Skip to main content
Psychedex

6Node page

what any key link opens

psx:substance/adrafinil/claim/190430fb-ef92-4334-9a79-043fdbb60993

claim2026-05-12recordsupported

derived from · upstream

feeds · downstream

Closure of psx:substance/adrafinil/claim/190430fb-ef92-4334-9a79-043fdbb60993: 42 upstream, 92 downstream.

psx:substance/adrafinil/claim/190430fb-ef92-4334-9a79-043fdbb60993
├─ used  src/doi:10.1080/19390211.2024.2417673  Development and Validation of an Analytical Method to Identify and Quantitate Novel Modafinil Analogs in Products Marketed as Dietary Supplements.
  ├─ informed_by  claim/abf3ee8d-d62f-49e9-a8e3-0b73dce9ac4e  Claim in legal-status — supported
    ├─ used  src/url:4bc47ee0e544b959  PubChem Compound: Adrafinil (CID 3033226)
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.05.027  Modafinil: its discovery, the early European and North American experience in the treatment of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia, and its subsequent use in other medical conditions.
    ├─ used  src/url:3a4160d7ffcac8ee  Adrafinil - Wikipedia
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1001/jama.2009.351  Effects of modafinil on dopamine and dopamine transporters in the male human brain: clinical implications.
    ├─ used  src/pmid:2906156  Influence of alpha stimulants and beta blockers on yohimbine toxicity.
    ├─ used  src/url:731e394ad7ca80f1  NCATS Inxight Drugs: Adrafinil (BI81Z4542G)
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00100.x  Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.07.002  How effective are pharmaceuticals for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults? A series of meta-analyses of cognitive performance during acute administration of modafinil, methylphenidate and D-amphetamine
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2023.10.006  Modafinil, an atypical CNS stimulant?
    ├─ used  src/url:b3c4ee9c625a36a4  ChemicalBook: Adrafinil (CAS 63547-13-7) Physical Properties
    ├─ used  src/url:ff66b3f45b0fe72b  Modafinil/Armodafinil - LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/mds.20154  Adrafinil-induced orofacial dyskinesia.
    ├─ used  src/pmid:12537513  Clinical pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae029  Sleep medicine, sleep research, and sleep education: a whole life devoted to sleep.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.4103/0253-7613.59928  A novel study of screening and confirmation of modafinil, adrafinil and their metabolite modafinilic acid under EI-GC-MS and ESI-LC-MS-MS ionization.
    ├─ used  src/url:dac72c98a5189d22  WADA Prohibited List 2025 - S6 Stimulants category
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/dta.2142  Outsmarted by nootropics? An investigation into the thermal degradation of modafinil, modafinic acid, adrafinil, CRL-40,940 and CRL-40,941 in the GC injector.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.546796  The Psychonauts' World of Cognitive Enhancers
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1700584  Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of the cognitive enhancer modafinil: Relevant clinical and forensic aspects.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1080/20961790.2019.1704482  Identification of adrafinil and its main metabolite modafinil in human hair. Self-administration study and interpretation of an authentic case.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/bmc.1432  Development of a validated LC method for enantiomeric separation and determination of adrafinil and its related substances on a Chiralcel OJ-H column.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/bmc.1190  Enantioselective separation and determination of adrafinil and modafinil on Chiralcel OJ-H column in rat serum and urine using solid-phase extraction followed by HPLC.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/jssc.200800647  LC-MS of novel narcoepileptics and related substances.
    ├─ used  src/pmid:11191710  Adrafinil: effects on behavior and cognition in aged canines.
    ├─ used  src/pmid:11382857  Increased dopaminergic transmission mediates the wake-promoting effects of CNS stimulants.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.071  Electrophysiological and amperometric evidence that modafinil blocks the dopamine uptake transporter to induce behavioral activation.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.026  A positron emission tomography study examining the dopaminergic activity of armodafinil in adults using [11C]altropane and [11C]raclopride.
    ├─ used  src/pmid:15532213  What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.3389/fnana.2025.1670564  Functional neuroanatomy of dopaminergic arousal systems: implications for the wake-promoting effect of psychostimulants, with particular reference to modafinil.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/rcm.4044  Doping control analysis for adrafinil and its major metabolites in human urine.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.025  LC-ESI-MS determination and pharmacokinetics of adrafinil in rats.
    ├─ used  src/pmid:10820139  In vitro inhibition and induction of human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by modafinil.
    ├─ used  src/pmid:11823757  Effect of modafinil on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and triazolam in healthy volunteers.
    ├─ used  src/pmid:9549666  Single-dose pharmacokinetics of modafinil and methylphenidate given alone or in combination in healthy male volunteers.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028  Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: A systematic review.
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.4088/JCP.13r08560
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/90687
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.059  Cardiovascular stimulant actions of bupropion in comparison to cocaine in the rat.
    ├─ derived_from  gen/5daa3038-2c14-4dd8-904f-6b1ab298d3f9  Generation — pipeline-v5
    └─ generated_by  pub/df3ddc71-acd0-4ca3-bd8e-a1c5d1fc850b  Publication — backfill
├─ informed_by  section/legal-status.full@1
  ├─ used  version/1  Revision 1
  ├─ used  claim/1b4913c9-80d6-4425-90cf-a2a524c64bd0  Claim in summary — supported
  ├─ used  claim/61011356-8821-48a6-95d2-2cc6db23ad8b  Claim in history — supported
    ├─ derived_from  issue/notice@8aeb555bd61e  Issued notice
    ├─ derived_from  issue/info_card@9f04256abac2  Issued info_card
    ├─ derived_from  issue/emergency@777b5863d801  Issued emergency
    ├─ derived_from  issue/info_card@3081b7a4e8a9  Issued info_card
    ├─ informed_by  section/summary.full@1
    ├─ informed_by  section/history.full@1
      ├─ used  claim/2800936f-6504-4ced-b6bf-e178e559db36  Claim in summary — partially_supported
      ├─ used  claim/c2e3ed98-6d5b-4230-ae15-153141dc8d11  Claim in history — supported
      ├─ used  claim/3d3a055f-7910-4e3d-a1f8-dc9d82ccd2bf  Claim in history — supported
      ├─ used  claim/3bd99170-0787-4839-ad82-8605be6bcc69  Claim in history — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/7fdcec35-385b-4f55-9bb7-db9b5ffdeea0  Claim in chemistry — supported
