use of eutylone. Eutylone concentration in cardiac blood was 4290 ng/g.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

history5 claims2verified1partial2inconclusive
verifiedInternational scheduling was formalized in 2022.[12]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract directly states WHO and EMCDDA scheduled eutylone since 2022.

WHO and EMCDDA scheduled eutylone since 2022.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

partialWastewater surveillance data from 2022–2023 ranked eutylone among the top three most prevalent new psychoactive substances globally, with particularly high mass loads detected in New Zealand[4]model confidence 92%
Partial

Abstract confirms eutylone among top 3 NPS globally in 2022/2023 wastewater surveillance. However, the New Zealand specific detail is not mentioned in the abstract and cannot be verified.

Eutylone among top 3 most prevalent NPS detected globally (with mitragynine and 3-methylmethcathinone).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveEutylone first appeared in drug market monitoring systems when it was reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Early Warning System in 2014[9]model confidence 88%
Inconclusive

This review covers cathinones 'first detected 2019-mid 2022,' which is inconsistent with a 2014 first appearance. The abstract does not mention 2014 or the EWS report, making this specific date unverifiable from the abstract.

Review identifying 29 synthetic cathinones first detected 2019-mid 2022, including eutylone.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveWhen the US Drug Enforcement Administration federally scheduled the structurally related compound N-ethylpentylone (NEP/ephylone) in August 2019, forensic surveillance identified a rapid market substitution toward eutylone as a then-uncontrolled structural alternative[3]model confidence 83%
Inconclusive

Abstract documents eutylone prevalence in forensic cases from Jan 2019–Apr 2020 but does not mention DEA scheduling of NEP, August 2019, or market substitution dynamics.

Eutylone was quantitatively confirmed in 83 forensic investigations (Jan 2019–Apr 2020).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedEutylone is classified in the behavioral pharmacology literature as a third-generation synthetic cathinone, terminology denoting compounds that emerged after the initial bath salt wave (mephedrone, MDPV) and the second-generation N-ethylpentylone wave.[13]model confidence 93%
Verified

The paper's title explicitly calls eutylone a 'third-generation synthetic cathinone,' confirming this classification. The specific definition of generations is not elaborated in the abstract.

Conditioned taste avoidance and conditioned place preference induced by the third-generation synthetic cathinone eutylone in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

chemistry3 claims2verified1inconclusive
verifiedThe methylenedioxy ring system confers partial serotonergic (entactogenic) character compared to non-oxygenated cathinones.[17]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract directly states 3,4-methylenedioxy ring substitution confers entactogen/MDMA-like profile.

3,4-methylenedioxy ring substitution (as in eutylone) confers entactogen/MDMA-like profile.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThese changes increase lipophilicity, sterically alter transporter binding geometry, and shift the pharmacological profile away from methylone's fuller MDMA-like serotonergic character toward greater dopamine transporter selectivity.[17]model confidence 85%
Verified

Abstract confirms N-alkyl group length and alpha-carbon substitution affect potency and selectivity at monoamine transporters, supporting the SAR basis for this claim. Lipophilicity and steric alteration are standard SAR interpretations confirmed by this context.

N-alkyl group length and alpha-carbon substitution affect potency and selectivity at monoamine transporters.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveCommon synonyms include bk-EBDB, N-ethylbutylone, and β-keto-EBDB.[3]model confidence 80%
Inconclusive

Abstract does not mention any synonyms for eutylone. This information may be in the paper body.

Eutylone was quantitatively confirmed in 83 forensic investigations (Jan 2019–Apr 2020).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

pharmacology14 claims11verified1partial2inconclusive
verifiedThe foundational pharmacological characterization of eutylone comes from Glatfelter et al. (2021), who assessed eutylone and its structural isomers using in vitro transporter uptake inhibition assays in rat brain synaptosomes and in vivo locomotor activity assessments in mice.[1]model confidence 92%
Verified

Abstract confirms [3H]neurotransmitter uptake inhibition assays and locomotor activity in mice for eutylone and its structural isomers. 'Rat brain synaptosomes' methodology is not explicitly stated but [3H]uptake assays are consistent with this standard approach.

All drugs displayed dose-related inhibition of [3H]neurotransmitter uptake at dopamine transporters (DAT) and norepinephrine transporters (NET)... All drugs stimulated dose-related locomotion in mice.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedEutylone functions as a hybrid transporter compound: it acts as an uptake inhibitor at the dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET), while simultaneously functioning as a weak partial substrate (releasing agent) at the serotonin transporter (SERT), achieving approximately 50% of the maximal efflux response produced by full releasing agents.[1]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly and precisely confirms this entire claim: DAT/NET uptake inhibition, weak partial SERT releasing actions achieving 50% of maximal response, and the hybrid transporter characterization.

Eutylone and pentylone displayed weak partial releasing actions at SERT which achieved 50% of maximal response... Eutylone is a hybrid transporter compound with uptake inhibition properties at DAT and NET but substrate activity at SERT.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveIts partial SERT substrate activity is substantially weaker than methylone's, which more closely approximates the MDMA serotonergic profile.[1]model confidence 88%
Inconclusive

Abstract confirms eutylone's partial SERT substrate activity (~50% max efflux) but does not mention methylone or compare eutylone to methylone's SERT profile.

Eutylone and pentylone displayed weak partial releasing actions at SERT which achieved 50% of maximal response.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThis hybrid mechanistic character is corroborated by behavioral pharmacology: eutylone's interoceptive effects in rodent models are distinct from both cocaine and MDMA despite shared pharmacological targets[7]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms eutylone pre-exposure reduced eutylone-induced taste avoidance but not cocaine or MDMA avoidance, demonstrating distinct interoceptive character.

Eutylone (20 mg/kg, IP) pre-exposure attenuated eutylone-induced taste avoidance but not cocaine or MDMA avoidance in male rats.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThis hybrid mechanistic character is corroborated by behavioral pharmacology: eutylone's interoceptive effects in rodent models are distinct from both cocaine and MDMA despite shared pharmacological targets[8]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract confirms selective attenuation of eutylone-induced avoidance (not MDMA or cocaine avoidance) in female rats, supporting pharmacologically distinct interoceptive effects.

Eutylone history attenuated eutylone-induced avoidance but not MDMA or cocaine avoidance in female rats.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedPostmortem data from Krotulski et al. (2021); fatal single-use case from Nakamura et al. (2022); chemsex cases from Pelletier et al. (2024).[3]model confidence 95%
Verified

Citation [2] is Krotulski et al., and its abstract is a postmortem forensic case series — confirming the 'postmortem data from Krotulski et al.' attribution.

Eutylone was quantitatively confirmed in 83 forensic investigations (Jan 2019–Apr 2020), including postmortem and DUID cases from 13 US states.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedPostmortem data from Krotulski et al. (2021); fatal single-use case from Nakamura et al. (2022); chemsex cases from Pelletier et al. (2024).[6]model confidence 97%
Verified

Citation [16] is the Nakamura fatal single-use case paper — abstract confirms cardiac arrest following single eutylone use.

A 32-year-old man went into cardiac arrest after several minutes of abnormal behavior following a single use of eutylone.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedPostmortem data from Krotulski et al. (2021); fatal single-use case from Nakamura et al. (2022); chemsex cases from Pelletier et al. (2024).[12]model confidence 97%
Verified

Citation [17] is the Pelletier chemsex case paper — abstract confirms eutylone intoxication in chemsex context.

Case of eutylone intoxication in chemsex context (38-year-old man, 29-year-old woman).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedNo therapeutic index or lethal threshold can be established from these data alone.[3]model confidence 88%
Verified

The extreme concentration range in postmortem cases (1.2–11,000 ng/mL) with mixed cause-of-death data reasonably supports the conclusion that no reliable lethal threshold can be established from this forensic series alone.

Mean postmortem blood concentration 1,020 ng/mL (median 110 ng/mL, range 1.2–11,000 ng/mL, n=67). Cause and manner of death data for 22 postmortem cases.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

partialKrotulski et al. (2021) identified three eutylone metabolites in authentic human forensic specimens, including one metabolite unique to eutylone functioning as a biomarker and one shared with butylone. β-Ketone reduction (hydrogenation at the keto group) was identified as the primary metabolic pathway.[3]model confidence 90%
Partial

The abstract confirms three metabolites including one unique biomarker and one shared with butylone. However, the claim that β-ketone reduction was identified as the 'primary metabolic pathway' is not stated in the abstract — the abstract lists only the number and nature of metabolites, not which pathway is primary.

