5F-AKB48
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5F-AKB48 (5F-APINACA) is a synthetic cannabinoid of the indazole-3-carboxamide class. It is the fluorinated structural analog of AKB48, distinguished by greater potency and metabolic stability.[1] 5F-AKB48 is a full agonist at CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, producing its effects by overriding the brain's endocannabinoid signaling system.[2]
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The compound's scaffold originates from a Pfizer patent exploring cannabinoid-mediated pain suppression; clandestine chemists adopted it after earlier synthetic cannabinoids were scheduled.[3] The fluorinated analogue first appeared on illicit markets after the parent compound was controlled, initially identified in South Korea and circulating as "herbal incense" between approximately 2013 and 2017.[4][5] Largely displaced by newer synthetic cannabinoids, 5F-AKB48 re-emerged as a public health concern in France as of 2025.[6]
Subjective effects include euphoria, relaxation, appetite enhancement, altered time perception, and sedation. The experience resembles an intensified but compressed version of cannabis — stronger and markedly shorter — with a steep transition from pleasant effects to agitation and paranoia at higher doses.[7] Tachycardia, disorientation, nausea, and anxiety are characteristic unsought effects.
5F-AKB48 produces moderate physical and psychological dependence,[2] and no lethal dose has been established in any species. As a full CB1 agonist, it carries a narrow margin between desired and adverse effects; documented hERG potassium channel inhibition (IC50 = 2.16 μM) creates cardiac risk that compounds with other medications.[8] No controlled human studies have been conducted — the current understanding rests on animal data, forensic casework, and poison center reports.
History[edit]
Discovery
The APINACA scaffold originates from a Pfizer patent (WO 2009/106980) describing indazole-based adamantyl carboxamide compounds designed for pain management.[3] Clandestine chemists adopted this scaffold after earlier synthetic cannabinoids in the JWH series were scheduled.[3] The parent compound APINACA (AKB48) was first identified by Japanese forensic laboratories in March 2012,[5][2] and the fluorinated structural analog 5F-AKB48 followed shortly after, first identified in South Korea.[4]
Market trajectory
5F-AKB48 circulated predominantly as a "herbal incense" or "legal high" product between approximately 2013 and 2017, distributed as plant material sprayed with the compound. Terminal fluorination of the alkyl chain — a modification strategy characteristic of the synthetic cannabinoid class — enhanced potency while temporarily evading scheduling language.[3][9] Germany controlled the compound as early as July 2013,[4] and widespread international scheduling followed in 2016–2017.
Scheduling and modern status
The WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence recommended placement of 5F-APINACA in Schedule II of the 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances at its 42nd meeting in 2019.[2] Following international scheduling, the compound was largely displaced from illicit markets by newer-generation synthetic cannabinoids such as 5F-MDMB-PICA and MDMB-4en-PINACA.[10] As of 2025, 5F-AKB48 has re-emerged as a public health concern in France, documented through the French Poison Control Center network.[6]
The name "AKB48" derives from an internal laboratory code assigned during development, not from any cultural reference. In drug markets, the compound circulated under the brand names of the herbal blend products it was sprayed onto — commercial packaging typically bore fantasy names unrelated to the active ingredient. The "5F" prefix designates the terminal fluorine on the pentyl chain, a naming convention shared across the synthetic cannabinoid class (5F-ADB, 5F-AMB, 5F-MDMB-PICA) that became shorthand for a second-generation analogue designed to circumvent scheduling of the parent compound.
Chemistry[edit]
Structural class
5F-AKB48 belongs to the indazole-3-carboxamide subclass of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Its structure comprises three components: an indazole core linked to a 5-fluoropentyl chain, a carboxamide bridge at the 3-position, and an adamantyl head group — a bulky, cage-like carbon structure — attached via the amide nitrogen.[11]
The compound differs from its parent APINACA (AKB48) only by a single fluorine atom substituted at the end of the pentyl chain.[5] This terminal fluorination enhances metabolic stability and in vivo potency.[1][12]
Molecular properties
| Molecular formula | C₂₃H₃₀FN₃O |
| Molecular weight | 383.5 g/mol |
The indazole ring provides a planar aromatic scaffold, while the adamantane cage serves as the hydrophobic head group. The molecule contains no chirality centers, meaning all synthetic preparations yield a single isomer — notable within the class, as newer indazole carboxamide SCRAs with branched head groups possess stereocenters whose configuration significantly influences receptor binding.[13]
Structure-activity relationships
The adamantyl head group distinguishes the APINACA series from naphthoyl-linked (JWH-type) and valinyl-linked (MDMB-type) synthetic cannabinoids. This lipophilic cage structure confers strong CB1 affinity. Terminal fluorination of the pentyl chain — a modification shared across many SCRA families — consistently enhances metabolic stability and potency relative to unfluorinated parent compounds.[1]
No peer-reviewed melting point, solubility, or stability data have been published for 5F-AKB48. The compound's structural features predict high lipophilicity and limited water solubility, consistent with activity at membrane-embedded cannabinoid receptors.