      ├─ used  claim/7d7e8791-3bd8-4463-b792-bfa99c4c4c15  Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/2af2e328-b48c-425a-a109-614dcdfa4952  Claim in summary — supported
      ├─ used  claim/b304d6ac-158d-445b-9d8d-4e2aef390f2d  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/f2ebb12a-c2ec-4078-bed4-d7789a907006  Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/7ccb5d90-1b7b-44ef-9323-9a8e056eac3e  Claim in neuroscience — supported
      ├─ used  claim/60b03416-ed35-41a8-b6d4-983fdab0ab21  Claim in safety — supported
      ├─ used  claim/44893618-40f5-4039-9431-52b70670ebcf  Claim in summary — supported
      ├─ used  claim/05ab92b3-c0fe-4751-8799-856629c9ceb9  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/4ef87ec9-dfba-4c49-9e68-1831f231c89f  Claim in receptor-pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/aa3508d4-39b8-4eee-8a83-8c4b28fab118  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/2c571515-de13-49c9-b815-020ed0da371d  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/db0da75b-f02c-40fa-b68d-52d346978ffd  Claim in summary — supported
      ├─ used  claim/2736d321-19ce-4e6e-865b-ffb2b22eda2f  Claim in summary — supported
      ├─ used  claim/f4b16674-0690-4898-ba15-ba5be27a7c88  Claim in summary — supported
      ├─ used  claim/f42d4fea-21ac-4059-91bf-c64b6a67d3df  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/11c0baaf-ee7d-41c3-98e2-32025557bd4a  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/b651e2e6-9fe3-4cc4-ab46-fd4d2e02827c  Claim in safety — supported
      ├─ used  claim/5c78129e-b105-4186-9e7e-671d6d549d57  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/bba48e67-9483-4106-a1be-b398358e0b84  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/d351cba7-b024-47e9-9f2d-7cae8f1aae30  Claim in neuroscience — supported
      ├─ used  claim/3de50f55-3cad-40a5-bba5-4664a14aaa92  Claim in effects-overview — supported
      ├─ used  claim/3d0a0b6d-0fa3-4d82-8f97-a30decae91df  Claim in summary — supported
      ├─ used  claim/01789980-60b7-4819-ac5d-9c87511472fa  Claim in safety — supported
      ├─ used  claim/205a68fe-8d9a-4cca-8a92-b69d45925c67  Claim in summary — supported
      ├─ used  claim/2860af2b-384d-43b7-961d-5f06e33b825b  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/8dbc8262-41c4-4d31-a26d-bde7ea1442f2  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/c4a5a913-5ee8-469c-87f0-22bd9286a3ec  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/77a9093a-bdb5-4660-82a9-b2a13398db38  Claim in chemistry — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/dcf3e3b3-3fca-427e-98db-a07dec1dd038  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/8d34c668-ddef-450d-b2a9-58d6ceeb48b9  Claim in history — supported
      ├─ used  claim/9c6ccb92-c046-40b4-af66-c7f34d0a1a1e  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — supported
      ├─ used  claim/39d5f792-95da-4d71-966b-b11ae1c3fab6  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/18c11fe6-03ff-4ee8-a694-0787f39b4742  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/00caf681-5520-4630-a96f-848b5cf73a57  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/2308ddac-346f-4187-8da3-a80352160594  Claim in safety — supported
      ├─ used  claim/786cf566-e87a-4930-b72b-0c41c9639e0b  Claim in safety — supported
      ├─ used  claim/17a0def3-359b-4787-aa18-b714b02e44e2  Claim in safety — supported
      ├─ used  claim/b5551486-d0c0-40dc-9cf6-2258d873d5cf  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/ca6cd6e5-4b59-4310-b735-22fccad04227  Claim in chemistry — supported
      ├─ used  claim/0ca44de1-ec04-4025-a1a5-16ce4de09401  Claim in receptor-pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/5a2f8223-44ed-4bf0-826a-a4ccf285459b  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/47802535-e539-4fd2-9da0-96e51b12a628  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/17430a33-892a-4068-a722-c962a3631cb5  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/e3992024-aa7e-482e-9b43-11f52b0018d9  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/d3087b1a-c434-4036-b926-18a3b6f0030e  Claim in chemistry — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/867b654f-d046-417f-b06e-6536502d9d11  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/afd1b696-3c72-45c0-ba64-c903e63103e3  Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/b7a690c8-a1d6-4026-afe9-db854ec8d7e9  Claim in neuroscience — supported
      ├─ used  claim/d764bed1-c6ec-456c-9cbb-6093f203cd29  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/2f92c654-117a-4c7b-8df0-7bf2bdaae3b1  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/ddd63661-1cde-4ce9-a18f-9b6483ab0bab  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/8f352e5a-7e89-4605-97ea-9b525b5996a6  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/0ba382e2-3a27-4285-b110-69cbdd81e1fe  Claim in receptor-pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/825b7274-5bfc-41d1-94ee-d9e8fb16d593  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/94ab1abe-fd67-492f-953d-cc57e8e565c2  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/8814f647-174f-4f8d-9d83-902e14321a24  Claim in neuroscience — supported
      ├─ used  claim/aa13bf20-42d2-467c-8422-8112eccf04e2  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/b2504726-0ea2-4a03-be11-915784b6bf50  Claim in safety — supported
      ├─ used  claim/e36298fd-e42f-4d74-9002-410ac2088337  Claim in receptor-pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/9d5e6c10-8c3c-4134-8fec-241c5b633d18  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/d740a3af-a1c3-40dd-97c6-17942fdc83f4  Claim in neuroscience — supported
      ├─ used  claim/5f3481cd-e574-437b-914f-60fb689a8846  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/3c7366ed-2452-4a20-8610-a8875a0879fd  Claim in pharmacology — supported
      ├─ used  claim/d2519b25-ba5e-45a5-9942-0dfadc625160  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — supported
      ├─ used  claim/3ee115d9-ba19-407a-9235-66d3226d6609  Claim in safety — supported
      ├─ used  claim/a79d634b-96fb-46f0-8c40-3cc6daf8c32a  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — supported
      ├─ used  claim/af6b1397-3753-4dfa-b88f-b6214bc62d35  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — supported
      ├─ used  claim/df575abc-9504-4104-9f11-b40994d16f36  Claim in safety — supported
      ├─ used  claim/76762484-b46b-4152-9f66-3de0687e8d46  Claim in safety — supported
      ├─ used  claim/f4503367-330c-4fe4-8e32-0faa34769bc7  Claim in safety — supported
      ├─ used  claim/66665987-f7c9-4db8-b159-6cdd4790fe99  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — supported
      ├─ used  claim/e9ff12f3-7fae-4074-b4cf-b7fd3a33eb1f  Claim in safety — supported
      ├─ used  claim/dea10ffd-88e6-4042-b945-5e5f493c786d  Claim in clinical-evidence — supported
      ├─ used  claim/406bc8d4-3a4b-4be8-8b4b-b598ee5943cc  Claim in safety — not_supported  working
      ├─ used  claim/bcb75485-d768-4e53-a131-7c0fb0f97410  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/c060cfa3-3202-4578-8159-f5864c10f455  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — supported
      └─ used  claim/8439f28c-2dd2-4665-9e16-cb404bc2bda3  Claim in safety — supported
… closure truncated at 200 nodes