Three metabolites identified including one unique biomarker and one shared with butylone.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedYeh et al. (2025) used pooled human liver microsomes, cytosol, and UDPGA cofactor to map five key metabolic pathways:[20]model confidence 88%
Verified

Abstract confirms five key metabolic pathways (N-dealkylation, β-ketone reduction, aliphatic hydroxylation, demethylenation, glucuronide conjugation). Specific methodology (pooled human liver microsomes, cytosol, UDPGA) is not in the abstract but the five pathways are confirmed.

Key pathways included N-dealkylation, β-ketone reduction, aliphatic hydroxylation, demethylenation, and glucuronide conjugation.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThe β-ketone reduction product and demethylenation-then-O-methylation products were confirmed as the most reliable urine detection targets, extending detection windows beyond the 50 ng/mL analytical threshold in analysis of 29 authentic urine samples.[20]model confidence 92%
Verified

Abstract confirms M2 (β-ketone reduction) and M3-5 (demethylenation followed by O-methylation) as reliable detection targets from analysis of 29 urine samples. The specific 50 ng/mL threshold is not mentioned in the abstract.

Analysis of 29 urine samples confirmed metabolites generated from β-ketone reduction (M2) and demethylenation followed by O-methylation (M3-5) as reliable detection targets.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveA synthesized keto-reduced metabolite was quantified at 67 ng/mL (male) and 54 ng/mL (female).[12]model confidence 92%
Inconclusive

Abstract reports parent compound blood concentrations (1374 ng/mL male, 1536 ng/mL female) but does not mention metabolite concentrations of 67 or 54 ng/mL. This detail is not verifiable from the abstract.

Blood concentrations: 1374 ng/mL (male) and 1536 ng/mL (female).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedPelletier et al. (2025) characterized eutylone metabolism and biliary excretion using an ex vivo pig liver normothermic machine perfusion model — the first biliary excretion data for any cathinone in this structural series.[21]model confidence 90%
Verified

Abstract confirms ex vivo pig liver NMP model was used to study eutylone metabolism and biliary excretion. The 'first biliary excretion data' claim cannot be verified from the abstract but is not contradicted.

The study describes the metabolism of NPS such as cathinones (with focus on 4-Cl-PVP and eutylone) in blood and bile using a normothermic perfused pig liver model.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

receptor pharmacology3 claims3verified
verifiedEutylone was the most potent at inducing locomotor stimulation in mice (ED₅₀ = 2 mg/kg, sc).[1]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly states eutylone was most potent and efficacious for locomotor stimulation with ED50 = 2 mg/kg, sc.

eutylone was most potent and efficacious in this regard (ED50 = 2 mg/kg, sc).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThe only published receptor-level pharmacological data for eutylone come from Glatfelter et al. (2021), who used rat brain synaptosomal uptake inhibition assays.[1]model confidence 88%
Verified

Abstract confirms Glatfelter et al. conducted transporter uptake inhibition assays ([3H]uptake) for eutylone. The 'only published' claim and 'rat brain synaptosomes' methodology are not contradicted by the abstract.

All drugs displayed dose-related inhibition of [3H]neurotransmitter uptake at dopamine transporters (DAT) and norepinephrine transporters (NET).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThe NET IC₅₀ is not explicitly reported but is inferred from the characterization that DAT effects were 10-fold more potent than NET effects[1]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract states DAT effects were 10-fold more potent (IC50 = 120 nM), confirming that NET IC50 is inferred rather than explicitly given, and the 10-fold relationship is stated.

effects at DAT were 10-fold more potent (IC50 = 120 nM).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

neuroscience5 claims3verified1partial1inconclusive
partialConditioned place preference data (3–32 mg/kg IP in rats) confirm activation of reward circuitry at all tested doses.[13]model confidence 88%
Partial

Abstract confirms place preference at all doses (3, 10, 18, 32 mg/kg IP), but with an important caveat: 'when excluding animals with high initial side preference.' The claim omits this methodological qualifier, which materially alters the strength of the conclusion.

Place preference was induced at all doses when excluding animals with high initial side preference.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedEutylone's primary mechanism — dopamine transporter inhibition with an IC₅₀ of 120 nM — directly potentiates mesolimbic dopamine signaling through the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) reward circuit[1]model confidence 88%
Verified

Abstract confirms DAT inhibition IC50 = 120 nM and locomotor stimulation consistent with mesolimbic dopamine activation. VTA-NAc circuit is a reasonable and standard inference from potent DAT inhibition in this pharmacological class.

effects at DAT were 10-fold more potent (IC50 = 120 nM).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusivePartial serotonin release at this magnitude is expected to produce mild prosocial and mood-brightening effects without the full entactogenic serotonin flood characteristic of MDMA or methylone[1]model confidence 85%
Inconclusive

Abstract confirms ~50% SERT efflux but does not make any predictions about subjective effects (prosocial, mood-brightening). These are extrapolations beyond what the abstract states.

Eutylone and pentylone displayed weak partial releasing actions at SERT which achieved 50% of maximal response.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedEutylone history enhanced cocaine reward without enhancing MDMA reward, further suggesting that eutylone exposure selectively modifies dopaminergic reinforcement circuits while leaving serotonergic reward pathways relatively unaffected.[8]model confidence 90%
Verified

Abstract confirms eutylone history selectively increased cocaine place preference without affecting MDMA preference. The mechanistic interpretation (dopaminergic vs serotonergic circuits) is a reasonable inference from this selective effect.

Eutylone history increased place preferences induced by cocaine but had no impact on MDMA or eutylone.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThe dissociability of rewarding and aversive effects of eutylone at different doses aligns with the incentive salience framework, which distinguishes dopamine-mediated wanting (incentive motivation) from opioid/hedonic liking (consummatory pleasure)[13]model confidence 82%
Verified

Abstract confirms no significant correlation between aversive and rewarding effects (dissociability). The incentive salience framework interpretation is the authors' theoretical framing, consistent with but not explicitly validated by the abstract.

No significant correlation between aversive and rewarding effects.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

pharmacokinetic detail5 claims4verified1inconclusive
verifiedFive primary biotransformation pathways have been identified through in vitro and clinical specimen analysis:[20]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract explicitly lists five pathways (N-dealkylation, β-ketone reduction, aliphatic hydroxylation, demethylenation, glucuronide conjugation) confirmed through in vitro work and 29 urine samples.

Key pathways included N-dealkylation, β-ketone reduction, aliphatic hydroxylation, demethylenation, and glucuronide conjugation.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveFive primary biotransformation pathways have been identified through in vitro and clinical specimen analysis:[3]model confidence 88%
Inconclusive

Abstract identifies three metabolites (one unique biomarker, one shared with butylone) but does not describe five pathways. This citation is not the appropriate source for the five-pathway claim.

Three metabolites identified including one unique biomarker and one shared with butylone.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedFive primary biotransformation pathways have been identified through in vitro and clinical specimen analysis:[12]model confidence 85%
Verified

Abstract confirms multiple phase I (hydroxylated, demethylated) and phase II (glucuroconjugates, sulfoconjugates) metabolites identified in clinical specimens, consistent with multiple biotransformation pathways.

Identified 16 phase I metabolites (hydroxylated, demethylated) and phase II metabolites (glucuroconjugates, sulfoconjugates).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedPelletier et al. (2025) demonstrated eutylone undergoes hepatic extraction and biliary excretion using an ex vivo pig liver normothermic machine perfusion model[21]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms ex vivo pig liver NMP model demonstrating eutylone metabolism in blood and bile (biliary excretion).

The study describes the metabolism of NPS such as cathinones (with focus on 4-Cl-PVP and eutylone) in blood and bile using a normothermic perfused pig liver model.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedUrine detection targets recommended for forensic and clinical laboratories include the β-ketone reduction product and demethylenation-O-methylation metabolites, which extend detection windows beyond 50 ng/mL in authentic specimens[20]model confidence 90%
Verified

Abstract confirms M2 (β-ketone reduction) and M3-5 (demethylenation + O-methylation) as reliable detection targets from 29 authentic urine samples. The 50 ng/mL threshold is not stated in the abstract.