Pharmacology[edit]
Mechanism of action
5F-AKB48 is a full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors.[1][2] This distinguishes it from THC, which acts as a partial agonist — meaning THC activates CB1 receptors to a ceiling below maximum, while 5F-AKB48 drives full activation.[9] Full agonism produces greater peak effects and a narrower margin between desired and adverse responses.
The parent compound APINACA binds CB1 with roughly 8-fold greater affinity than THC.[14][5] Specific binding values for 5F-AKB48 itself have not been published, though the WHO ECDD confirms it binds CB1 and CB2 with greater potency than THC.[2] safety citation needed
In mice, 5F-AKB48 produces dose-dependent cannabinoid effects — hypothermia, pain suppression, catalepsy, and reduced movement — that are more potent but shorter-lived than those of THC.[1][15] These effects are blocked by the CB1 antagonist rimonabant, confirming a CB1-mediated mechanism.[1]
Active metabolite
The primary metabolite, 4OH-5F-AKB48, retains CB1 affinity and activates downstream signaling more effectively than THC.[1] Active metabolites that independently engage CB1 may prolong and intensify both the desired and toxic effects of the parent compound — an important consideration for anyone interpreting the duration or severity of an experience.
Pharmacokinetics
5F-AKB48 is administered primarily by smoking infused herbal material. Inhalation delivers rapid absorption and fast onset. No controlled human pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted.
The compound is metabolized primarily by CYP3A4 in the liver, with minor contributions from other enzymes.[12] Two main metabolic pathways operate: hydroxylation of the adamantane ring (the dominant route, carrying approximately 17-fold higher metabolic flux) and removal of the terminal fluorine.[16] At higher concentrations, the dominant pathway partially saturates, producing nonlinear metabolism — meaning effects may not scale proportionally with dose.[12]
The parent compound is difficult to detect in urine; forensic confirmation relies on identifying hydroxylated metabolites.[5] In impaired-driving cases, blood concentrations of 0.24–6.5 μg/L have been reported — the first published blood levels for this compound.[17]
Neuroscience[edit]
Where it acts
As a full CB1 agonist, 5F-AKB48 hijacks the endocannabinoid system — the network of receptors and signaling molecules that fine-tunes neurotransmitter release throughout the brain. CB1 receptors sit on presynaptic terminals and normally respond to the body's own cannabinoids to modulate signaling. Full agonism overrides this calibration, producing supraphysiological activation across multiple brain regions.
In the hippocampus, this disrupts the cellular processes underlying memory formation, accounting for the acute amnesia and cognitive impairment characteristic of SCRA use. In the amygdala, low-level CB1 activation reduces anxiety, but the excessive stimulation produced by 5F-AKB48 paradoxically increases anxiety and paranoia — explaining the dose-dependent shift from calm to fear.[7]
Why it matters
5F-AKB48 triggers prolonged dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens[2] — the brain region central to reward and motivation. This occurs because CB1 activation on inhibitory neurons in the ventral tegmental area releases the brakes on dopamine-producing cells, sustaining reward signaling beyond what endogenous cannabinoids produce.
This mechanism aligns with the incentive salience model of addiction: repeated exposure sensitizes the reward circuit, increasing drug-seeking motivation independently of how pleasurable the experience feels.[18] Chronic use also drives CB1 receptor downregulation more severely than partial agonists like THC, potentially explaining why SCRA withdrawal is more severe than cannabis withdrawal.[18]
Binding data specific to 5F-AKB48 (as opposed to its parent APINACA) remain unpublished, leaving the exact potency conferred by fluorination unquantified. The active metabolite 4OH-5F-AKB48 shows greater signaling efficacy than THC at CB1,[1] but whether it crosses the blood-brain barrier efficiently and how much it contributes to the subjective experience are unknown. The compound's inhibition of hERG cardiac channels via a noncanonical binding site[8] raises the broader question of whether this cardiac liability extends across the synthetic cannabinoid class.