indented by distance from this node, not by parentage

1Provenance card

the boundary, as counts

Sources

3925 with DOI

7 strong · 25 moderate · 7 weak

Compilations

22026-05-12T21:56:24.090Z

pipeline-v5 · prompt hash not recorded — run predates 2026-09

Decisions

30last ruled 2026-06-04

0 awaiting a ruling

Issued documents

42026-10-19T20:30:26.651Z

notice · info card · emergency

Searches

00 with no results

queries and counts on the build

Claims checked

8667 supported

67 supported · 19 not

Correspondence

0received

consent field ships in Phase 4

Edges

254

derivations recorded for this entity

Complete over 39 sources, 2 compilations, and 30 decisions.Not here: the private journal (never).Working material — drafts, discards, unsupported claims — is listed below and readable on the working page.Cite: psychedex.org/substances/adrafinil/archive

2Build

one panel per compilation run

generation run 2026-05-11

36 min failedmodel not recordedplan not recordedrun/d9fbe18c…

research

no artifact

draft

no artifact

audit

no artifact

verify

no artifact

simplify

no artifact

publish

no artifact

Selection

results seen0
selected by the model0
consumed as sources39

Verification

claims checked0
supported0
partially supported0
not supported0
inconclusive0
  • record
  • seen / partial
  • working

The model's own caveats

none raised on this run

Reproduce

inputs
39 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan
not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model
not recorded
streams
none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward

generation run 2026-05-12

79 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/00d5a081…

research

citationsRegistryrecordresearchOutputworking

draft

articleDraftworking

audit

articleAuditedworking

verify

verificationResultworking

simplify

articleSimplifiedworking

publish

runMetarecordrunSummaryrecord

Selection

results seen0
selected by the model0
consumed as sources39

Verification

claims checked86
supported66
partially supported1
not supported1
inconclusive18
  • record
  • seen / partial
  • working

The model's own caveats

3 further caveats recorded as free text — readable on the working page

Reproduce

inputs
39 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan
not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model
pipeline-v5
streams
none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
86 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
pharmacology21 · 18 ok

  • Adrafinil is a prodrug: it is pharmacologically inactive or weakly active in its parent form and exerts its primary effects through hepatic conversion to modafinil.supported

    Review of modafinil (and prodrug adrafinil) chemical, PK, PD, toxicological aspects. 08897077.2019.1700584

  • Adrafinil is a prodrug: it is pharmacologically inactive or weakly active in its parent form and exerts its primary effects through hepatic conversion to modafinil.supported

    Adrafinil metabolized to active modafinil in vivo. 20961790.2019.1704482

  • Adrafinil itself has been classified as an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist by NCATS, supported by early pharmacological work demonstrating that adrafinil could not antagonize yohimbine-induced toxicity in mice (unlike the alpha-2 agonist clonidine), consistent with alpha-1 central stimulant activitysupported

    Adrafinil described as alpha-1 central stimulant. Adrafinil could not antagonize yohimbine toxicity (unlike clonidine alpha-2 agonist). Suggests adrafinil acts via central alpha-1 adrenergic mechanism. pmid:2906156

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • However, the Milgram et al. (1999) review of adrafinil states that "the underlying mechanisms of action are still unknown" for adrafinil specifically, a caveat echoed by Siwak et al. (2000)supported

    Underlying mechanisms of action still unknown. pmid:11191710

  • In healthy male humans, modafinil at 200–400 mg occupies 47–70% of DAT in the caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens as measured by [¹¹C]cocaine positron emission tomography, accompanied by increases in extracellular dopaminesupported

    modafinil at 200mg and 400mg blocked dopamine transporters (DAT) in caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens in human brain, with 47-70% occupancy... potential for increased extracellular dopamine. jama.2009.351

  • The in vivo wake-promoting potency of modafinil correlates significantly with its in vitro DAT affinity (and not NET affinity) in canine narcolepsy modelssupported

    In vivo potencies of DA uptake inhibitors and modafinil on wake significantly correlated with in vitro affinities to DA transporter. pmid:11382857

  • Electrophysiological and amperometric studies in wild-type versus cocaine-insensitive DAT knock-in mice confirm that modafinil potentiates dopaminergic signals strictly via DAT, acting at the same binding site as cocainesupported