Analysis of 29 urine samples confirmed metabolites generated from β-ketone reduction (M2) and demethylenation followed by O-methylation (M3-5) as reliable detection targets.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

effects overview1 claim1verified
verifiedAnimal behavioral evidence confirms this intermediate positioning — eutylone's interoceptive effects are pharmacologically distinct from both reference compounds.[7]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms eutylone's unique interoceptive effect distinct from both cocaine and MDMA.

Suggests eutylone's hybrid pharmacology creates unique interoceptive effect different from cocaine or MDMA.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

clinical evidence3 claims2verified1inconclusive
verifiedPelletier et al. (2024) reported blood concentrations and metabolite profiles from two non-fatal chemsex-context exposures (male, 38 years: 1,374 ng/mL; female, 29 years: 1,536 ng/mL), providing paired exposure-outcome data in survivors.[12]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms both patients (38-year-old man, 29-year-old woman), blood concentrations (1374 ng/mL male, 1536 ng/mL female), chemsex context, and metabolite identification.

Case of eutylone intoxication in chemsex context (38-year-old man, 29-year-old woman). Blood concentrations: 1374 ng/mL (male) and 1536 ng/mL (female).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedNakamura et al. (2022) documented a fatal single-use case with cardiac arrest and a cardiac blood concentration of 4,290 ng/g — the only published case attributing death solely to eutylone.[6]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract confirms cardiac arrest after single use and cardiac blood concentration of 4290 ng/g. The 'only published case' claim cannot be verified from the abstract but is not contradicted.

A 32-year-old man went into cardiac arrest after several minutes of abnormal behavior following a single use of eutylone. Eutylone concentration in cardiac blood was 4290 ng/g.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveChen et al. (2021) published a case series of analytically confirmed eutylone exposures in emergency department patients[23]model confidence 95%
Inconclusive

Abstract not available for this citation.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

comparative pharmacology8 claims6verified1partial1inconclusive
verifiedEutylone (ED₅₀ ~2 mg/kg, sc) was described as relatively similar to N-ethylpentylone and pentylone and slightly more potent than DMP (ED₅₀ = 3.5 mg/kg, sc).[24]model confidence 90%
Verified

Abstract confirms DMP ED50 = 3.5 mg/kg and that DMP potency was 'relatively similar to eutylone, NEP, and pentylone.' The claim that eutylone is slightly more potent than DMP is a reasonable inference given eutylone ED50 ~2 mg/kg vs DMP 3.5 mg/kg; the abstract's 'relatively similar' framing is consistent with this.

DMP was a locomotor stimulant in mice (ED50 = 3.5 mg/kg) exhibiting potency relatively similar to eutylone, NEP, and pentylone.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedGlatfelter et al. (2021) directly compared eutylone, dibutylone, and pentylone — three structural isomers — across monoamine transporter assays and locomotor stimulation in mice:[1]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract confirms comparison of eutylone, pentylone, and dibutylone across DAT, NET, and SERT uptake inhibition and locomotor stimulation in mice.

Eutylone and pentylone inhibited uptake at serotonin transporters (SERT), while dibutylone did not. All drugs stimulated dose-related locomotion in mice.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedDibutylone's complete absence of SERT activity distinguishes it as a pure stimulant without entactogenic contribution, while pentylone shares eutylone's hybrid transporter profile.[1]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms dibutylone did not inhibit SERT while eutylone and pentylone did, and both eutylone and pentylone showed weak partial SERT releasing actions.

Eutylone and pentylone inhibited uptake at serotonin transporters (SERT), while dibutylone did not. Additionally, eutylone and pentylone displayed weak partial releasing actions at SERT.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

partialSERT activity: Methylone is a more efficacious SERT substrate (full releaser), producing an entactogenic profile closer to MDMA. Eutylone's partial SERT substrate activity (~50% max efflux) produces attenuated serotonergic effects.[1]model confidence 88%
Partial

Abstract confirms eutylone's ~50% SERT efflux (partial substrate). However, the comparison to methylone as a 'full releaser' with an 'entactogenic profile closer to MDMA' is not in the abstract — methylone is not mentioned.

Eutylone and pentylone displayed weak partial releasing actions at SERT which achieved 50% of maximal response.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedStructural basis: The N-ethyl (vs. N-methyl) and α-ethyl (vs. α-H) modifications in eutylone increase lipophilicity and sterically alter transporter binding, accounting for the shifted selectivity profile.[17]model confidence 88%
Verified

Abstract confirms N-alkyl group length and alpha-carbon substitution affect potency and selectivity at monoamine transporters, supporting the SAR basis for eutylone's shifted profile.

N-alkyl group length and alpha-carbon substitution affect potency and selectivity at monoamine transporters.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveStructural basis: The N-ethyl (vs. N-methyl) and α-ethyl (vs. α-H) modifications in eutylone increase lipophilicity and sterically alter transporter binding, accounting for the shifted selectivity profile.[9]model confidence 82%
Inconclusive

Abstract describes structures and intoxication symptoms but does not discuss SAR specifics such as N-alkyl vs N-methyl differences, lipophilicity, or steric effects on transporter binding.

Review identifying 29 synthetic cathinones first detected 2019-mid 2022, including eutylone. Describes structures, intoxication symptoms.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedEutylone history increased cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in female rats but did not alter MDMA or eutylone place preference.[8]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms this claim.

Eutylone history increased place preferences induced by cocaine but had no impact on MDMA or eutylone.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThese findings support the interpretation that eutylone's hybrid DAT-inhibitor/partial-SERT-substrate profile produces a subjective state that is neither purely stimulant (cocaine-like) nor purely entactogenic (MDMA-like) but represents a pharmacologically intermediate experience.[7]model confidence 95%
Verified

Abstract directly supports this interpretation by stating eutylone's hybrid pharmacology creates a unique interoceptive effect different from both cocaine and MDMA.

Suggests eutylone's hybrid pharmacology creates unique interoceptive effect different from cocaine or MDMA.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

safety27 claims19verified8inconclusive
verifiedThe single published case confirming eutylone as the sole causative agent in a fatality involved a 32-year-old man who experienced cardiac arrest after several minutes of abnormal behavior following a single use[6]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms all details: 32-year-old man, cardiac arrest, abnormal behavior, single use. Aripiprazole in therapeutic range was the only other drug, supporting sole causation attribution.

A 32-year-old man went into cardiac arrest after several minutes of abnormal behavior following a single use of eutylone.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedAutopsy revealed no signs of rhabdomyolysis, suggesting the mechanism was acute cardiac arrhythmia rather than rhabdomyolysis-mediated organ failure.[6]model confidence 90%
Verified

Abstract confirms no signs of rhabdomyolysis at autopsy, and cardiac arrest was the mode of death. The mechanistic inference about arrhythmia is reasonable given these findings, though not explicitly stated.

Autopsy revealed no remarkable injuries and no signs of rhabdomyolysis.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedIn the largest published forensic case series (83 cases across 13 US states, January 2019–April 2020), 67 postmortem cases showed a mean blood concentration of 1,020 ng/mL (median 110 ng/mL; range 1.2–11,000 ng/mL)[3]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms all statistics: 83 cases, 13 US states, Jan 2019–Apr 2020, mean 1,020 ng/mL, median 110 ng/mL, range 1.2–11,000 ng/mL, n=67.

Eutylone was quantitatively confirmed in 83 forensic investigations (Jan 2019–Apr 2020), including postmortem and DUID cases from 13 US states... Mean postmortem blood concentration 1,020 ng/mL (median 110 ng/mL, range 1.2–11,000 ng/mL, n=67).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedFlorida accounted for 60% of confirmed positive cases.[3]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly states Florida accounted for 60%.

Florida accounted for 60%.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedTwo non-fatal chemsex-context exposures (38-year-old male: 1,374 ng/mL; 29-year-old female: 1,536 ng/mL) demonstrate survival at blood concentrations overlapping with the lower range of fatal case data.[12]model confidence 93%
Verified

Abstract confirms both cases, ages, blood concentrations in chemsex context. Non-fatal outcome is implied by the presentation context. The concentration overlap with forensic postmortem range is a reasonable inference.

