AL-LAD

N6-allyl-6-norlysergic acid diethylamide

6Node page

what any key link opens

psx:substance/al-lad/claim/dc82c54d-72d6-482c-8455-d410918b2382

claim2026-04-25workinginconclusive

derived from · upstream

usedsrc/doi:10.1017/S003329172000389Xpsx:substance/al-lad/src/doi:10.1017/S003329172000389X

feeds · downstream

informed_bysection/safety.full@1psx:substance/al-lad/section/safety.full@1

psx:substance/al-lad/claim/dc82c54d-72d6-482c-8455-d410918b2382
├─ used  src/doi:10.1017/S003329172000389X
  ├─ informed_by  claim/e55f5f4a-ca88-443a-8bbd-aa2dab31e402  Claim in safety — supported
  ├─ informed_by  claim/2fe6089b-a0c7-4f7d-b940-5ca5714c0216  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
  ├─ informed_by  claim/57b62a51-b1ed-4e1c-9f3f-ece8ac6578ed  Claim in safety — supported
  ├─ informed_by  claim/96befc8b-2435-4a7f-a6de-bf6f9f87c9ac  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
  ├─ informed_by  claim/8b84b722-f5c5-4a93-90b2-a73de58a765e  Claim in safety — supported
  ├─ informed_by  claim/f315dbba-f08c-4523-b95f-db00ba4c42e4  Claim in safety — supported
  ├─ informed_by  claim/c1207179-94cd-434c-8ae2-f80dc5ef8efc  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
  ├─ informed_by  claim/ab55f192-20be-4154-a1c2-6b4ed8c3b09c  Claim in safety — supported
  ├─ informed_by  claim/0b08dbbf-398f-4f42-b3f9-36c6cc38ff92  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
  ├─ informed_by  claim/6b697cd0-c7de-4043-930c-e6e571fa97c9  Claim in safety — partially_supported
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/dta.1985  Return of the lysergamides. Part II: Analytical and behavioural characterization of N6-allyl-6-norlysergic acid diethylamide (AL-LAD) and (2'S,4'S)-lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide (LSZ)
    ├─ used  src/pmid:987200  Studies on lysergic acid diethylamide and related compounds. IV. Syntheses of various amide derivatives of norlysergic acid and related compounds
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1021/jm00147a022  Synthesis and LSD-like discriminative stimulus properties in a series of N(6)-alkyl norlysergic acid N,N-diethylamide derivatives
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/dta.1884  Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-propionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD)
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/hup.2599  Genie in a blotter: A comparative study of LSD and LSD analogues' effects and user profile
    ├─ used  src/pmid:14761703  Hallucinogens
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00170  Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance among Psychedelic and Nonpsychedelic 5-HT2A Receptor Agonists in Mice
    ├─ used  src/url:8af941cfe35a1957  TiHKAL: The Continuation
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1177/2045125314559539  Legal highs: staying on top of the flood of novel psychoactive substances
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/dta.3397  Analytical profile of the lysergamide 1cP-AL-LAD and detection of impurities
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/dta.3281  Analytical profile, in vitro metabolism and behavioral properties of the lysergamide 1P-AL-LAD
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s00216-018-1558-9  In vitro metabolic fate of nine LSD-based new psychoactive substances and their analytical detectability in different urinary screening procedures
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44016-1  Identification of 5-HT2A receptor signaling pathways associated with psychedelic potential
    ├─ used  src/pmid:7568626  LSD and structural analogs: pharmacological evaluation at D1 dopamine receptors
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/dta.2222  Return of the lysergamides. Part IV: Analytical and pharmacological characterization of lysergic acid morpholide (LSM-775)
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.033  Crystal Structure of an LSD-Bound Human Serotonin Receptor
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009019  Psychedelics and the human receptorome
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5055-9  Pharmacological characterization of the LSD analog N-ethyl-N-cyclopropyl lysergamide (ECPLA)
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/cpt.2057  Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Microdoses in Healthy Participants
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107856  Pharmacological and biotransformation studies of 1-acyl-substituted derivatives of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1177/02698811221099650  Adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical treatment seeking following the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/7854_2016_457  A Review of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and an Exploratory Study of Subjects Claiming Symptoms of HPPD
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82216-x  Neuropsychological profiles of patients suffering from hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD): A comparative analysis with psychedelic-using and non-using controls
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1177/0897190013504957  Serotonin syndrome: is it a reason to avoid the use of tramadol with antidepressants?
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05999-1  Psychedelic experience dose-dependently modulated by cannabis: results of a prospective online survey
    ├─ used  src/url:ce61133913ed190a  AL-LAD legal status — Wikipedia, PsychonautWiki, AddictionResource
    ├─ derived_from  gen/be2617be-804a-4f00-a803-c82821c18e0f  Generation — pipeline-v5
    ├─ generated_by  pub/710be766-70ab-48ca-9b53-42fb14ad18f5  Publication — backfill
      ├─ used  search/171fbce6-d78a-4633-be3d-31374ffb0d96  Searched PubChem for "AL-LAD"
      ├─ used  search/1e4d013c-2f37-4e4e-9a63-f323d831efc4  Searched PubMed for "AL-LAD lysergamide pharmacology"
      ├─ used  search/77b38d1c-ef8e-49e6-be50-ebe0c2d2d485  Searched OpenAlex for "AL-LAD N-allyl-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide"
      ├─ used  search/3f215451-14b9-4899-b64c-a3a8443c7f42  Searched ClinicalTrials.gov for "AL-LAD lysergamide"
      ├─ used  search/79b3fd24-ae69-4f1c-9aa2-11aa23a2c789  Searched PubMed for "PMID 27265891"
      ├─ used  search/3095bbc0-50b1-465f-ab2b-569145fc8763  Searched PubMed for "PMID 30298278"
      ├─ used  search/bde3a9ff-796f-4eb9-a4d7-3f1ad2c4a2b5  Searched PubMed for "PMID 31756337"
      ├─ used  search/53cd13c7-804b-4002-a13b-aaf5546da3a9  Searched PubMed for "PMID 30617391"
      ├─ used  search/294e3c40-fffd-4a27-bfbd-403af50197a6  Searched OpenAlex for "AL-LAD lysergamide receptor binding pharmacology"
      ├─ used  search/b128b227-c22a-4f9a-84e6-4e0e7b6f5e76  Searched WebSearch for "AL-LAD legal status scheduling UK USA Europe Canada Australia 2024"
      ├─ used  search/225ca653-8f89-4265-a6ef-74a18ed56eda  Searched PubMed for "PMID 28517366"
