Δ-11-Tetrahydrocannabinol

arrhythmia disorders, coronary artery disease, heart failure

Estrada et al. (1987) demonstrated that Δ-9,11-THC potentiates epinephrine-induced arrhythmias in anesthetized rats. Both Δ9-THC and Δ-9,11-THC produced cardiovascular adverse effects not observed with vehicle alone. Individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions may be at elevated risk, though this interaction has not been confirmed in humans.

schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, history of psychotic episodes

CB1 agonists as a class are associated with precipitation and exacerbation of psychotic symptoms in vulnerable individuals. Although Δ-9,11-THC's CB1 activity is weak and no substance-specific psychiatric adverse events have been reported, the risk cannot be excluded. No human data exist.

pregnancy, breastfeeding

No reproductive toxicity data exist for Δ-9,11-THC. Cannabinoids as a class are known to cross the placental barrier and are excreted in breast milk. Given the complete absence of safety data, exposure during pregnancy or lactation cannot be considered safe.

concurrent epinephrine administration, concurrent sympathomimetic use

Estrada et al. (1987) documented that both Δ9-THC and Δ-9,11-THC potentiated epinephrine-induced pressor effects and arrhythmias in anesthetized rats. Whether this interaction extends to therapeutic or recreational sympathomimetic use in humans is unknown, but the finding warrants caution in any setting involving concurrent adrenergic stimulation.