Blood concentrations: 1374 ng/mL (male) and 1536 ng/mL (female).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedEutylone has been identified as a component of colored powder sold as tusi (also marketed as pink cocaine) in Miami-Dade fatality cases (2020–2024), typically combined with ketamine, MDMA, and other substances[15]model confidence 88%
Verified

Abstract confirms eutylone identified in tusi/colored powder, Miami-Dade fatalities from Sept 2020–Jul 2024, and polydrug combination. Specific drugs (ketamine, MDMA) are not named in the abstract but the polydrug context is confirmed.

Eight fatalities (Sept 2020–Jul 2024) in Miami-Dade County involving colored 'tusi' powder ingestion. Eutylone identified in submitted powders. Polydrug combination cases.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveThe compound is also frequently misrepresented as MDMA/ecstasy in illicit drug markets[3]model confidence 82%
Inconclusive

Abstract covers forensic case data (concentrations, metabolites, geography) but does not address market misrepresentation as MDMA.

Eutylone was quantitatively confirmed in 83 forensic investigations (Jan 2019–Apr 2020).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusivePresumptive colorimetric reagent tests (Marquis, Simon's) produce a positive reaction for the methylenedioxy moiety but cannot distinguish eutylone from MDMA, methylone, or other structurally related compounds; LC-MS/MS confirmation is required for definitive identification.[3]model confidence 90%
Inconclusive

Abstract does not mention colorimetric reagent tests (Marquis, Simon's) or LC-MS/MS methodology. This information may be in the full text.

Eutylone was quantitatively confirmed in 83 forensic investigations (Jan 2019–Apr 2020).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveThe eutylone toxidrome combines sympathomimetic and serotonergic features:[23]model confidence 95%
Inconclusive

Abstract not available for this citation.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThe eutylone toxidrome combines sympathomimetic and serotonergic features:[22]model confidence 92%
Verified

Abstract confirms synthetic cathinone adverse effects include sympathomimetic toxidromes and serotonin syndrome, supporting the characterization of a combined sympathomimetic/serotonergic toxidrome.

Adverse effects include encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic toxidromes, excited/agitated delirium syndrome, serotonin syndrome.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThe eutylone toxidrome combines sympathomimetic and serotonergic features:[25]model confidence 88%
Verified

Abstract confirms sympathomimetic adverse effects (tachycardia, hypertension, agitation) for substituted cathinones. Serotonergic features are not explicitly mentioned but MDMA-like pharmacology of methylenedioxy cathinones is well-established context.

Adverse effects: cardiac (tachycardia, hypertension), psychiatric (agitation, seizures, paranoia, hallucinations), severe toxicity (hyperthermia, metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis).

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveCatecholamine vasopressors should be avoided where possible due to arrhythmia risk.{{/Emergency}}[25]model confidence 85%
Inconclusive

Abstract mentions 'no specific antidote' and lists adverse effects but does not discuss vasopressor contraindications or arrhythmia risk from catecholamines.

No specific antidote.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThe systematic review by Daziani et al. (2023) documents synthetic cathinone class neurotoxic mechanisms in humans: encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, excited/agitated delirium syndrome, and serotonin syndrome[22]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly lists all claimed neurotoxic effects: encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, excited/agitated delirium syndrome, and serotonin syndrome.

Adverse effects include encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic toxidromes, excited/agitated delirium syndrome, serotonin syndrome.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveMethylenedioxy-substituted cathinones appear to produce moderate neurotoxicity in animal models — less severe than amphetamine congeners on a per-dose basis — but eutylone-specific dose thresholds are unknown.[22]model confidence 85%
Inconclusive

Abstract describes adverse effects of synthetic cathinones broadly but does not compare methylenedioxy cathinone neurotoxicity to amphetamine congeners or characterize severity as 'moderate' relative to amphetamines.

Systematic review of 76 studies on synthetic cathinone neurotoxicity.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThe behavioral pharmacology literature indicates that eutylone's aversive effects are dissociable from its rewarding effects and show selective tolerance with repeated exposure[7]model confidence 92%
Verified

Abstract confirms selective tolerance: eutylone pre-exposure reduced eutylone-induced taste avoidance (aversive effect) without affecting cocaine or MDMA avoidance. This demonstrates selective tolerance of eutylone's own aversive effects.

Eutylone (20 mg/kg, IP) pre-exposure attenuated eutylone-induced taste avoidance but not cocaine or MDMA avoidance in male rats.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedEutylone induces conditioned place preference in female Sprague-Dawley rats at intraperitoneal doses of 3–32 mg/kg, confirming rewarding properties across a wide dose range[13]model confidence 90%
Verified

Abstract confirms place preference at all doses (3–32 mg/kg IP) in female rats, with the caveat of excluding animals with high initial side preference. The core finding of rewarding properties across this dose range is confirmed.

Eutylone (0, 3, 10, 18, 32 mg/kg IP)... Place preference was induced at all doses when excluding animals with high initial side preference.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveEutylone induces conditioned place preference in female Sprague-Dawley rats at intraperitoneal doses of 3–32 mg/kg, confirming rewarding properties across a wide dose range[14]model confidence 80%
Inconclusive

Abstract only states the paper 'characterize eutylone's affective properties (rewarding and aversive effects)' without specifying dose range, CPP induction, or sex of animals used.

The experiments characterize eutylone's affective properties (rewarding and aversive effects) and how polydrug use history impacts these properties.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedRewarding and aversive effects are dose-dependent and dissociable — they are not significantly correlated, suggesting mediation by partially independent neural mechanisms.[13]model confidence 97%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms no significant correlation between aversive and rewarding effects, supporting dissociability.

No significant correlation between aversive and rewarding effects.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedClass-level evidence supports the dopaminergic reinforcement model: synthetic cathinone self-administration has been documented in rats for multiple class members, and DAT inhibition potency is a reliable predictor of reinforcing efficacy across stimulant classes.[27]model confidence 85%
Verified

Abstract confirms reinforcing efficacy assessed by self-administration in rats for second-generation synthetic cathinones. The DAT inhibition potency as predictor claim is a broader inference not explicitly stated in the abstract.

Reinforcing efficacy of second-generation synthetic cathinones assessed by self-administration in rats.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedClass-level evidence supports the dopaminergic reinforcement model: synthetic cathinone self-administration has been documented in rats for multiple class members, and DAT inhibition potency is a reliable predictor of reinforcing efficacy across stimulant classes.[28]model confidence 88%
Verified

Abstract confirms animal studies demonstrate rewarding and reinforcing properties via self-administration, place conditioning, and ICSS assays for cathinones as a class.

Animal studies confirm rewarding and reinforcing properties via self-administration, place conditioning, and ICSS assays.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedEutylone pre-exposure selectively reduces its own subsequent aversive effects without affecting cocaine- or MDMA-induced aversion[7]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms this claim precisely.

Eutylone (20 mg/kg, IP) pre-exposure attenuated eutylone-induced taste avoidance but not cocaine or MDMA avoidance in male rats.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedEutylone history increases cocaine-induced reward in animal models, suggesting pharmacodynamic potentiation beyond simple additive effects.[8]model confidence 92%
Verified

Abstract confirms eutylone history increased place preferences induced by cocaine but had no impact on MDMA or eutylone, supporting selective pharmacodynamic potentiation.

Eutylone history increased place preferences induced by cocaine but had no impact on MDMA or eutylone.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveThe polydrug use pattern documented in forensic fatality series — where stimulant toxicity is obscured by concurrent depressant use — represents a clinically significant hazard.[3]model confidence 82%
Inconclusive

Abstract documents forensic cases with cause-of-death data but does not specifically discuss concurrent depressant use or the pattern of stimulant toxicity being obscured by depressants.

Cause and manner of death data for 22 postmortem cases.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

inconclusiveThe polydrug use pattern documented in forensic fatality series — where stimulant toxicity is obscured by concurrent depressant use — represents a clinically significant hazard.[26]model confidence 80%
Inconclusive

Abstract covers NPS adverse events broadly including eutylone and polydrug fatalities, but does not specifically address stimulant toxicity being obscured by concurrent depressant use as a particular pattern.

Critical literature review of 1,319 NPS adverse events cases 2017-2020: 378 fatalities, 771 hospitalizations, 170 DUID cases.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedAripiprazole was present alongside eutylone in the published fatal case[6]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms aripiprazole was the only other drug present, in therapeutic range.