    Modafinil inhibits dopamine transporter (DAT). Acts at same binding site as cocaine. Potentiates brain dopaminergic signals via DAT inhibition. j.neuroscience.2013.07.071

  • Armodafinil (R-modafinil) also occupies DAT and releases striatal dopamine in humans, confirmed by PET.supported

    Armodafinil (R-modafinil, the R-enantiomer of modafinil) occupies DAT and releases striatal dopamine in humans. PET confirmation of dopaminergic mechanism. j.biopsych.2010.08.026

  • Secondary mechanisms attributed to modafinil include norepinephrine reuptake inhibition (NET), upstream activation of orexin/hypocretin systems, histaminergic pathway activation, serotonin release, increased glutamate, and decreased GABAsupported

    Major effects: dopamine reuptake inhibition plus modulation of noradrenergic, serotoninergic, orexinergic, histaminergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways. 08897077.2019.1700584

  • Secondary mechanisms attributed to modafinil include norepinephrine reuptake inhibition (NET), upstream activation of orexin/hypocretin systems, histaminergic pathway activation, serotonin release, increased glutamate, and decreased GABAsupported

    Modafinil may increase wakefulness through activation of noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems, possibly through interaction with hypocretin/orexin system. Complex multi-target mechanism. pmid:15532213

  • Secondary mechanisms attributed to modafinil include norepinephrine reuptake inhibition (NET), upstream activation of orexin/hypocretin systems, histaminergic pathway activation, serotonin release, increased glutamate, and decreased GABAsupported

    Additional actions on GABA, glutamate, serotonin, norepinephrine. Unique pharmacology. bs.apha.2023.10.006

  • Unlike amphetamine-class stimulants, modafinil does not cause direct monoamine release via reverse transport — the DAT occupancy mechanism is blockade only, which explains the lower reinforcement potential and abuse liability.supported

    Modafinil inhibits dopamine transporter. Few cases of dependence vs other psychostimulants. Unique pharmacology. bs.apha.2023.10.006

  • Unlike amphetamine-class stimulants, modafinil does not cause direct monoamine release via reverse transport — the DAT occupancy mechanism is blockade only, which explains the lower reinforcement potential and abuse liability.supported

    Modafinil enhances wakefulness without affecting reinforcement, devoid of addictive potential. DAT inhibition via VTA/NAc/thalamic pathways. Distinguishes modafinil from addictive psychostimulants. fnana.2025.1670564

  • Adrafinil is converted in the liver to modafinil (active) and modafinilic acid (inactive)supported

    Review of modafinil (and prodrug adrafinil)... Modafinil is a racemate metabolized mainly in the liver into inactive acid and sulfone metabolites. 08897077.2019.1700584

  • Adrafinil is converted in the liver to modafinil (active) and modafinilic acid (inactive)supported

    Adrafinil metabolized to active modafinil in vivo. 20961790.2019.1704482

  • In a human self-administration study, a single oral 200 mg dose of adrafinil was followed by detection of both adrafinil (0.8 ng/mg) and modafinil (0.5 ng/mg) in beard hair at 10 days post-administration, confirming prodrug conversion in humanssupported

    After oral 200mg adrafinil: adrafinil 0.8 ng/mg in hair, modafinil 0.5 ng/mg. 20961790.2019.1704482

  • Both the parent compound and metabolites (modafinil, modafinil acid) are detectable in human urine by LC-MS/MS.supported

    LC/MS/MS method for adrafinil and metabolites (modafinil, modafinil acid) in human urine. rcm.4044

  • Rat pharmacokinetic studies confirmed oral bioavailability and characterized serum kinetics of adrafinilsupported

    Pharmacokinetics of adrafinil in rats by LC-MS/MS... Oral administration to rats. j.jchromb.2008.07.025

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

safety20 · 13 ok

  • The most common adverse effects associated with modafinil (and by implication adrafinil via conversion) include headache (up to 34% in clinical trials), nausea, nervousness, insomnia, diarrhea, dry mouth, and raised blood pressure and heart rate.supported

    Common AEs: headache, insomnia, anxiety, diarrhea, dry mouth, raised BP and HR. 08897077.2019.1700584

  • Adrafinil and modafinil at 3 mg/kg did not significantly augment the pressor response to noradrenaline in anaesthetized rats, in contrast to cocaine, desipramine, and bupropion — suggesting lower cardiovascular stimulant risk at therapeutically relevant dosessupported

    Adrafinil and modafinil (3mg/kg) did not significantly affect the pressor response to noradrenaline in anaesthetized rat, unlike cocaine, desipramine, and bupropion. j.ejphar.2014.03.059

  • Nonetheless, elevated heart rate and blood pressure are documented adverse effects at clinical doses of modafinil.supported

    Common AEs: headache, insomnia, anxiety, diarrhea, dry mouth, raised BP and HR. 08897077.2019.1700584

  • The dyskinesias did not spontaneously resolve despite adrafinil withdrawal over 4 months and were dramatically improved by tetrabenazine, a presynaptic dopaminergic depleting drugsupported

    Dyskinesias did not spontaneously recover despite adrafinil withdrawal for 4-month period. Dramatically improved by tetrabenazine, a presynaptic dopaminergic depleting drug. mds.20154

  • Anxiety and nervousness are documented adverse effects of modafinil, particularly at higher dosessupported

    Common AEs: headache, insomnia, anxiety, diarrhea, dry mouth, raised BP and HR. 08897077.2019.1700584

  • Battleday and Brem (2015) found no preponderance of adverse mood changes in their systematic review of modafinil for cognitive enhancement in healthy subjects.supported

    No preponderance of side effects or mood changes. j.euroneuro.2015.07.028

  • The mechanism is presumed to involve dopaminergic receptor downregulation secondary to sustained DAT occupancy, consistent with PET data showing substantial DAT blockade at clinical dosessupported

    modafinil at 200mg and 400mg blocked dopamine transporters (DAT) in caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens in human brain, with 47-70% occupancy. jama.2009.351