      ├─ used  search/e69a1d33-461b-45cf-9b22-a49b689dee59  Searched WebFetch for "wikidoc AL-LAD"
      ├─ used  search/b7659689-ec3b-4cd4-8bd9-478fe0bc615f  Searched PubMed for "HPPD hallucinogen persisting perception disorder psychedelic LSD"
      ├─ used  search/a7724d56-7798-4888-8fce-eed6b1da3df7  Searched PubMed for "PMID 28585392 (LSM-775 Part IV)"
      ├─ used  search/1554d365-4cfd-4463-b8ee-40eec3ba96a2  Searched PubMed for "PMID 32975835 (Holze LSD microdose PK)"
      ├─ used  search/8685bba0-e2a3-40be-8e46-3a31021fbe5a  Searched WebSearch for "AL-LAD first synthesis Nichols 1984 TIHKAL history N6-allyl-nor-lysergic acid"
      ├─ used  search/853fc636-9542-4e0f-8f6f-74da4c49d263  Searched Crossref/PubMed for "DOI 10.1021/jm00147a022 / PMID 987200"
      ├─ used  search/54981790-543c-4254-876d-a9206fc032b5  Searched Crossref for "DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.033 (Wacker LSD crystal structure)"
      ├─ used  search/b8bbe6ea-9bf4-4856-9692-ae92c17c4ac4  Searched PubMed for "PMID 14761703 (Nichols 2004 hallucinogens review)"
      ├─ used  search/654e9d6a-b028-4eb5-a74e-ccc12c2119f9  Searched PubMed for "PMID 37968919 (Schifano 2023 NPS update)"
      ├─ used  search/3e516a35-513d-4a11-a272-2683fc2e8d07  Searched PubMed for "PMID 35672900 (Kopra 2022 LSD adverse events)"
      ├─ used  search/d704d12b-9a72-4a35-927e-b9e1d6604cfd  Searched PubMed for "HPPD hallucinogen persisting perception disorder psychedelic LSD"
      ├─ used  search/b5f24716-9fbe-444a-86d5-29515b76dd83  Searched PubMed for "serotonin syndrome tramadol antidepressant interaction"
      └─ used  search/833410ba-1cce-43aa-bb17-cca594b99055  Searched OpenAlex for "novel psychoactive substances lysergamide AL-LAD ETH-LAD user survey"
├─ informed_by  section/safety.full@1
  ├─ used  version/1  Revision 1
  ├─ used  claim/6a9b2b16-a863-478f-8004-4640764d5a13  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
    ├─ derived_from  issue/notice@b90cab31cadf  Issued notice
    ├─ derived_from  issue/info_card@e7adeb53148a  Issued info_card
    ├─ derived_from  issue/emergency@3f0909c25c71  Issued emergency
    ├─ derived_from  issue/notice@9a96b1160ba9  Issued notice
    ├─ derived_from  issue/info_card@bf3ceb287133  Issued info_card
    ├─ derived_from  issue/emergency@c15c760aabf6  Issued emergency
      ├─ used  claim/d608efa0-0d69-432a-a270-01b734958268  Claim in summary — supported
      ├─ used  claim/c0c993b2-2123-4df2-8a9a-57b630b31787  Claim in summary — supported
      ├─ used  claim/e8dff8bd-a812-43be-8927-ef68e10d8b33  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/db12a2df-a820-459b-94f6-39808b6f90a9  Claim in history — supported
      ├─ used  claim/c544cc5b-3055-42f4-a923-352ce2d0c724  Claim in receptor-pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/4d7ac77d-fa70-4195-83be-7e7692341529  Claim in clinical-evidence — supported
      ├─ used  claim/da491c44-ffa5-4612-8d99-a2d43aff47a0  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/eb179e35-3432-4c2c-911b-4d4e5681531b  Claim in neuroscience — supported
      ├─ used  claim/9d6b8b4d-6fd4-49bb-a412-508ecf9bf101  Claim in legal-status — supported
      ├─ used  claim/0767de3b-1048-40d0-95f0-18b322d39f1d  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/d09bddb8-a942-4d1b-8b38-3c2bdc73377e  Claim in history — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/a0fd0cab-417c-46d3-9f3f-682bf8f22c11  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/5a57ba28-4571-455e-a5b9-92d8c3773e48  Claim in chemistry — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/8d0a04b3-2027-4290-bd34-23bc56bc91fd  Claim in history — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/dcb43a60-c345-4d50-a159-34ac306ae70f  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/7cedd557-0245-44fb-891f-96b51614aa31  Claim in summary — supported
      ├─ used  claim/d0df941f-2b87-4ab9-94e9-3e001f597979  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/1661b5c9-fc5f-4bc0-8044-c6653c2943d8  Claim in clinical-evidence — supported
      ├─ used  claim/07439b2a-e741-4229-bcad-34fef9a514f8  Claim in summary — supported
      ├─ used  claim/acc07d59-85de-4e1d-8f80-d437651c1729  Claim in clinical-evidence — supported
      ├─ used  claim/32c48641-12bc-4a0f-a8e3-2e81e8a9da9d  Claim in effects-overview — supported
      ├─ used  claim/b4288dd9-ff9f-4551-875d-adabf53ec2a3  Claim in summary — supported
      ├─ used  claim/98b2867c-75b3-4ab2-8abd-96a505963e65  Claim in summary — supported
      ├─ used  claim/9cc0f65f-5c93-44c3-9591-ba212ecaf87e  Claim in neuroscience — supported
      ├─ used  claim/cd486f55-f5c7-4623-89b6-a2e0725c5f3f  Claim in history — supported
      ├─ used  claim/bb99687d-930b-4933-afd9-31a468d35b28  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/6798d42d-189f-4ed3-ac56-478427d88411  Claim in chemistry — supported
      ├─ used  claim/d7bb5549-4469-46d2-8639-09e5fb9d04d8  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — supported
      ├─ used  claim/6b9c925b-bcb2-41e2-b1f5-aef8f20f8f02  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/4b2de04f-d174-4e19-852f-4219b56615ac  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/0bb2fa7a-55a9-458a-b65d-f3d6df8e439d  Claim in legal-status — supported
      ├─ used  claim/dc91cfca-2b9b-4c02-bc5f-694e85878478  Claim in clinical-evidence — supported
      ├─ used  claim/078b3d04-13d1-4721-b40d-9ad1eef46c9a  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/a7370a91-de02-4a35-af6e-1f5ff963869b  Claim in chemistry — supported
      ├─ used  claim/d4f93a4e-b69e-4ace-b99f-02d972634cd7  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — supported
      ├─ used  claim/2b9d57eb-64dc-49c5-a603-f7bbf76eb589  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — supported
      ├─ used  claim/09037417-37d4-4847-96c3-91cf2fb11e04  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/2dba690e-2bb3-40ff-b3fa-374d440c94dc  Claim in receptor-pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/ab9fcb54-bcd8-4d50-a9bc-7595272cc83b  Claim in neuroscience — supported
      ├─ used  claim/edfa1ffd-140a-499d-9b72-b766c256f1f6  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/1c4f30d1-9338-49e0-9bda-06d14bc05b4c  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/107c80f2-dc2d-4a27-a915-714a74af146c  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/7def5339-e70b-4521-b049-9363c07a5ead  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — supported
      ├─ used  claim/d5a042eb-aa4a-4c3d-8fa7-fe1b0d5cb36b  Claim in receptor-pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/336c9b57-eb5f-4472-8ce1-df9994e47e29  Claim in receptor-pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/9484fb23-cb66-4546-aa45-073cf5d17f68  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — supported
      └─ used  claim/b82364aa-a165-405c-ac86-4014d2ad7695  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — supported
… closure truncated at 200 nodes