Subjective Effects[edit]
The 5F-AKB48 experience compresses the cannabis-like effect arc into a brief, high-intensity window. At lower doses, the profile is recognizably cannabinoid — warmth, relaxation, altered perception — but the full-agonist pharmacology means effects intensify rapidly with even slight dose increases, crossing unpredictably into agitation, paranoia, and disorientation.[7] Set and setting exert limited modulation compared to cannabis; the pharmacological intensity of full CB1 agonism overrides much of the contextual variability that shapes a typical cannabis experience.
Relative to cannabis, 5F-AKB48 is qualitatively similar but quantitatively more intense and shorter-lived. It is less potent than third-generation synthetic cannabinoids such as 5F-MDMB-PICA but occupies the same pharmacological space — closer in risk profile to other SCRAs than to plant-derived cannabis. Consistent self-titration is effectively impossible: SCRA concentrations in herbal products vary by orders of magnitude between and within samples.[10]
Effect Grid
Full cannabinoid effects are evident — clear euphoria and cognitive euphoria, a pronounced body high, appetite enhancement, and noticeable time alteration. Sedation increases and thought deceleration becomes apparent. Analysis suppression and cognitive impairment are present, making complex tasks difficult.
Tachycardia may emerge and is the most consistently reported physical effect across clinical case series (91% in one study). Muscle relaxation is pronounced. Nausea is possible, particularly in less experienced users. Spontaneous body sensations and bodily lightness contribute to the somatic experience.
At the upper end of this range, anxiety and paranoia become increasingly likely. The transition from euphoric to anxiogenic effects can be abrupt due to full CB1 agonism. Total duration is approximately 30–60 minutes when smoked.
Modeled from the effect's dose-dependence curve — not per-substance measurements.
Visual processing suppression · Auditory hallucinations · External hallucinations · Internal hallucinations
Pain suppression · Heart rate perception changes · Muscle relaxation · Sedation · Spontaneous body sensations · Dehydration sensation · Appetite enhancement · Bodily heaviness · Nausea · Physical fatigue · Constipation · Headache · Laughter fits · Restlessness · Bodily lightness · Temperature dysregulation · Trembling · Body schema distortion · Breathing alteration · Excessive sweating · Nausea suppression · Vomiting · Involuntary body movements · Nystagmus (eye wobbles) · Bodily dissociation · Tactile hallucination
Sedation · Spontaneous body sensations · Dehydration sensation · Appetite enhancement · Bodily heaviness · Nausea · Physical fatigue · Constipation · Headache · Laughter fits · Restlessness · Bodily lightness · Trembling · Body schema distortion · Breathing alteration · Excessive sweating · Nausea suppression · Vomiting · Involuntary body movements · Nystagmus (eye wobbles) · Bodily dissociation · Tactile hallucination
Cognitive fatigue · Focus suppression · Information processing suppression · Memory suppression · Thought disorganization · Cognitive euphoria · Confusion · Language suppression · Memory fragmentation · Motivation suppression · Thought connectivity · Cognitive dysphoria · Thought loops · Conceptual thinking · Amnesia · Delusions · Delirium
Memory suppression · Thought disorganization · Cognitive euphoria · Confusion · Language suppression · Memory fragmentation · Motivation suppression · Thought connectivity · Cognitive dysphoria · Thought loops · Conceptual thinking · Delusions · Delirium
Dysphoria · Emotional lability · Irritability · Anxiety suppression · Emotional suppression
Emotional suppression
Emotional susceptibility · Sociability suppression · Social disconnection · Depersonalization · Cognitive disconnection
Cognitive disconnection
Timeline
First perceptible effects within seconds to 2 minutes of inhalation. Rapid pulmonary absorption produces a faint warmth and subtle mood shift.
Rapid escalation — body high and euphoria intensify quickly. Full agonism means the transition from threshold to peak is steep; effects may feel suddenly overwhelming.
Maximum intensity with full cannabimimetic profile — euphoria, cognitive alteration, body high, time alteration. Tachycardia, anxiety, and paranoia are most likely during this phase.
Effects diminish relatively quickly. Residual sedation and cognitive fog persist. The active metabolite 4OH-5F-AKB48 may sustain mild effects beyond parent compound clearance.
Mild residual effects — physical fatigue, appetite changes, mild cognitive fog. Generally resolved within 90 minutes of administration.