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Few confirmed cases of modafinil dependence appear in the published literaturesupported

    Few cases of dependence vs other psychostimulants. bs.apha.2023.10.006

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • The lower abuse liability relative to amphetamines is attributed to: (1) slower DAT occupancy kinetics with lower peak effect; (2) absence of direct monoamine releasing action; and (3) selective dopaminergic arousal without robust nucleus accumbens reward signaling.supported

    Modafinil enhances wakefulness without affecting reinforcement, devoid of addictive potential. DAT inhibition via VTA/NAc/thalamic pathways. Distinguishes modafinil from addictive psychostimulants. fnana.2025.1670564

  • Robertson et al. (2002) demonstrated reduced ethinylestradiol and triazolam exposure in healthy volunteers receiving modafinilsupported

    Modafinil induces CYP3A4/5 in vitro. Clinical interaction study in healthy volunteers examining ethinyl estradiol (oral contraceptive) and triazolam (benzodiazepine) pharmacokinetics. pmid:11823757

  • Modafinil also reversibly inhibits CYP2C19 (Ki ~39 µM), potentially increasing plasma concentrations of CYP2C19 substrates including phenytoin, diazepam, omeprazole, propranolol, and certain tricyclic antidepressantssupported

    Modafinil inhibits CYP2C19 reversibly/competitively (Ki=39 µM at 400mg/day Cmax). pmid:10820139

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • However, a clinical crossover study found no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between modafinil and methylphenidate.supported

    Modafinil 200mg: no significant PK interaction with methylphenidate. Pharmacokinetics characterized in healthy males. pmid:9549666

  • Claim in safety — not_supportednot supportedworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Concurrent hormonal contraceptive use requires mitigation: CYP3A4 induction reduces oral contraceptive efficacy, necessitating alternative or backup contraception.supported

    Modafinil induces CYP3A4/5 in vitro. Clinical interaction study in healthy volunteers examining ethinyl estradiol (oral contraceptive) and triazolam (benzodiazepine) pharmacokinetics. pmid:11823757

summary10 · 9 ok

  • Identified in 1974 at Laboratoire Louis Lafon in France, adrafinil was commercially launched as Olmifon in 1985 for narcolepsy and age-related vigilance deficitspartially supported

    Adrafinil identified by L. Lafon Ltd in 1974... Official French registration 1992. j.sleep.2018.05.027

  • Since discontinuation, adrafinil has re-entered circulation as an unregulated nootropic supplement in several jurisdictions.supported

    Adrafinil remains unscheduled/unapproved. Found adrafinil in four dietary supplements marketed as nootropics/cognitive enhancers. 19390211.2024.2417673

  • Positron emission tomography in healthy humans demonstrates that modafinil at 200–400 mg occupies 47–70% of DAT in the caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbenssupported

    modafinil at 200mg and 400mg blocked dopamine transporters (DAT) in caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens in human brain, with 47-70% occupancy. jama.2009.351

  • Adrafinil itself has been classified as an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist based on early pharmacological work, though the direct mechanism remains incompletely characterized.supported

    Adrafinil described as alpha-1 central stimulant. Adrafinil could not antagonize yohimbine toxicity (unlike clonidine alpha-2 agonist). Suggests adrafinil acts via central alpha-1 adrenergic mechanism. pmid:2906156

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • The experiential profile centers on sustained wakefulness and modest cognitive enhancement — meta-analytic data for modafinil in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects yields an overall effect size of SMD = 0.12, with memory updating showing the most consistent improvement (SMD = 0.28)supported

    Meta-analysis: modafinil SMD=0.12 (p=.01) overall cognitive enhancement. Improved memory updating (SMD=0.28). j.euroneuro.2020.07.002

  • Stimulation is less intense and less euphoric than amphetamine-class agents, consistent with modafinil's DAT-blockade-only mechanism without direct monoamine release.supported

    Modafinil inhibits dopamine transporter. Few cases of dependence vs other psychostimulants. Unique pharmacology. bs.apha.2023.10.006

  • Dependence liability is minimal — modafinil does not sustain robust self-administration in animal modelssupported

    Few cases of dependence vs other psychostimulants. Has been tested as potential treatment for substance use disorders. bs.apha.2023.10.006

  • A single case report documents persistent orofacial dyskinesia following chronic adrafinil usesupported

    First case of orofacial abnormal movements induced by adrafinil. Dyskinesias did not spontaneously recover despite adrafinil withdrawal for 4-month period. mds.20154

  • No human pharmacokinetic parameters have been published for adrafinil as parent compound; all PK data derive from modafinil studies.supported

    Modafinil: Tmax 2-4h, half-life 12-15h, steady state 2-4 days, dose-independent 200-600mg/day. pmid:12537513

pharmacokinetic-detail6 · 5 ok

  • Modafinil reversibly and competitively inhibits CYP2C19 with a Ki of approximately 39 µM, a concentration that approximates steady-state Cmax at 400 mg/daysupported

    Modafinil inhibits CYP2C19 reversibly/competitively (Ki=39 µM at 400mg/day Cmax). pmid:10820139

  • The CYP interaction profile of modafinil — directly applicable to adrafinil via hepatic conversion — has been characterized through in vitro studies and clinical pharmacokinetic trials.supported

    Modafinil inhibits CYP2C19 reversibly/competitively (Ki=39 µM at 400mg/day Cmax). Minimal inhibition of other CYPs. Weak induction of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP3A4/5 (up to 2-fold). pmid:10820139

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Weak induction of CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 (up to 2-fold) has been observed in vitro; clinical relevance is uncertainsupported

    Weak induction of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP3A4/5 (up to 2-fold). pmid:10820139

  • No clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction has been demonstrated between modafinil and methylphenidate in a single-dose crossover study in healthy male volunteerssupported

    Modafinil 200mg: no significant PK interaction with methylphenidate. Pharmacokinetics characterized in healthy males. pmid:9549666