indented by distance from this node, not by parentage

1Provenance card

the boundary, as counts

Sources

2722 with DOI

3 strong · 21 moderate · 3 weak

Compilations

22026-04-25T02:06:42.607Z

pipeline-v5 · prompt hash not recorded — run predates 2026-09

Decisions

31last ruled 2026-06-04

0 awaiting a ruling

Issued documents

62026-10-19T20:30:27.828Z

notice · info card · emergency

Searches

241 with no results

queries and counts on the build

Claims checked

5947 supported

47 supported · 12 not

Correspondence

0received

consent field ships in Phase 4

Edges

217

derivations recorded for this entity

Complete over 27 sources, 2 compilations, and 31 decisions.Not here: the private journal (never).Working material — drafts, discards, unsupported claims — is listed below and readable on the working page.Cite: psychedex.org/substances/al-lad/archive

2Build

one panel per compilation run

generation run 2026-04-24

71 min completedmodel not recordedplan not recordedrun/c2cd6391…

research

no artifact

draft

no artifact

audit

no artifact

verify

no artifact

simplify

no artifact

publish

no artifact

Selection

results seen0

selected by the model0

consumed as sources27

Verification

claims checked0

supported0

partially supported0

not supported0

inconclusive0

record
seen / partial
working

The model's own caveats

none raised on this run

Reproduce

inputs: 27 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan: not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model: not recorded
streams: none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward

generation run 2026-04-25

54 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/9c7e4a5d…

Selection

results seen108

selected by the model43

consumed as sources27

Verification

claims checked59

supported46

partially supported1

not supported0

inconclusive12

record
seen / partial
working

The model's own caveats

sparse_evidence
structural_inference
community_derived

Reproduce

inputs: 27 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan: not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model: pipeline-v5
streams: none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward

24 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why

24 searches for this run
#	source	query	seen	kept	rationale
1	PubChem	AL-LAD	1	1	Only result; verified chemical identity data.
2	PubMed	AL-LAD lysergamide pharmacology	5	5	All directly relevant to AL-LAD pharmacology, analytical chemistry, or metabolism.
3	PubMed	PMID 28517366	1	1	Only published user-report comparative study including AL-LAD.
4	OpenAlex	AL-LAD lysergamide receptor binding pharmacology	21	4	Selected for mechanism context and lysergamide class pharmacology.
5	PubMed	PMID 30298278	1	1	Contains receptor binding data for lysergamides contextually relevant to AL-LAD.
6	ClinicalTrials.gov · absence	AL-LAD lysergamide	0	0	No trials found; confirms absence of formal clinical investigations.
7	PubMed	PMID 30617391	1	1	Primary source for AL-LAD CYP metabolism data.
8	OpenAlex	AL-LAD N-allyl-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide	22	6	Selected papers relevant to lysergamide pharmacology, NPS context, and AL-LAD specifically.
9	PubMed	PMID 27265891	1	1	Primary source for AL-LAD behavioral pharmacology and analytical characterization.
10	WebSearch	AL-LAD legal status scheduling UK USA Europe Canada Australia 2024	10	2	Legal status data not available via academic APIs.
11	PubMed	HPPD hallucinogen persisting perception disorder psychedelic LSD	8	3	Relevant to safety and adverse effects section for serotonergic psychedelics class.
12	PubMed	PMID 31756337	1	1	Provides receptor binding context for lysergamide class.
13	WebFetch	wikidoc AL-LAD	1	3	Confirmed CAS number and TIHKAL attribution.
14	PubMed	PMID 32975835 (Holze LSD microdose PK)	1	1	Best available LSD pharmacokinetics as comparator for AL-LAD (no AL-LAD human PK data available).
15	PubMed	PMID 35672900 (Kopra 2022 LSD adverse events)	1	1	Evidence for LSD-class adverse event profile applicable to AL-LAD.
16	Crossref	DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.033 (Wacker LSD crystal structure)	1	1	Landmark paper for ergoline receptor binding mechanism.
17	PubMed	PMID 37968919 (Schifano 2023 NPS update)	1	1	Recent NPS review including AL-LAD.
18	OpenAlex	novel psychoactive substances lysergamide AL-LAD ETH-LAD user survey	5	1	Key user-report data for subjective effects comparison.
19	Crossref/PubMed	DOI 10.1021/jm00147a022 / PMID 987200	2	2	Verified both synthesis history papers.
20	WebSearch	AL-LAD first synthesis Nichols 1984 TIHKAL history N6-allyl-nor-lysergic acid	10	2	Primary source for synthesis history of AL-LAD.
21	PubMed	PMID 28585392 (LSM-775 Part IV)	1	1	Provides functional receptor assay data comparable to AL-LAD.
22	PubMed	serotonin syndrome tramadol antidepressant interaction	4	1	Supports tramadol/AL-LAD dangerous interaction classification.
23	PubMed	PMID 14761703 (Nichols 2004 hallucinogens review)	1	1	Landmark review for hallucinogen class pharmacology and safety profile.
24	PubMed	HPPD hallucinogen persisting perception disorder psychedelic LSD	8	2	HPPD risk documentation relevant to safety section.

59 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source

safety12 · 6 ok

The serotonergic psychedelic class is considered physiologically safe at recreational doses, with no established lethal dose in humanssupported
Comprehensive review: hallucinogens are physiologically safe and do not produce dependence. pmid:14761703
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Risk factors include pre-existing anxiety disorders, tinnitus, and prior perceptual abnormalitiessupported
May predict vulnerability: pre-existing anxiety, tinnitus, floaters. 7854_2016_457
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
De la Fuente Revenga et al. demonstrated that repeated administration of 5-HT₂A agonists produces progressive tolerance via 5-HT₂A receptor downregulation in frontal cortex, with cross-tolerance between psychedelic compounds (DOI and LSD confirmed)supported
Repeated DOI administration induces HTR tolerance via 5-HT2A receptor down-regulation. Cross-tolerance between DOI and LSD. acschemneuro.2c00170
Hallucinogens as a class do not engage the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway as a primary mechanism, and do not produce compulsive drug-seeking behaviour, dose escalation, or withdrawal syndromessupported
Comprehensive review: hallucinogens are physiologically safe and do not produce dependence. pmid:14761703
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Cannabis modulates the psychedelic experience in a dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by Kuc et al. in a prospective online survey (n = 321)supported
Cannabis modulates psychedelic experience in dose-dependent manner; design limitations prevent causal inferences. s00213-021-05999-1
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Relative: * Cardiovascular conditions — class-level transient sympathomimetic effects (increased heart rate, blood pressure) * Concurrent tramadol use — serotonin syndrome risk * Concurrent MAOI use — serotonin syndrome risk * Pre-existing anxiety or mood disorders — increased risk of acute psychological distress; may also be a risk factor for HPPD * Pregnancy — no teratogenicity data exist for AL-LAD; standard precautionary contraindicationpartially supported
HPPD review: rare, two types (brief flashbacks vs chronic). May predict vulnerability: pre-existing anxiety, tinnitus, floaters. 7854_2016_457