⚠ Do not drive or operate machinery for at least 2 hours after smoking 5F-AKB48; residual cognitive impairment and sedation may persist beyond subjective resolution of effects.
Safety[edit]
- Acute toxicity
- High
- Chronic toxicity
- Moderate
- Withdrawal
- Moderate
- Tolerance buildup
- moderate
- Tolerance reset
- 10.5 days
- Physical
- Moderate
- Psychological
- Moderate
- Compulsive redosing
- Moderate
- Dose escalation
- Moderate
- Cross-tol.
- cannabis · synthetic cannabinoids
Toxicity
Acute toxicity
No lethal dose has been established for 5F-AKB48 in any species. The exact toxic dose in humans is unknown. safety citation needed
The largest clinical dataset comes from the Serbian National Poison Control Centre, where 58 patients presented with confirmed 5F-AKB48 intoxication.[7] Common presentations included rapid heart rate (91%), dilated pupils (53%), drowsiness (28%), nausea and vomiting (28%), agitation (28%), and disorientation (16%). All patients recovered within 8 hours with supportive care.[7]
A 2025 French Poison Control Center study documents 5F-AKB48 as an emerging concern in France, representing the largest dedicated epidemiological case series for this compound.[6] Analytically confirmed toxicity from 5F-derivative SCRAs has also been reported in a United Kingdom case series.[19] At high doses, the WHO review documents hypothermia, seizures, muscle jerking, chest pain, and high blood pressure.[2]
Cardiovascular toxicity
5F-AKB48 inhibits the hERG potassium channel (IC50 = 2.16 μM), creating a documented risk of dangerous heart rhythm disturbances and QT prolongation.[8] Co-administration with the antipsychotic olanzapine produces additive hERG inhibition — a critical concern given that antipsychotics may be used clinically to manage SCRA-induced agitation.[8]
A non-fatal heart attack was reported in a young man following smoking of 5F-APINACA, with chest pain beginning approximately 4 hours after inhalation.[2] At the class level, SCRAs are associated with severe blood pressure drops, slowed heart rate, stroke, and blood clot events.[20]
Kidney and systemic toxicity
The synthetic cannabinoid class is associated with acute kidney injury, including kidney failure triggered by muscle breakdown.[21] Multiple organ failure involving the liver, kidneys, and cardiovascular system has been documented with SCRA use.[22] No 5F-AKB48-specific cases of isolated organ failure have been individually published, but the compound's potency and full-agonist mechanism are consistent with this class-level risk.
Long-term toxicity
The WHO review documents the following effects of prolonged SCRA use: appetite suppression, cognitive impairment, breathing difficulty, heart conditions requiring medication, skin damage, tooth decay, lethargy, tremors, and insomnia.[2] Driving impairment is an established concern; 5F-APINACA has been detected in blood from impaired-driving cases.[17]
Psychological Risks
Acute psychosis, delusions, paranoia, anxiety, and confusion are commonly reported at higher doses of 5F-AKB48 and related SCRAs.[7][20][9] At the class level, first-episode psychosis, prolonged paranoid states, self-harm, and suicidal ideation have been documented.[20]
The shift from relaxation to fear is characteristic of full CB1 agonists: moderate activation reduces anxiety, while excessive activation triggers paradoxical panic. Users escalating dose cross this threshold unpredictably, particularly given the extreme variability in SCRA concentrations within herbal products (documented at 0.05–1.17 mg/cm² across samples; 0.47–2.38 mg/cm² variability within a single seized paper).[10]
Cognitive impairment during intoxication includes disorientation, amnesia, and impaired judgment. Prolonged use is associated with persistent cognitive deficits.[2]
Tolerance & Dependence
5F-AKB48 produces tolerance through CB1 receptor downregulation with repeated use. As a full agonist, it drives more severe receptor changes than partial agonists like THC, consistent with the more severe dependence and withdrawal documented for SCRAs compared to cannabis.[18]
Cross-tolerance develops with other cannabinoids, including cannabis and other SCRAs. Physical and psychological dependence are both characterized as moderate. Withdrawal symptoms include irritability, anxiety, insomnia, appetite loss, and tremors.[18]
5F-AKB48 induces prolonged dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens,[2] providing a reward-circuit basis for compulsive use beyond CB1-mediated euphoria alone. Both the WHO ECDD and the US DEA have recognized a high potential for abuse as a basis for scheduling,[2][23] with the DEA citing 5F-APINACA as posing an "imminent hazard to public safety".[23]
Drug Interactions
The most significant documented interaction involves hERG potassium channel inhibition. 5F-AKB48 (IC50 = 2.16 μM) produces additive hERG blockade when combined with olanzapine.[8] By extension, any drug that prolongs the QT interval — including other antipsychotics (haloperidol, quetiapine, ziprasidone), certain antibiotics (erythromycin, fluoroquinolones), antifungals (fluconazole), antiemetics (ondansetron), and tricyclic antidepressants — represents a potential interaction risk for dangerous heart rhythm disturbances. No clinical interaction studies have been conducted. safety citation needed
Since CYP3A4 is the primary metabolic enzyme,[12] CYP3A4 inhibitors (ketoconazole, itraconazole, HIV protease inhibitors, grapefruit juice, clarithromycin) could elevate plasma concentrations and prolong effects. CYP3A4 inducers (rifampin, carbamazepine, phenytoin, St. John's Wort) could accelerate metabolism and reduce or shorten effects.