  • GC-MS analysis can produce thermal degradation artifacts — diphenylmethanol and 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethane — that complicate identification; LC-MS is therefore preferred for confirmatory analysissupported

    Thermal degradation of adrafinil in GC analysis produces diphenylmethanol and 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethane. dta.2142

history5 · 4 ok

  • Adrafinil (internal code CRL-40028) was identified in 1974 by scientists at Laboratoire Louis Lafon Ltd in France as part of a broader research program into benzhydryl sulfoxide compoundssupported

    Adrafinil identified by L. Lafon Ltd in 1974. j.sleep.2018.05.027

  • Results were inconsistent, and by 1983, Jouvet and Bastuji had shifted to prescribing modafinil directly, achieving significant reduction in excessive daytime sleepiness in the majority of narcoleptic and idiopathic hypersomnia patients.supported

    In 1983, Jouvet and Bastuji prescribed modafinil. j.sleep.2018.05.027

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned both adrafinil and modafinil in sport in 2004 under category S6 (Stimulants), prohibited in-competition onlysupported

    WADA banned adrafinil and modafinil in sports in 2004. 0253-7613.59928

  • Analytical studies have confirmed the presence of adrafinil in products marketed as dietary supplements in the United Statessupported

    Found adrafinil in four dietary supplements marketed as nootropics/cognitive enhancers. 19390211.2024.2417673

neuroscience5 · 5 ok

  • Volkow et al. (2009) provided direct human evidence using [¹¹C]cocaine and [¹¹C]raclopride PET, demonstrating that modafinil at clinical doses (200–400 mg) blocks DAT in the caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens (47–70% occupancy) and increases extracellular dopaminesupported

    modafinil at 200mg and 400mg blocked dopamine transporters (DAT) in caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens in human brain, with 47-70% occupancy... potential for increased extracellular dopamine. jama.2009.351

  • Szabadi (2025) mapped the functional neuroanatomy of dopaminergic arousal systems relevant to modafinil, identifying the ventral tegmental area (VTA) projections to the prefrontal cortex and the ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) dopaminergic neurons as key substrates for wake promotionsupported

    DAT inhibition via VTA/NAc/thalamic pathways. fnana.2025.1670564

  • Beyond DAT, modafinil engages multiple neurotransmitter systems that contribute to its arousal profile: orexin/hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (upstream activation), histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus, and noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleussupported

    Modafinil may increase wakefulness through activation of noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems, possibly through interaction with hypocretin/orexin system. pmid:15532213

  • Siwak et al. (2000) demonstrated increases in high-frequency EEG activity in aged beagle dogs following adrafinil administration, consistent with cortical activationsupported

    Long-lasting increase in high frequency EEG activity. pmid:11191710

  • Modafinil's DAT blockade produces measurable dopamine elevation in the NAc, yet the magnitude and kinetics are insufficient to generate robust hedonic reinforcementsupported

    Modafinil inhibits dopamine transporter. Few cases of dependence vs other psychostimulants. bs.apha.2023.10.006

receptor-pharmacology5 · 4 ok

  • Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Bourin et al. (1988) demonstrated that adrafinil could not antagonize yohimbine-induced toxicity in mice, ruling out alpha-2 agonism and supporting alpha-1 stimulant activitysupported

    Adrafinil described as alpha-1 central stimulant. Adrafinil could not antagonize yohimbine toxicity (unlike clonidine alpha-2 agonist). pmid:2906156

  • Spencer et al. (2010) confirmed DAT occupancy and striatal dopamine release for armodafinil (the R-enantiomer of modafinil) using [¹¹C]altropane and [¹¹C]raclopride PET in healthy adults.supported

    Armodafinil (R-modafinil, the R-enantiomer of modafinil) occupies DAT and releases striatal dopamine in humans. PET confirmation of dopaminergic mechanism. j.biopsych.2010.08.026

  • This distinction is pharmacologically significant: reuptake inhibition produces slower DAT occupancy kinetics with lower peak dopamine surges than amphetamine-mediated release, resulting in reduced reinforcement and abuse potential.supported

    Modafinil enhances wakefulness without affecting reinforcement, devoid of addictive potential. Distinguishes modafinil from addictive psychostimulants. fnana.2025.1670564

  • Modafinil's secondary pharmacological targets include the norepinephrine transporter (NET), orexin/hypocretin neurons, histaminergic systems, serotonergic pathways, glutamatergic transmission, and GABAergic inhibitionsupported

    Major effects: dopamine reuptake inhibition plus modulation of noradrenergic, serotoninergic, orexinergic, histaminergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways. 08897077.2019.1700584

chemistry4 · 2 ok

  • This hydroxamic acid group is cleaved during hepatic metabolism, yielding modafinil as the primary active metabolite and modafinilic acid as an inactive byproduct.supported

    Modafinil is a racemate metabolized mainly in the liver into inactive acid and sulfone metabolites. 08897077.2019.1700584

  • The benzhydryl sulfoxide pharmacophore was the focus of systematic investigation at Laboratoire Louis Lafon during the 1970s, from which both adrafinil and modafinil emergedsupported

    Adrafinil identified by L. Lafon Ltd in 1974. Modafinil identified as active metabolite. j.sleep.2018.05.027

  • Claim in chemistry — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in chemistry — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

comparative-pharmacology4 · 3 ok

  • Cardiovascular effects: Adrafinil and modafinil at 3 mg/kg did not significantly augment the pressor response to noradrenaline in anaesthetized rats, in contrast to cocaine, desipramine, and bupropionsupported

    Adrafinil and modafinil (3mg/kg) did not significantly affect the pressor response to noradrenaline in anaesthetized rat, unlike cocaine, desipramine, and bupropion. j.ejphar.2014.03.059

  • Mechanism: Modafinil inhibits DAT via reuptake blockade; amphetamines induce reverse transport (monoamine release)supported

    Modafinil inhibits dopamine transporter (DAT). Acts at same binding site as cocaine. Potentiates brain dopaminergic signals via DAT inhibition. j.neuroscience.2013.07.071