pharmacology8 · 8 ok

Pretreatment with the selective 5-HT₂A antagonist M100907 abolished the HTR induced by lysergamides in this series, confirming receptor-level mediation.supported
5-HT2A mechanism via M100907 blockade. dta.1884
Brandt et al. characterized AL-LAD's dose-response function in the HTR assay, observing an inverted U-shaped curve with maximal response at 200 µg/kg and an ED₅₀ of 174.9 nmol/kgsupported
Head-twitch response in C57BL/6J mice. AL-LAD ED50=174.9 nmol/kg. dta.1985
Wallach et al. demonstrated that 5-HT₂A–Gq/11 coupling — not β-arrestin2 recruitment — predicts hallucinogen-like behavioural effects, with a threshold level of Gq activation required to produce the HTRsupported
5-HT2A-Gq (not beta-arrestin2) signaling predicts psychedelic potential. Threshold Gq activation required for psychedelic-like effects. s41467-023-44016-1
Watts et al. demonstrated that LSD and structural analogs bind D₂-like receptors in rat striatum with affinity comparable to their 5-HT₂ binding, and approximately 2–3-fold lower affinity at D₁ receptors. AL-LAD's dopaminergic activity is inferred from this class-level data.supported
Affinity for D2-like receptors similar to 5-HT2 sites. D1 affinity 2-3 fold lower. pmid:7568626
5-HT₁A receptors: Partial agonism at 5-HT₁A is characteristic of the ergoline class. The related lysergamide LSM-775 exhibited functional 5-HT₁A agonism sufficient to mask its 5-HT₂A-mediated effects in the HTR assay, illustrating how 5-HT₁A activity can modulate the net pharmacological profile of lysergamides.supported
LSM-775 acts as nonselective agonist at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A. HTR suppressed by 5-HT1A masking 5-HT2A activity. dta.2222
Wacker et al. solved the crystal structure of LSD bound to the human 5-HT₂B receptor, revealing that extracellular loop 2 (EL2) forms a "lid" over the binding pocket that restricts ligand dissociationsupported
Crystal structure of LSD in complex with 5-HT2B receptor. EL2 lid mechanism explains LSD slow binding kinetics and prolonged effect duration. j.cell.2016.12.033
Wagmann et al. investigated AL-LAD's metabolic fate using pooled human liver S9 fractionssupported
pHLS9 metabolism of nine LSD derivatives. AL-LAD metabolized by CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. s00216-018-1558-9
Brandt et al. confirmed AL-LAD as the most abundant metabolite when 1P-AL-LAD was incubated with pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM), and identified fourteen total metabolites of the 1P-AL-LAD/AL-LAD system: hydroxylation of the core ring and N6-allyl group, dihydrodiol formation, N-dealkylation, N1-deacylation, dehydrogenation, and combinations thereof.supported
1P-AL-LAD converts to AL-LAD as most abundant metabolite in pHLM (prodrug). 14 metabolites: hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, N1-deacylation, dihydrodiol formation. dta.3281

summary8 · 6 ok

It functions as a serotonin 5-HT₂A receptor agonist with an in vivo potency approximately 75% that of LSD (ED₅₀ = 174.9 nmol/kg vs. 132.8 nmol/kg for LSD in the mouse head-twitch response assay)supported
AL-LAD ED50=174.9 nmol/kg; LSD ED50=132.8 nmol/kg. 5-HT2A mechanism confirmed. dta.1985
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The compound entered the new psychoactive substances (NPS) market in 2013 as a blotter-distributed research chemicalsupported
AL-LAD and LSZ appeared on NPS market in 2013. dta.1985
AL-LAD's psychedelic activity is mediated through 5-HT₂A receptor agonism, confirmed by blockade of the head-twitch response with the selective antagonist M100907 in the lysergamide seriessupported
5-HT2A mechanism via M100907 blockade. dta.1884
The experiential profile — encompassing visual, cognitive, and transpersonal domains — is inferred from shared 5-HT₂A pharmacology and a single comparative user survey reporting effects similar to but weaker than LSDsupported
Survey study describing self-reported patterns of use and effects of LSD analogues (AL-LAD, 1P-LSD, ETH-LAD) and characteristics of users. hup.2599
The serotonergic psychedelic class is considered physiologically safe at recreational doses, with no established lethal dose in humanssupported
Comprehensive review: hallucinogens are physiologically safe and do not produce dependence. pmid:14761703
Tolerance develops rapidly via 5-HT₂A receptor downregulation and cross-generalizes to other serotonergic psychedelicssupported
Repeated DOI administration induces HTR tolerance via 5-HT2A receptor down-regulation. Cross-tolerance between DOI and LSD. acschemneuro.2c00170

comparative-pharmacology5 · 4 ok

Brandt et al. and the Halberstadt/Nichols group have characterized multiple lysergamides using the mouse HTR assay under identical experimental conditions, enabling direct potency comparisons:supported
Head-twitch response in C57BL/6J mice. AL-LAD ED50=174.9 nmol/kg; LSD ED50=132.8 nmol/kg. dta.1985
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The allyl group in AL-LAD is unique within this series for its unsaturated terminal carbon, which may influence both receptor binding geometry and metabolic fate (providing a site for epoxidation and hydroxylation).supported
14 metabolites: hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, N1-deacylation, dihydrodiol formation. dta.3281
Brandt et al. confirmed this relationship using pooled human liver microsomes, identifying AL-LAD as the most abundant metabolite of 1P-AL-LAD incubationsupported
1P-AL-LAD converts to AL-LAD as most abundant metabolite in pHLM (prodrug). dta.3281
This prodrug relationship parallels the established 1P-LSD → LSD conversion and reflects a common NPS market strategy of distributing 1-acyl-substituted lysergamides to circumvent scheduling of the parent compounds.supported
ALD-52, 1P-LSD, 1B-LSD act as prodrugs for LSD. 1-acyl substitution reduces monoamine receptor affinity 1-2 orders of magnitude. j.neuropharm.2019.107856