Only other drug present was aripiprazole in therapeutic range.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedThe published fatal case involved cardiac arrest as the apparent mechanism of death.[6]model confidence 99%
Verified

Abstract directly confirms cardiac arrest as the mode of death.

A 32-year-old man went into cardiac arrest after several minutes of abnormal behavior following a single use of eutylone.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedHepatic impairment (relative): Hepatic metabolism is the primary elimination pathway; biliary excretion has been confirmed[21]model confidence 92%
Verified

Abstract confirms hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion of eutylone using the ex vivo pig liver model.

The study describes the metabolism of NPS such as cathinones (with focus on 4-Cl-PVP and eutylone) in blood and bile using a normothermic perfused pig liver model.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

legal status2 claims1verified1inconclusive
inconclusiveThe compound was first reported to the EMCDDA Early Warning System in 2014 and was recommended for international scheduling by the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence at its 44th meeting in October 2021[9]model confidence 85%
Inconclusive

Abstract covers synthetic cathinones first detected 2019–2022 and includes scheduling history, but does not specifically mention 2014 EMCDDA report or the 44th WHO ECDD meeting in October 2021.

Review identifying 29 synthetic cathinones first detected 2019-mid 2022, including eutylone. Describes structures, intoxication symptoms, biological concentrations in poisoning cases, and countries/dates of first appearance.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

verifiedInternational scheduling under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 was formalized in 2022[12]model confidence 90%
Verified

Abstract confirms WHO and EMCDDA scheduled eutylone since 2022. The specific treaty ('Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971') is not named in the abstract but is the standard instrument for WHO scheduling.

WHO and EMCDDA scheduled eutylone since 2022.

checked by claude-sonnet-4-6 · May 7, 2026

05

Coverage & Gaps

effect links
88 links · 88 approved · 0 audited0/88 with evidence basis
06

Research Trail

substance-article pipeline-v5 May 7, 2026

StepSourceQueryResults
1database lookupPubChemeutylone1 result, 1 selected
selection rationale

Primary chemical identity source

2literature searchPubMedeutylone pharmacology cathinone8 results, 7 selected
selection rationale

Selected papers with direct pharmacological or epidemiological data on eutylone

discarded 1: PMID 26666629 (Poland NPS prevalence 2012-2014) - minimally relevant, eutylone only mentioned in single case context

3literature searchPubMedeutylone bk-EBDB N-ethylbutylone toxicology case report1 result, 1 selected
selection rationale

Key clinical toxicology case series

4literature searchPubMedeutylone forensic death postmortem overdose fatality1 result, 1 selected
selection rationale

Relevant forensic case series mentioning eutylone as adulterant

5literature searchPubMedeutylone urine detection metabolites analytical1 result, 1 selected
selection rationale

Primary metabolomics data for eutylone

6literature searchPubMedeutylone intoxication clinical presentation symptoms1 result, 1 selected
selection rationale

Largest forensic case series specifically on eutylone

7literature searchPubMedeutylone self-administration abuse liability reward1 result, 1 selected
selection rationale

Animal model data on abuse liability

8literature searchPubMedeutylone wastewater epidemiology prevalence New Zealand Australia3 results, 3 selected
selection rationale

Important epidemiological data on eutylone prevalence and geographic distribution

9clinical trial searchClinicalTrials.goveutylone synthetic cathinone0 results
selection rationale

Confirmed no registered clinical trials

10literature searchOpenAlexeutylone synthetic cathinone pharmacology10 results, 3 selected
selection rationale

High-quality review papers covering eutylone in context of broader cathinone class

11legal status searchWebSearcheutylone DEA Schedule I controlled substance 2023 scheduling10 results, 1 selected
selection rationale

Primary US regulatory source for eutylone scheduling

12legal status searchWebSearcheutylone legal status UK New Zealand Australia controlled analog10 results, 2 selected
selection rationale

International legal status data

13web searchWebSearcheutylone WHO ECDD 44th expert committee scheduling 2022 critical review10 results, 2 selected
selection rationale

WHO scheduling recommendation provides official adverse effects listing and pharmacological rationale

14web searchWebSearcheutylone first appearance drug market 2019 history research chemical10 results, 3 selected
selection rationale

Historical context and market emergence timeline

15web searchWebSearcheutylone SMILES CAS number molecular structure 1967 Boehringer patent10 results, 2 selected
selection rationale

Chemical identity and historical patent information

16document retrievalWebFetch—0 results
selection rationale

Attempted but failed - PDF not machine-readable via this method

17literature searchPubMedeutylone fatal intoxication death single use1 result, 1 selected
selection rationale

Key fatal case report establishing eutylone alone can cause death

18cross referencePubMed + WebSearcheutylone CAS number first appearance5 results, 1 selected
selection rationale

Cross-referenced PubChem against web sources; identified potential error in web sources (C12 vs C13)

19literature searchPubMedsynthetic cathinone abuse potential self-administration dopamine releasing reinforcement2 results, 2 selected
selection rationale

Contextual background on synthetic cathinone abuse liability mechanisms applicable to eutylone

20literature searchOpenAlexstructure-activity relationship synthetic cathinones SAR5 results, 1 selected
selection rationale

Key SAR review for contextualizing eutylone structure-activity relationship

21web searchWebSearcheutylone melting point solubility physical properties hydrochloride powder10 results, 2 selected
selection rationale

Physical properties not available from PubMed/PubChem API

22legal status searchWebSearcheutylone New Zealand psychoactive substances act scheduling controlled 202110 results, 0 selected
selection rationale

Could not confirm specific NZ scheduling date for eutylone; gap noted

23legal status searchWebSearcheutylone UK Misuse of Drugs Act Class B scheduling date10 results, 0 selected
selection rationale

UK status confirmed as Class B via generic legislation; specific date unconfirmed

Research document (raw, unedited pipeline output)
# Research Output: Eutylone

**PSX ID:** PSX-0410  
**Research date:** 2026-05-07  
**Substance readiness:** Sparse/emerging (< 0.3) — limited peer-reviewed literature; no human controlled studies  
**Citation count:** 35 unique sources

---

## Chemical Identity

**Verified via PubChem database lookup (CID 57360686) [Ref 35]:**

| Property | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| IUPAC name | 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(ethylamino)butan-1-one | PubChem [Ref 35] |
| Molecular formula | C₁₃H₁₇NO₃ | PubChem [Ref 35] |
| Molecular weight | 235.28 g/mol | PubChem [Ref 35] |
| InChIKey | YERSNXHEOIYEGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N | PubChem [Ref 35] |
| PubChem CID | 57360686 | PubChem [Ref 35] |
| CAS (freebase) | 802855-66-9 | Chemical databases [Ref 32] |
| CAS (HCl salt) | 17764-18-0 | Chemical databases [Ref 32] |

**Physical properties (web-retrieved, chemical database sources [Ref 32]):**
- Physical state: White crystalline powder
- Melting point: ~238–239 °C (hydrochloride salt)
- Solubility: Soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, DMF, and DMSO

**⚠ Brief seed data gap:** The brief contained no SMILES, formula, or PubChem CID. All values above are populated from PubChem API verification and are confirmed.

**Discrepancy note:** One web source incorrectly listed the molecular formula as C₁₂H₁₅NO₃. This is an error. PubChem [Ref 35] is authoritative: C₁₃H₁₇NO₃, MW 235.28 g/mol.

**Street names/aliases:** bk-EBDB, N-Ethylbutylone, β-keto-EBDB. All three names in the brief's seed data are confirmed correct [Ref 2].

**Stereochemistry:** Eutylone possesses two chiral centers (the α-carbon and the amine-bearing carbon), generating four possible stereoisomers in principle. No published peer-reviewed studies have examined differential pharmacological activity of eutylone stereoisomers at monoamine transporters. All published studies used racemic mixtures. ⚠ FLAG: Stereoisomer pharmacology is a data gap. Class-level evidence from methcathinone enantiomers suggests chirality meaningfully affects potency and CNS activity, but no eutylone-specific data is available.

---

## Pharmacology

### Primary Mechanism of Action

The foundational pharmacology paper is Glatfelter et al. (2021 [Ref 1]), published in *ACS Chemical Neuroscience*, which characterizes eutylone and its structural isomers using *in vitro* transporter uptake inhibition assays in rat brain synaptosomes and *in vivo* locomotor assessments in mice.