  • DAT kinetics: Modafinil produces slower DAT occupancy with lower peak dopamine surges, resulting in reduced reinforcementsupported

    Modafinil enhances wakefulness without affecting reinforcement, devoid of addictive potential. Distinguishes modafinil from addictive psychostimulants. fnana.2025.1670564

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

clinical-evidence3 · 1 ok

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • No preponderance of adverse effects or mood changes was observed.supported

    No preponderance of side effects or mood changes. j.euroneuro.2015.07.028

legal-status2 · 2 ok

  • This regulatory asymmetry has facilitated its re-emergence as an over-the-counter nootropic supplement in countries where it is not specifically controlled.supported

    Modafinil Schedule IV US. Adrafinil remains unscheduled/unapproved. Found adrafinil in four dietary supplements marketed as nootropics/cognitive enhancers. 19390211.2024.2417673

  • This regulatory asymmetry has facilitated its re-emergence as an over-the-counter nootropic supplement in countries where it is not specifically controlled.supported

    Growing availability of NPS including cognitive enhancers. Adrafinil used recreationally. CEs used for nootropic effects in healthy individuals raises legal, ethical, medical issues. fpsyt.2020.546796

effects-overview1 · 1 ok

  • Compared to amphetamine-class stimulants, the experience is notably less euphoric and less anxiogenic at equivalent wake-promoting doses, consistent with modafinil's DAT-blockade-only mechanism and absence of direct monoamine release.supported

    Modafinil inhibits dopamine transporter. Few cases of dependence vs other psychostimulants. Unique pharmacology. bs.apha.2023.10.006

3Sources

39 consumed · sorted by year · feeds = sections resting on it

Sources 1 to 30
yearsourcetierstatusfeeds
2025Development and Validation of an Analytical Method to Identify and Quantitate Novel Modafinil Analogs in Products Marketed as Dietary Supplements.Bakota EL, Nandrea JM · Journal of Dietary Supplementsdoi:10.1080/19390211.2024.2417673moderateconsumed3 sections
2025Functional neuroanatomy of dopaminergic arousal systems: implications for the wake-promoting effect of psychostimulants, with particular reference to modafinil.Szabadi E · Frontiers in Neuroanatomydoi:10.3389/fnana.2025.1670564moderateconsumed5 sections
2024Adrafinil - Wikipediaurl:3a4160d7ffcac8eeweakconsumedcited only
2024ChemicalBook: Adrafinil (CAS 63547-13-7) Physical Propertiesurl:b3c4ee9c625a36a4weakconsumedcited only
2024Modafinil, an atypical CNS stimulant?Hersey M, Tanda G · Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.)doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2023.10.006moderateconsumed5 sections
2024Modafinil/Armodafinil - LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver InjuryNIH/NCBI LiverToxurl:ff66b3f45b0fe72bweakconsumedcited only
2024NCATS Inxight Drugs: Adrafinil (BI81Z4542G)url:731e394ad7ca80f1weakconsumedcited only
2024PubChem Compound: Adrafinil (CID 3033226)PubChem / NCBIurl:4bc47ee0e544b959moderateconsumedcited only
2024Sleep medicine, sleep research, and sleep education: a whole life devoted to sleep.Billiard M · SLEEP Advancesdoi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae029moderateconsumedcited only
2024WADA Prohibited List 2025 - S6 Stimulants categoryurl:dac72c98a5189d22weakconsumedcited only
2020How effective are pharmaceuticals for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults? A series of meta-analyses of cognitive performance during acute administration of modafinil, methylphenidate and D-amphetamineRoberts CA, Jones A, Sumnall H, Gage SH, Montgomery C · European Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.07.002strongconsumed1 section
2020Identification of adrafinil and its main metabolite modafinil in human hair. Self-administration study and interpretation of an authentic case.Ameline A, Gheddar L, Raul JS, Kintz P · Forensic Sciences Researchdoi:10.1080/20961790.2019.1704482weakconsumed1 section
2020Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of the cognitive enhancer modafinil: Relevant clinical and forensic aspects.Sousa A, Dinis-Oliveira RJ · Substance Abusedoi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1700584moderateconsumed4 sections
2020The Psychonauts' World of Cognitive EnhancersNapoletano F, Schifano F, Corkery JM, Guirguis A, Arillotta D, Zangani C, Vento A · Frontiers in Psychiatrydoi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.546796moderateconsumed1 section
2020The role of eugeroics in the treatment of affective disorders.Urban AE, Cubała WJ · Psychiatria Polskadoi:10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/90687moderateconsumedcited only
2018Modafinil: its discovery, the early European and North American experience in the treatment of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia, and its subsequent use in other medical conditions.Billiard M, Broughton R · Sleep medicinedoi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.05.027moderateconsumed4 sections
2017Outsmarted by nootropics? An investigation into the thermal degradation of modafinil, modafinic acid, adrafinil, CRL-40,940 and CRL-40,941 in the GC injector.Dowling G, Kavanagh PV, Talbot B, O'Brien J, Hessman G, McLaughlin G, Twamley B, Brandt SD · Drug Testing and Analysisdoi:10.1002/dta.2142moderateconsumed1 section
2015Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: A systematic review.Battleday RM, Brem AK · European neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028strongconsumed2 sections
2014Cardiovascular stimulant actions of bupropion in comparison to cocaine in the rat.Killian LM, Docherty JR · European Journal of Pharmacologydoi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.059moderateconsumed2 sections
2013Electrophysiological and amperometric evidence that modafinil blocks the dopamine uptake transporter to induce behavioral activation.Federici M, Latagliata EC, Rizzo FR, Ledonne A, Gu HH, Romigi A, Nisticò R, Puglisi-Allegra S, Mercuri NB · Neurosciencedoi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.071moderateconsumed2 sections
2013Modafinil augmentation therapy in unipolar and bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Goss AJ, Kaser M, Costafreda SG, Sahakian BJ, Fu CH · Journal of Clinical Psychiatrydoi:10.4088/jcp.13r08560strongconsumedcited only
2010A positron emission tomography study examining the dopaminergic activity of armodafinil in adults using [11C]altropane and [11C]raclopride.Spencer TJ, Madras BK, Bonab AA, et al. · Biological Psychiatrydoi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.026strongconsumed2 sections
2010Development of a validated LC method for enantiomeric separation and determination of adrafinil and its related substances on a Chiralcel OJ-H column.Rao RN, Maurya PK, Shinde DD · Biomedical Chromatographydoi:10.1002/bmc.1432moderateconsumedcited only
2009A novel study of screening and confirmation of modafinil, adrafinil and their metabolite modafinilic acid under EI-GC-MS and ESI-LC-MS-MS ionization.Dubey S, Ahi S, Reddy IM, Kaur T, Beotra A, Jain S · Indian Journal of Pharmacologydoi:10.4103/0253-7613.59928moderateconsumed1 section
2009Doping control analysis for adrafinil and its major metabolites in human urine.Lu J, Wang X, Yang S, Liu X, Qin Y, Shen L, Wu Y, Xu Y, Wu M, Ouyang G · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometrydoi:10.1002/rcm.4044moderateconsumed1 section
2009Effects of modafinil on dopamine and dopamine transporters in the male human brain: clinical implications.Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Logan J, et al. · JAMAdoi:10.1001/jama.2009.351strongconsumed5 sections
2009Enantioselective separation and determination of adrafinil and modafinil on Chiralcel OJ-H column in rat serum and urine using solid-phase extraction followed by HPLC.Rao RN, Shinde DD · Biomedical Chromatographydoi:10.1002/bmc.1190moderateconsumed2 sections
2009LC-MS of novel narcoepileptics and related substances.Rao RN, Shinde DD, Ramesh V, Srinivas R · Journal of Separation Sciencedoi:10.1002/jssc.200800647moderateconsumedcited only
2008LC-ESI-MS determination and pharmacokinetics of adrafinil in rats.Rao RN, Shinde DD, Talluri MV, Agawane SB · Journal of Chromatography Bdoi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.025moderateconsumed1 section
2004Adrafinil-induced orofacial dyskinesia.Thobois S, Xie J, Mollion H, Benatru I, Broussolle E · Movement Disordersdoi:10.1002/mds.20154weakconsumed2 sections
Show all 39 sources — 9 more
Sources 31 to 39
yearsourcetierstatusfeeds
2004What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications.Boutrel B, Koob GF · Sleeppmid:15532213moderateconsumed3 sections
2003Clinical pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil.Robertson P, Hellriegel ET · Clinical pharmacokineticspmid:12537513moderateconsumed5 sections
2002Effect of modafinil on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and triazolam in healthy volunteers.Robertson P, Hellriegel ET, Arora S, Nelson M · Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeuticspmid:11823757strongconsumed1 section
2000Adrafinil: effects on behavior and cognition in aged canines.Siwak CT, Callahan H, Milgram NW · Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatrypmid:11191710moderateconsumed3 sections
2000In vitro inhibition and induction of human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by modafinil.Robertson P, DeCory HH, Madan A, Parkinson A · Drug Metabolism and Dispositionpmid:10820139moderateconsumed2 sections
1999Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting AgentMilgram NW, Callahan H, Siwak CT · CNS Drug Reviewsdoi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00100.xmoderateconsumed2 sections
1998Increased dopaminergic transmission mediates the wake-promoting effects of CNS stimulants.Nishino S, Mao J, Sampathkumaran R, Shelton J · Sleep Research Onlinepmid:11382857moderateconsumed1 section
1998Single-dose pharmacokinetics of modafinil and methylphenidate given alone or in combination in healthy male volunteers.Wong YN, King SP, Laughton WB, McCormick GC, Grebow PE · Journal of Clinical Pharmacologypmid:9549666strongconsumed2 sections
1988Influence of alpha stimulants and beta blockers on yohimbine toxicity.Bourin M, Malinge M, Colombel MC, Larousse C · Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatrypmid:2906156moderateconsumed3 sections