pharmacokinetic-detail5 · 5 ok

Holze et al. conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of LSD microdoses (5, 10, and 20 µg oral) in healthy participants (n = 24):supported
LSD microdose (5-20 µg) PK: Tmax=1.1h, t1/2=2.7h. Threshold psychotropic effect at 10 µg. cpt.2057
The discrepancy between LSD's short plasma half-life (2.7 h) and its prolonged duration of subjective effects (8–12 h) is explained by the EL2 lid mechanism described by Wacker et al., which restricts ligand dissociation from the 5-HT₂A/₂B binding pocketsupported
EL2 lid mechanism explains LSD slow binding kinetics and prolonged effect duration. Mutation of lid accelerates LSD binding kinetics. j.cell.2016.12.033
Wagmann et al. identified the primary metabolizing enzymes as CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 using pooled human liver S9 fractionssupported
pHLS9 metabolism of nine LSD derivatives. AL-LAD metabolized by CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. s00216-018-1558-9
Brandt et al. identified fourteen metabolites of the 1P-AL-LAD/AL-LAD system in pHLM incubations, including hydroxylation products, dihydrodiols (suggesting epoxide intermediate formation), and combination metabolites arising from sequential phase I reactions.supported
14 metabolites: hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, N1-deacylation, dihydrodiol formation. dta.3281
The parent compound was not detectable in rat urine at expected recreational doses using standard immunoassay or HPLC-MS screening proceduressupported
Parent compound not detectable in rat urine at recreational doses. s00216-018-1558-9

clinical-evidence4 · 4 ok

In vitro metabolism profiling using human liver S9 fractions (CYP1A2, CYP3A4)supported
pHLS9 metabolism of nine LSD derivatives. AL-LAD metabolized by CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. s00216-018-1558-9
5-HT₂A receptor mediation confirmed via M100907 antagonist blockade in the lysergamide seriessupported
5-HT2A mechanism via M100907 blockade. dta.1884
The sole published human data source is a cross-sectional survey conducted by Coney et al. via the Global Drug Survey platformsupported
Survey study describing self-reported patterns of use and effects of LSD analogues (AL-LAD, 1P-LSD, ETH-LAD) and characteristics of users. hup.2599
HTR dose-response characterization in C57BL/6J mice (ED₅₀ = 174.9 nmol/kg)supported
Head-twitch response in C57BL/6J mice. AL-LAD ED50=174.9 nmol/kg. dta.1985

history4 · 2 ok

Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
AL-LAD entered the commercial NPS market in 2013, sold as a tartrate salt on blotter paper in both powdered and blotter formsupported
AL-LAD and LSZ appeared on NPS market in 2013. dta.1985
Its emergence coincided with a broader wave of novel lysergamides — including 1P-LSD, ETH-LAD, and LSZ — marketed as legal alternatives to LSD in jurisdictions where the parent compound was controlled.supported
Review of NPS categories: stimulants, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, dissociatives, classic hallucinogen analogs. 81 new substances identified in 2013. 2045125314559539

receptor-pharmacology4 · 4 ok

The receptor pharmacology presented below is reconstructed entirely from: (a) the HTR assay confirming 5-HT₂A-mediated activity; (b) class-level ergoline receptor pharmacology; and (c) data from structurally related lysergamides characterized by the Brandt/Halberstadt/Nichols research group.supported
Head-twitch response in C57BL/6J mice. AL-LAD ED50=174.9 nmol/kg; LSD ED50=132.8 nmol/kg. 5-HT2A mechanism confirmed. dta.1985
Ray's comprehensive receptorome screening demonstrated that LSD and related ergolines interact with dozens of receptor targets across the serotonergic, dopaminergic, and adrenergic familiessupported
Receptor affinity pharmacology of 25 psychedelic drugs at 51 receptors/transporters/ion channels (NIMH-PDSP). journal.pone.0009019
Wallach et al. demonstrated that the magnitude of Gq/11 activation — not β-arrestin2 recruitment — predicts whether a 5-HT₂A agonist produces hallucinogen-like effects in the HTR assaysupported
5-HT2A-Gq (not beta-arrestin2) signaling predicts psychedelic potential. Threshold Gq activation required for psychedelic-like effects. s41467-023-44016-1
The related compound ECPLA (N-ethyl-N-cyclopropyl lysergamide) was characterized with full receptor binding and functional assay data in the same research programme, demonstrating that such characterization is feasible for novel lysergamidessupported
Pharmacological characterization of ECPLA. Receptor binding data for lysergamides. 5-HT2A mechanism confirmed via HTR. s00213-018-5055-9

chemistry3 · 2 ok

Claim in chemistry — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The compound is also the active metabolite of the prodrug 1P-AL-LAD (1-propanoyl-AL-LAD), which undergoes hepatic N1-deacylation to yield AL-LAD as its most abundant metabolite in human liver microsome incubations.supported
1P-AL-LAD converts to AL-LAD as most abundant metabolite in pHLM (prodrug). 14 metabolites: ... N1-deacylation... dta.3281
The allyl group introduces a terminal alkene capable of metabolic epoxidation and hydroxylation.supported
AL-LAD metabolized by CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 primarily via hydroxylation and N-dealkylation. s00216-018-1558-9