**Monoamine transporter binding affinities (Glatfelter et al. 2021 [Ref 1]):**

| Target | IC₅₀ | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| DAT (dopamine transporter) | 120 nM | Uptake inhibitor |
| NET (norepinephrine transporter) | ~1,200 nM (inferred: "effects at DAT were 10-fold more potent") | Uptake inhibitor |
| SERT (serotonin transporter) | Not explicitly stated; uptake inhibited; partial releasing action | Hybrid: uptake inhibitor + partial substrate (~50% maximal efflux response) |

Eutylone is classified as a **hybrid transporter compound**: it acts as an uptake inhibitor at DAT and NET, but also functions as a *weak partial substrate* (releasing agent) at SERT, achieving approximately 50% of the maximal efflux response seen with full releasing agents (Glatfelter et al. 2021 [Ref 1]). Of the three isomers tested (eutylone, dibutylone, pentylone), dibutylone did NOT inhibit or release at SERT, while pentylone shared eutylone's hybrid SERT profile. Eutylone was the most potent and efficacious at inducing locomotor stimulation in mice: ED₅₀ = 2 mg/kg, sc (Glatfelter et al. 2021 [Ref 1]).

In the Fogarty et al. (2025 [Ref 6]) comparative forensic and pharmacological study, eutylone locomotor activity potency (ED₅₀ ~2 mg/kg sc) was described as "relatively similar" to N-ethylpentylone (NEP) and pentylone and slightly greater than N,N-dimethylpentylone (DMP; ED₅₀ = 3.5 mg/kg sc).

**Pharmacological classification summary:** Eutylone's DAT selectivity ratio (DAT/SERT ~10:1 or greater) places it pharmacologically between pure DAT inhibitors (cocaine-type) and full mixed releasers (MDMA-type). Its partial SERT substrate activity is weaker than methylone's, which more fully resembles the MDMA serotonergic profile. This mechanistic "hybrid" character is corroborated by behavioral evidence showing eutylone's interoceptive profile is distinct from both cocaine and MDMA despite sharing their pharmacological targets (Ardabili et al. 2025 [Ref 8]; Ardabili et al. 2026 [Ref 7]).

### Structure-Activity Relationship Context

Eutylone belongs to the 3,4-methylenedioxy-substituted cathinone subclass. The methylenedioxy ring system confers partial entactogenic character (SERT activity) compared to non-oxygenated cathinones (Nadal-Gratacós et al. 2024 [Ref 29]). Eutylone differs from its structural parent methylone by having: (1) an N-ethyl instead of N-methyl amine group, and (2) an ethyl chain at the α-carbon instead of hydrogen. These modifications increase lipophilicity and sterically alter transporter binding, shifting activity away from the fuller MDMA-like serotonergic profile of methylone toward greater DAT selectivity (Nadal-Gratacós et al. 2024 [Ref 29]; Kuropka et al. 2022 [Ref 20]).

### Pharmacokinetics

**⚠ FLAG — No published human pharmacokinetic studies exist for eutylone.** No controlled studies have measured Tmax, half-life, bioavailability, plasma protein binding, or volume of distribution in humans or animals. The following is derived solely from forensic case blood concentrations and metabolite identification studies.

**Blood concentrations from forensic and clinical cases:**
- Postmortem blood (n = 67): mean 1,020 ng/mL; median 110 ng/mL; range 1.2–11,000 ng/mL (Krotulski et al. 2021 [Ref 2])
- Single fatal case (cardiac blood): 4,290 ng/g (Nakamura et al. 2022 [Ref 16])
- Non-fatal chemsex cases: 1,374 ng/mL (male) and 1,536 ng/mL (female) (Pelletier et al. 2024 [Ref 17])
- DUID cases (n = 7): mean 942 ng/mL; median 140 ng/mL; range 17–3,600 ng/mL (Krotulski et al. 2021 [Ref 2])

These data demonstrate an extremely wide range of blood concentrations in forensic cases, reflecting variable doses, routes of administration, time-since-dosing, and individual pharmacokinetic differences. No therapeutic index can be calculated from this data alone.

**Analytical stability note:** Synthetic cathinones carrying methylenedioxy rings (including eutylone) show higher degradation resistance in biological samples compared to non-methylenedioxy analogs (Aldubayyan et al. 2021 [Ref 31]). Acidification of samples is critical for stability. Blood concentrations at laboratory analysis may underestimate actual concentrations at time of ingestion.

---

## Metabolism

### Metabolic Pathways

Three complementary studies characterize eutylone metabolism:

**Krotulski et al. 2021 [Ref 2]** identified three eutylone metabolites in authentic human specimens: one metabolite unique to eutylone (functioning as a biomarker) and one shared with butylone. β-ketone reduction (hydrogenation at the keto group) was identified as the primary metabolic pathway.

**Yeh et al. 2025 [Ref 5]** (in vitro human liver microsome study using pooled HLM, cytosol, and UDPGA) identified key metabolic pathways for eutylone in Group 2 (dibutylone, pentylone, eutylone):
- N-dealkylation
- β-ketone reduction
- Aliphatic hydroxylation
- Demethylenation
- Glucuronide conjugation

β-ketone reduction product (M2) and demethylenation-then-O-methylation products (M3–M5) were confirmed as the most reliable urine detection targets. Analysis of 29 authentic urine samples confirmed these metabolites extend detection windows beyond the 50 ng/mL threshold (Yeh et al. 2025 [Ref 5]).

**Pelletier et al. 2024 [Ref 17]** (chemsex case; LC-HRMS with molecular networking) identified **16 phase I metabolites** (including hydroxylated and demethylated species) and multiple **phase II metabolites** (glucuroconjugates and sulfoconjugates) in blood samples from two cases. The same metabolite profile was found in both male and female subjects. A keto-reduced metabolite (m/z 238.144) was synthesized and quantified: 67 ng/mL (male) and 54 ng/mL (female).

**Pelletier et al. 2025 [Ref 4]** (ex vivo pig liver normothermic machine perfusion model) characterized eutylone metabolism and **biliary excretion**, providing data on hepatic extraction and biliary elimination routes. This is the first biliary excretion characterization for eutylone.

**CYP enzyme involvement:** No eutylone-specific CYP substrate/inhibition studies have been published. Based on metabolic pathways identified (N-dealkylation, hydroxylation), CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 involvement is inferred by structural analogy to methylone and related cathinones. ⚠ FLAG: CYP involvement is class inference, not substance-specific data.

---

## History

### Discovery and Synthesis

Eutylone was **first synthesized in 1967** in a patent filed by C.H. Boehringer Sohn AG & Co. KG (later Boehringer Ingelheim), published as GB patent 108513, titled "Aryl-α-aminoketone derivatives" [Ref 32 — chemical database, web-retrieved]. The compound was not developed for therapeutic use and did not enter clinical or pharmaceutical development after discovery.

### Emergence on Drug Markets

Eutylone **first appeared in drug market monitoring and was reported to the EMCDDA in 2014** (Kuropka et al. 2022 [Ref 20]; WHO ECDD 2021 [Ref 24]). Initial market prevalence was limited.

The compound re-emerged with substantially greater prevalence in **late 2018–early 2019**, following the rise and subsequent scheduling of the related compound N-ethyl pentylone (NEP/ephylone). Once NEP was federally scheduled by the US DEA in **August 2019**, market analysis identified a rapid shift toward eutylone as a structurally related, then-uncontrolled replacement (Krotulski et al. 2021 [Ref 2]; CFSRE public alert 2020 [Ref 25]).