4Docket

one filing per activity — decisions, correspondence, reports

  1. 0012026-05-12revisionRevision 1

    Initial LLM generation (v5 pipeline, wiki, prose phase)

    psx:substance/adrafinil/version/1
  2. 0022026-06-04proposal28 value proposals approved together

    one review action inferred from a shared reviewer and instant — the graph records one activity per proposal

    28 items in this filing

    • dose_tier · light
    • dose_tier · common
    • dose_tier · strong
    • dose_tier · heavy
    • toxicity
    • dependence · full
    • withdrawal
    • tolerance
    • dosage · oral
    • duration · oral · onset
    • duration · oral · come_up
    • duration · oral · peak
    • duration · oral · offset
    • duration · oral · total
    • duration · oral · aftereffects
    • timeline · oral · onset
    • timeline · oral · come_up
    • timeline · oral · peak
    • timeline · oral · resolution
    • timeline · oral · afterglow
    • contraindication · hepatic
    • contraindication · immunological
    • contraindication · age
    • contraindication · psychiatric
    • contraindication · cardiovascular
    • contraindication · other
    • contraindication · pregnancy_breastfeeding
    psx:substance/adrafinil/proposal/dose_tier/55d503a4-4a22-455a-b4b2-a89dd6e14d67
  3. 0032026-06-04publicationPublication — backfill
    psx:substance/adrafinil/pub/df3ddc71-acd0-4ca3-bd8e-a1c5d1fc850b

5Issued documents

what the notice, info card and emergency page said, by hash

Issued documents
documentcontent hashissuedfrom versionsuperseded
info_card3081b7a4e8a9407120aa8520…2026-10-19 20:30Revision 1current
emergency777b5863d801327b008f5610…2026-09-04 04:28Revision 1current
info_card9f04256abac259d9e22b76b2…2026-09-04 04:28Revision 1superseded2026-10-19
notice8aeb555bd61e485ce2d7a45c…2026-09-04 04:28Revision 1current