neuroscience3 · 3 ok

The following neural mechanisms are inferred from AL-LAD's confirmed 5-HT₂A agonism and the broader serotonergic psychedelic neuroscience literature.supported
5-HT2A mechanism confirmed. dta.1985
De la Fuente Revenga et al. elucidated the neural mechanism underlying psychedelic tolerance in micesupported
Repeated DOI administration induces HTR tolerance via 5-HT2A receptor down-regulation. acschemneuro.2c00170
This mechanism is β-arrestin-2-independent, consistent with the Gq-biased signalling model of psychedelic activity.supported
5-HT2A-Gq (not beta-arrestin2) signaling predicts psychedelic potential. Beta-arrestin-biased agonists block psychedelic effects. s41467-023-44016-1

legal-status2 · 2 ok

AL-LAD's emergence on the NPS market in 2013 preceded its specific scheduling in the UK and Sweden by 1–3 years, illustrating the reactive nature of NPS schedulingsupported
AL-LAD and LSZ appeared on NPS market in 2013. dta.1985
The prodrug 1P-AL-LAD was developed in part as a response to AL-LAD scheduling, exploiting regulatory gaps around 1-acyl-substituted lysergamide derivatives.supported
1P-AL-LAD converts to AL-LAD as most abundant metabolite in pHLM (prodrug). dta.3281

effects-overview1 · 1 ok

Users in the Coney et al. survey described it as similar in character to LSD but weaker in peak intensity and pleasurable high, with a milder comedownsupported
Survey study describing self-reported patterns of use and effects of LSD analogues (AL-LAD, 1P-LSD, ETH-LAD) and characteristics of users. hup.2599

3Sources

27 consumed · sorted by year · feeds = sections resting on it

Sources
year	source	tier	status	feeds
2024	AL-LAD legal status — Wikipedia, PsychonautWiki, AddictionResourceVariousurl:ce61133913ed190a	weak	consumed	cited only
2024	Neuropsychological profiles of patients suffering from hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD): A comparative analysis with psychedelic-using and non-using controlsLeistenschneider G, Majic T, Reiche S, Riemer TG · Scientific Reportsdoi:10.1038/s41598-024-82216-x	moderate	consumed	1 section
2023	Analytical profile of the lysergamide 1cP-AL-LAD and detection of impuritiesKavanagh PV, Westphal F, Pulver B, Schwelm HM, Stratford A, Auwärter V, Chapman SJ, Halberstadt AL, Brandt SD · Drug Testing and Analysisdoi:10.1002/dta.3397	moderate	consumed	cited only
2023	Identification of 5-HT2A receptor signaling pathways associated with psychedelic potentialWallach J, Cao AB, Calkins MM, Heim AJ, Lanham JK, et al. · Nature Communicationsdoi:10.1038/s41467-023-44016-1	moderate	consumed	3 sections
2022	Adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical treatment seeking following the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)Kopra EI, Ferris JA, Rucker JJ, McClure B, Young AH, Copeland CS, Winstock AR · Journal of Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1177/02698811221099650	moderate	consumed	1 section
2022	Analytical profile, in vitro metabolism and behavioral properties of the lysergamide 1P-AL-LADBrandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Pulver B, Schwelm HM, Whitelock K, Stratford A, Auwärter V, Halberstadt AL · Drug Testing and Analysisdoi:10.1002/dta.3281	moderate	consumed	5 sections
2022	Psychedelic experience dose-dependently modulated by cannabis: results of a prospective online surveyKuc J, Kettner H, Rosas F, Erritzoe D, Haijen E, Kaelen M, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris RL · Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1007/s00213-021-05999-1	moderate	consumed	1 section
2022	Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance among Psychedelic and Nonpsychedelic 5-HT2A Receptor Agonists in Micede la Fuente Revenga M, Jaster AM, McGinn J, Silva G, Saha S, Gonzalez-Maeso J · ACS Chemical Neurosciencedoi:10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00170	moderate	consumed	3 sections
2021	Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Microdoses in Healthy ParticipantsHolze F, Liechti ME, Hutten NRPW, Mason NL, Dolder PC, Theunissen EL, Duthaler U, Feilding A, Ramaekers JG, Kuypers KPC · Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeuticsdoi:10.1002/cpt.2057	strong	consumed	1 section
2020	Pharmacological and biotransformation studies of 1-acyl-substituted derivatives of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)Halberstadt AL, Chatha M, Klein AK, McCorvy JD, Meyer MR, Wagmann L, Stratford A, Brandt SD · Neuropharmacologydoi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107856	moderate	consumed	1 section
2020	Post-acute psychological effects of classical serotonergic psychedelics: a systematic review and meta-analysisGoldberg SB, Shechet B, Nicholas CR, Ng CW, Deole G, Chen Z, Raison CL · Psychological Medicinedoi:10.1017/s003329172000389x	strong	consumed	cited only
2019	In vitro metabolic fate of nine LSD-based new psychoactive substances and their analytical detectability in different urinary screening proceduresWagmann L, Richter LHJ, Kehl T, Wack F, Bergstrand MP, Brandt SD, Stratford A, Maurer HH, Meyer MR · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistrydoi:10.1007/s00216-018-1558-9	moderate	consumed	4 sections
2019	Pharmacological characterization of the LSD analog N-ethyl-N-cyclopropyl lysergamide (ECPLA)Halberstadt AL, Klein LM, Chatha M, Valenzuela LB, Stratford A, Wallach J, Nichols DE, Brandt SD · Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1007/s00213-018-5055-9	moderate	consumed	1 section
2018	A Review of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and an Exploratory Study of Subjects Claiming Symptoms of HPPDHalpern JH, Lerner AG, Passie T · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciencesdoi:10.1007/7854_2016_457	moderate	consumed	1 section
2018	Return of the lysergamides. Part IV: Analytical and pharmacological characterization of lysergic acid morpholide (LSM-775)Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Twamley B, Westphal F, Elliott SP, Wallach J, Stratford A, Klein LM, McCorvy JD, Nichols DE, Halberstadt AL · Drug Testing and Analysisdoi:10.1002/dta.2222	moderate	consumed	1 section
2017	Crystal Structure of an LSD-Bound Human Serotonin ReceptorWacker D, Wang S, McCorvy JD, Betz RM, Venkatakrishnan AJ, Levit A, Lansu K, Schools ZL, Che T, Nichols DE, Shoichet BK, Dror RO, Roth BL · Celldoi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.033	moderate	consumed	2 sections
2017	Genie in a blotter: A comparative study of LSD and LSD analogues' effects and user profileConey LD, Maier LJ, Ferris JA, Winstock AR, Barratt MJ · Human Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1002/hup.2599	moderate	consumed	3 sections
2017	Return of the lysergamides. Part II: Analytical and behavioural characterization of N6-allyl-6-norlysergic acid diethylamide (AL-LAD) and (2'S,4'S)-lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide (LSZ)Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Elliott SP, Wallach J, Colestock T, Burrow TE, Chapman SJ, Stratford A, Nichols DE, Halberstadt AL · Drug Testing and Analysisdoi:10.1002/dta.1985	moderate	consumed	8 sections
2016	Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-propionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD)Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Stratford A, Elliott SP, Hoang K, Wallach J, Halberstadt AL · Drug Testing and Analysisdoi:10.1002/dta.1884	moderate	consumed	3 sections
2015	Legal highs: staying on top of the flood of novel psychoactive substancesBaumeister D, Tojo LM, Tracy DK · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1177/2045125314559539	moderate	consumed	1 section
2014	Serotonin syndrome: is it a reason to avoid the use of tramadol with antidepressants?Park SH, Wackernah RC, Stimmel GL · Journal of Pharmacy Practicedoi:10.1177/0897190013504957	weak	consumed	1 section
2010	Psychedelics and the human receptoromeRay TS · PLoS ONEdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009019	moderate	consumed	1 section
2004	HallucinogensNichols DE · Pharmacology & Therapeuticspmid:14761703	strong	consumed	2 sections
1997	TiHKAL: The ContinuationShulgin AT, Shulgin Aurl:8af941cfe35a1957	weak	consumed	cited only
1995	LSD and structural analogs: pharmacological evaluation at D1 dopamine receptorsWatts VJ, Lawler CP, Fox DR, Neve KA, Nichols DE, Mailman RB · Psychopharmacologypmid:7568626	moderate	consumed	1 section
1985	Synthesis and LSD-like discriminative stimulus properties in a series of N(6)-alkyl norlysergic acid N,N-diethylamide derivativesHoffman A, Nichols DE · Journal of Medicinal Chemistrydoi:10.1021/jm00147a022	moderate	consumed	4 sections
1976	Studies on lysergic acid diethylamide and related compounds. IV. Syntheses of various amide derivatives of norlysergic acid and related compoundsNiwaguchi T, Nakahara Y, Ishii H · Yakugaku Zasshi (Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan)pmid:987200	moderate	consumed	2 sections
—	Searched ClinicalTrials.gov for "AL-LAD lysergamide" — no resultsabsence		no results	—