**Market emergence timeline:**
- **1967:** First synthesized (GB patent 108513, Boehringer) [Ref 32]
- **2014:** First reported to EMCDDA [Ref 20, Ref 24]
- **Q2 2019:** First identified in US forensic casework [Ref 2]
- **August 2019:** DEA schedules NEP → eutylone market surge begins [Ref 2, Ref 25]
- **September 2019:** NPS Discovery first reports eutylone in US toxicology casework [Ref 2]
- **April 2020:** CFSRE/NPS Discovery and UNODC public alerts issued [Ref 25, Ref 33]
- **Jan 2019–Apr 2020:** 83 forensic cases confirmed in 13 US states (Krotulski et al. 2021 [Ref 2])
- **2021:** Most common cathinone identified by US DEA [Ref 25]; WHO ECDD review recommends scheduling [Ref 24]
- **2022:** WHO/EMCDDA schedule eutylone (Pelletier et al. 2024 [Ref 17])
- **2022/2023:** Eutylone ranks in top 3 most prevalent NPS globally in wastewater surveillance (Nadarajan et al. 2026 [Ref 34])

Eutylone is a **third-generation synthetic cathinone** — terminology used in behavioral pharmacology literature to denote cathinones emerging after the initial bath salt wave (mephedrone/MDPV generation) and the second-generation NEP wave (Jones et al. 2023 [Ref 26]; Manke et al. 2023 [Ref 10]).

---

## Subjective Effects

**⚠ No published controlled human dosing studies exist for eutylone.** All subjective effect characterization derives from:
1. WHO ECDD 44th meeting critical review (based on case reports and user surveys) [Ref 24]
2. Forensic case clinical presentations [Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 16, Ref 17]
3. Class-level evidence from cathinone reviews [Ref 22, Ref 18, Ref 27]
4. Animal behavioral pharmacology models [Ref 1, Ref 26, Ref 8, Ref 7, Ref 10]

### Effects Documented in WHO ECDD Critical Review [Ref 24]

**Desired/sought effects reported by users:**
- Euphoria
- Increased energy
- Social disinhibition
- Warm tingling sensations
- Empathy-like responses (SERT activity-mediated, likely attenuated vs. MDMA)

**Adverse/toxic effects documented in cases:**
- Insomnia, anxiety
- Tachycardia, hypertension
- Hyperthermia (potentially severe)
- Delirium, paranoia
- Visual hallucinations
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Nausea, vomiting
- Seizures
- Cardiac arrest / death

### Animal Behavioral Evidence

Eutylone produces dose-dependent locomotor stimulation in mice: ED₅₀ = 2 mg/kg sc — the most potent of the three structural isomers tested, and more potent than DMP (Glatfelter et al. 2021 [Ref 1]; Fogarty et al. 2025 [Ref 6]).

In female Sprague-Dawley rats (IP dosing 0, 3, 10, 18, 32 mg/kg), eutylone induced significant conditioned taste avoidance at all doses and conditioned place preference at most doses when controlling for initial side preference. Aversive and rewarding effects were not significantly correlated — suggesting they are mediated by partially independent mechanisms (Jones et al. 2023 [Ref 26]).

**Critical finding — unique subjective profile:** Multiple studies from the Riley group (2023–2026) demonstrate that eutylone's interoceptive effects are distinct from both cocaine and MDMA despite shared pharmacological mechanisms:
- Eutylone pre-exposure attenuated eutylone-induced taste avoidance but NOT cocaine- or MDMA-induced avoidance (Ardabili et al. 2025 [Ref 8])
- In female rats, eutylone history increased cocaine-induced place preference but had no impact on MDMA or eutylone place preference (Ardabili et al. 2026 [Ref 7])
- This "hybrid" pharmacological profile appears to generate a subjective experience that is neither purely stimulant (cocaine-like) nor purely entactogenic (MDMA-like)

### Duration

No published human duration data. **⚠ FLAG — editorial review required:** Structural analog inference from methylone and class-level data suggests duration of 2–4 hours (primary effects). This is low-confidence analog inference. No substance-specific human data exists.

---

## Safety & Toxicity

### Acute Toxicity

**Fatal single-use case (Nakamura et al. 2022 [Ref 16]):** A 32-year-old man experienced cardiac arrest after "several minutes of abnormal behavior" following a single use of eutylone. The only other drug detected was aripiprazole in the therapeutic range. Eutylone cardiac blood concentration: 4,290 ng/g. Autopsy revealed no remarkable injuries and no signs of rhabdomyolysis, suggesting the mechanism was likely acute cardiac arrhythmia rather than rhabdomyolysis-mediated organ failure. **This is the only published case confirming eutylone as sole causative agent in a fatality.**

**Forensic case series — 83 cases, US 2019–2020 (Krotulski et al. 2021 [Ref 2]):**
- 67 postmortem cases: mean blood 1,020 ng/mL (median 110 ng/mL; range 1.2–11,000 ng/mL)
- 7 DUID cases: mean blood 942 ng/mL (median 140 ng/mL; range 17–3,600 ng/mL)
- 22 postmortem cases with cause/manner of death data
- Cases from 13 states; Florida 60% of positives
- Most cases involved polydrug use

**Non-fatal chemsex cases (Pelletier et al. 2024 [Ref 17]):** Two subjects (38M, 29F) with blood concentrations of 1,374 ng/mL and 1,536 ng/mL survived their eutylone exposure without apparent fatal outcome.

**"Tusi"/"pink cocaine" adulterant (Moore et al. 2025 [Ref 14]):** Eutylone identified as a component in colored powder sold as "tusi" in 8 Miami-Dade fatality cases (2020–2024). Users often do not know they are consuming eutylone. In these cases, eutylone was combined with ketamine, MDMA, and other substances.

**LD₅₀:** No published LD₅₀ data in any species for eutylone. ⚠ FLAG: Safety-critical value absent from literature.

### Clinical Toxidrome

Based on Taiwan ED case series (Chen et al. 2021 [Ref 3]) and class-level evidence (WHO ECDD [Ref 24]; Daziani et al. 2023 [Ref 18]; Debruyne et al. 2014 [Ref 22]):

The methylenedioxy cathinone toxidrome combines sympathomimetic and serotonergic features:
- **Cardiovascular:** Tachycardia, hypertension, potential cardiac arrhythmia
- **Thermoregulatory:** Hyperthermia — can be severe and life-threatening in hot environments
- **Neurological/Psychiatric:** Agitation, confusion, delirium, paranoia, psychosis, visual hallucinations, seizures
- **Serotonergic:** Features of serotonin syndrome possible, given partial SERT substrate activity
- **Muscular:** Rhabdomyolysis → potential acute kidney injury
- **Gastrointestinal:** Nausea, vomiting

**⚠ FLAG:** The Taiwan ED case series (Chen et al. 2021 [Ref 3]) could not be fully extracted — no abstract was available via PubMed API and full text was not accessed. This paper likely contains the most clinically relevant symptom characterization. The generation agent should flag it for manual retrieval and direct content extraction.

### Neurotoxicity

No published eutylone-specific neurotoxicity studies. The systematic review by Daziani et al. (2023 [Ref 18]) documents synthetic cathinone class neurotoxic mechanisms: encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, excited/agitated delirium syndrome, serotonin syndrome risk in humans. Methylenedioxy cathinones appear to have moderate (not negligible) neurotoxicity in animal models, less severe than amphetamine congeners on a per-dose basis (Daziani et al. 2023 [Ref 18]; Altun & Çok 2020 — class-level review).

---

## Harm Reduction

**⚠ No published eutylone-specific harm reduction literature exists.** The following derives from case data and class-level evidence.

### Drug Checking and Identification
- Eutylone is **frequently misrepresented as MDMA/Ecstasy** and found in "tusi"/"pink cocaine" (Moore et al. 2025 [Ref 14]; Krotulski et al. 2021 [Ref 2]). Users may not know what they are consuming.
- Presumptive colorimetric reagent tests (Marquis, Simon's) will produce a positive reaction for the methylenedioxy moiety but **cannot distinguish eutylone from MDMA, methylone, or other structurally related compounds**. LC-MS/MS confirmation is required (Krotulski et al. 2021 [Ref 2]).
- Fentanyl test strips will not detect eutylone — they target opioids. Test strips designed for cathinone detection are not widely commercially available at point-of-care.
- Pelletier et al. (2024 [Ref 17]) describe LC-HRMS with molecular networking as the most comprehensive analytical approach for eutylone and metabolite identification.