4Docket

one filing per activity — decisions, correspondence, reports

0012026-04-25revisionRevision 1
Initial LLM generation (v5 pipeline, wiki, prose phase)
psx:substance/al-lad/version/1
0022026-06-04proposal29 value proposals approved together
one review action inferred from a shared reviewer and instant — the graph records one activity per proposal
29 items in this filing
- dose_tier · light
- dose_tier · common
- dose_tier · strong
- dose_tier · heavy
- timeline · oral · onset
- timeline · oral · come_up
- timeline · oral · peak
- timeline · oral · resolution
- timeline · oral · afterglow
- toxicity
- dependence · full
- withdrawal
- tolerance
- dosage · oral
- duration · oral · onset
- duration · oral · come_up
- duration · oral · peak
- duration · oral · offset
- duration · oral · total
- duration · oral · aftereffects
- contraindication · psychiatric
- contraindication · other
- contraindication · other
- contraindication · other
- contraindication · other
- contraindication · cardiovascular
- contraindication · psychiatric
- contraindication · pregnancy_breastfeeding
psx:substance/al-lad/proposal/dose_tier/8e44978f-91c7-4081-acb5-680c20e17226
0032026-06-04publicationPublication — backfill
psx:substance/al-lad/pub/710be766-70ab-48ca-9b53-42fb14ad18f5

5Issued documents

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Issued documents
document	content hash	issued	from version	superseded
emergency	c15c760aabf6f0fcf5b6fc6b…	2026-10-19 20:30	Revision 1	current
info_card	bf3ceb28713313f0472d2735…	2026-10-19 20:30	Revision 1	current
notice	9a96b1160ba9098f7cde020c…	2026-10-19 20:30	Revision 1	current
emergency	3f0909c25c714d225b4bb3e3…	2026-09-04 04:28	Revision 1	superseded2026-10-19
info_card	e7adeb53148a3000dba74154…	2026-09-04 04:28	Revision 1	superseded2026-10-19
notice	b90cab31cadf5bd920a3dc6c…	2026-09-04 04:28	Revision 1	superseded2026-10-19

AL-LAD

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