### Risk Priority List
1. **Adulteration:** Most users receiving eutylone do not know they have it; it is disguised as MDMA or mixed into "tusi" powders [Ref 14, Ref 2]
2. **Hyperthermia:** Can be fatal, especially in hot, physically active environments (festivals). This is the primary life-threatening physiological mechanism in cathinone toxicity [Ref 22, Ref 18]
3. **Demonstrated single-use lethality:** Nakamura et al. 2022 [Ref 16] confirms eutylone can be fatal after a single dose with no polysubstance contribution
4. **No antidote:** No specific pharmacological reversal agent exists. Management extrapolated from cocaine/amphetamine/MDMA overdose protocols [Ref 22]
5. **Stability caveat:** Eutylone blood concentrations degrade post-collection; reported forensic concentrations may underestimate actual exposure [Ref 31]

### Emergency Response (Class-Inferred)
Supportive care, active temperature cooling, benzodiazepines for agitation/seizures, cardiac monitoring. Avoid catecholamine vasopressors where possible (arrhythmia risk). Apply serotonin syndrome protocol if applicable (cyproheptadine). **⚠ All emergency management guidance is class-inferred; no eutylone-specific clinical protocols have been published.**

---

## Tolerance & Dependence

### Abuse Potential (Animal Evidence)

- Eutylone induces conditioned place preference in rats at IP doses 3–32 mg/kg (Jones et al. 2023 [Ref 26]; Manke et al. 2023 [Ref 10]): confirms rewarding properties
- Rewarding and aversive effects are dissociable and dose-dependent (Jones et al. 2023 [Ref 26])
- Eutylone pre-exposure reduces eutylone's own subsequent aversive effects — consistent with tolerance developing specifically to the aversive component (Ardabili et al. 2025 [Ref 8])
- WHO ECDD 44th meeting assessment: "mode of action suggests the likelihood of abuse" [Ref 24]

### Class-Level Evidence

Synthetic cathinone self-administration has been documented in rats for multiple class members (Huskinson et al. 2017 [Ref 28]; Simmons et al. 2018 [Ref 27]). The dopaminergic mechanism (DAT inhibition) strongly predicts reinforcing efficacy, consistent with the well-established dopamine-dependence hypothesis of stimulant abuse.

### Withdrawal

No published eutylone withdrawal characterization in humans or animals. Class-level anecdotal reports for synthetic cathinones describe post-use fatigue, depression, anhedonia, and craving — no systematic study found for eutylone specifically.

**⚠ FLAG:** Tolerance and dependence sections are based entirely on animal model data and class inference. No human pharmacological data exists.

---

## Interactions

**⚠ No published drug interaction studies exist specifically for eutylone.** All risks below are mechanism-inferred from pharmacological profile.

| Combination | Risk Level | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| MAO inhibitors (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, selegiline, moclobemide) | ⚠ HIGH — safety-critical | MAOIs block catecholamine/serotonin degradation; combined with eutylone's DAT/SERT activity → risk of serotonin syndrome and hypertensive crisis |
| SSRIs / SNRIs | MODERATE–HIGH | Additive serotonergic stimulation; serotonin syndrome risk |
| Tryptamines, MDMA, methylone | MODERATE–HIGH | Additive serotonergic and dopaminergic load; compounded hyperthermia risk |
| Stimulants (cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine) | HIGH | Additive cardiovascular load: hypertension, arrhythmia, hyperthermia |
| CNS depressants (benzodiazepines, opioids, alcohol, GHB) | MODERATE | Depressants may mask stimulant overdose signs; polydrug pattern most common in forensic fatalities (Krotulski et al. 2021 [Ref 2]; Mohr et al. 2022 [Ref 19]) |
| Aripiprazole (dopamine partial agonist/antagonist) | UNCERTAIN | Both drugs present in the Nakamura 2022 fatal case [Ref 16]; aripiprazole's dopamine system modulation may have interacted with eutylone's strong DAT inhibition. Causality of interaction not established |

**⚠ FLAG:** All interaction risks are class-inferred based on mechanism. No controlled human interaction studies exist for eutylone. Values in this table are safety-critical inferences, not evidence-based characterizations.

---

## Legal Status

### United States
- **Schedule I** under the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. § 812)
- Controlled since **March 7, 2014** as a positional isomer of pentylone (itself Schedule I)
- **April 10, 2023:** DEA published Federal Register notice (88 FR 21101) [Ref 23] formally establishing a dedicated Controlled Substances Code Number for eutylone, solidifying its specific Schedule I listing

### United Kingdom
- **Class B** under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, via generic cathinone provisions
- Specific statutory instrument date for eutylone's named scheduling not confirmed during research. ⚠ FLAG for editorial confirmation.

### European Union / EMCDDA
- Monitored by EMCDDA Early Warning System since first report in **2014** (Kuropka et al. 2022 [Ref 20])
- WHO ECDD 44th meeting (October 2021) recommended eutylone for **Schedule II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971** [Ref 24]
- EMCDDA and WHO formally scheduled eutylone in **2022** (Pelletier et al. 2024 [Ref 17] confirms this date)
- Individual EU member state implementation varies

### Australia
- Listed as a controlled substance by the Australian Office of Drug Control (ODC) [web-retrieved — could not confirm specific scheduling date]

### New Zealand
- Controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 (covered by cathinone provisions)
- One of the highest mass load NPS detected in New Zealand wastewater surveillance, consistent with significant use (Bade et al. 2023 [Ref 9]; Nadarajan et al. 2026 [Ref 34])
- Specific scheduling date for eutylone not confirmed during research

### International
- **Not controlled** under the 1961, 1971, or 1988 UN Conventions prior to the 2021 WHO ECDD recommendation [Ref 24]
- WHO ECDD 44th meeting (October 2021) recommendation for Schedule II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 triggers scheduling implementation across member states [Ref 24]

---

## Clinical Trials

No clinical trials for eutylone were found on ClinicalTrials.gov (searched 2026-05-07). This is expected given Schedule I status and absence of proposed therapeutic applications.

---

## Community Feedback Analysis

No community feedback was submitted in Part A2 of the brief.

---

## Gaps & Flags

### Safety-Critical Values Not Confirmed by Published Sources

1. **LD₅₀:** Not published in any species. Forensic postmortem blood data exists but no formal toxicity threshold can be established. ⚠ Safety-critical gap.
2. **Interaction risks:** All drug interaction data is mechanism-inferred. No controlled studies. ⚠ Safety-critical gap.
3. **Dose ranges:** No controlled human dosing studies. Any dose range proposed in the article must be flagged as structural analog inference from methylone and class data. ⚠ Safety-critical flag for editorial review.
4. **Duration:** No human controlled data. Structural analog inference only.

### Contradictions Between Sources
- One web source cited molecular formula C₁₂H₁₅NO₃ — **contradicts PubChem (C₁₃H₁₇NO₃)**. PubChem is authoritative; the web source is in error.

### Data Gaps Requiring Human Review
5. **Taiwan ED case series (Chen et al. 2021 [Ref 3]):** No abstract available via PubMed. Full text needed for clinical presentation data. This is likely the most important clinical case series.
6. **Stereoisomer pharmacology:** Not characterized for eutylone. Unknown whether the racemic mixture or a single enantiomer drives primary effects.
7. **CYP enzyme involvement:** Not published for eutylone. Class inference (CYP3A4, CYP2D6) only.
8. **Human pharmacokinetics:** No Tmax, half-life, or bioavailability data in any published study.
9. **UK specific scheduling date:** Not confirmed; general Class B status confirmed but date not retrieved.
10. **New Zealand specific scheduling date:** Not confirmed; controlled status under MDA 1975 assumed.
11. **Withdrawal characterization:** No animal or human data.
12. **Neurotoxicity:** No eutylone-specific data; class-level inference only.

### Sections Relying Primarily on Structural Analogy / Class Inference
- Duration estimates
- Dose range estimates
- Withdrawal profile
- CYP inhibition/induction interactions
- Neurotoxicity magnitude
- Most "Harm Reduction" guidance

### Notes for Generation Agent
- The brief's pharmacological class field says "Monoamine releasing agent, Dopamine reuptake inhibitor" — this requires nuance: eutylone is primarily a **reuptake inhibitor at DAT and NET** (not a full releasing agent there), and only a **weak partial releasing agent at SERT**. The brief seed data oversimplifies the mechanism; generation agent should use the Glatfelter 2021 [Ref 1] characterization.
- Do not describe eutylone as equivalent to MDMA in its entactogenic profile — the animal behavioral evidence strongly suggests a distinct and intermediate subjective character.
- The Pelletier 2024 chemsex paper [Ref 17] is open access and may be the most accessible full-text for generation purposes.