Additive sedation is expected with concurrent use of alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines, and other depressants — a concern amplified by the respiratory depressant potential of the SCRA class.
Contraindications
Heart conditions: Pre-existing conduction abnormalities, long QT syndrome (congenital or acquired), or concurrent use of QT-prolonging medications are absolute contraindications given the documented hERG channel inhibition (IC50 = 2.16 μM).[8] Heart disease and risk factors for heart attack are additional concerns following the reported case in a young user.[2]
Kidney impairment: The SCRA class association with acute kidney injury and muscle breakdown[21][22] makes pre-existing kidney disease a relative contraindication; reduced clearance could additionally prolong exposure.
Psychiatric vulnerability: Pre-existing psychotic disorders, history of first-episode psychosis, or family history of psychotic illness represent relative contraindications, given the documented capacity of SCRAs to precipitate acute psychosis and paranoid states.[20]
Liver impairment: CYP3A4-dependent metabolism means significant liver dysfunction could impair clearance, elevating plasma concentrations and prolonging effects.[12]
Pregnancy and lactation: No reproductive safety data exist for 5F-AKB48. Given full CB1 agonism and the absence of safety data, exposure during pregnancy or lactation is contraindicated. safety citation needed
Seizure disorders: Seizures are documented among high-dose adverse effects,[2] making pre-existing seizure disorders a relative contraindication.
Harm Reduction[edit]
Forms & Identification
5F-AKB48 is almost exclusively encountered as dried plant material sprayed or soaked with the compound — sold as "herbal incense," "spice," or similar branded products. The active compound is invisible; there is no way to visually distinguish sprayed from unsprayed material, or to identify which synthetic cannabinoid is present. Concentration varies dramatically between products, between batches, and within a single packet — studies document SCRA concentrations varying by orders of magnitude across different areas of the same sheet of infused paper.[10]
Standard cannabis reagent tests do not reliably identify synthetic cannabinoids. Definitive identification requires laboratory analysis.[24] If a testing service is accessible, use it — knowing what is in a sample is the single most important risk reduction step for any SCRA product.
Guidelines
- Start with the smallest possible amount. Full CB1 agonists have a narrow margin between desired effects and serious adverse reactions — there is no reliable way to predict individual response to an untested batch.
- Never use alone. The rapid onset and short duration mean impairment peaks within minutes; a sober companion can intervene during seizures, loss of consciousness, or panic.
- Do not redose during the initial experience. Effects may not plateau for several minutes after inhalation.
- Avoid all other substances, particularly alcohol, sedatives, and any medication that affects heart rhythm.
- Stay hydrated but avoid excessive water intake during acute effects.
- Have a phone accessible with emergency services available.
Set & Setting
The synthetic cannabinoid experience is less malleable than cannabis — full CB1 agonism drives pharmacological effects that largely override environmental context. Unfamiliar or stressful environments increase the likelihood of anxiety and paranoia at any dose level. A calm, controlled space with a sober companion present meaningfully reduces psychological risk, and ensures someone is available to respond if acute adverse effects occur.
Aftercare & integration. The short duration of acute effects means physical recovery is typically rapid — most users feel baseline within a few hours. Hydrate, eat when appetite returns, and prioritize sleep. Mild anxiety or irritability may persist for 12–24 hours.
If the experience involved severe anxiety, paranoia, or dissociation, talking through the event with a trusted person can prevent it from crystallizing into ongoing distress. Persistent psychological symptoms (anxiety, intrusive thoughts, depersonalization) beyond 48 hours warrant professional consultation.
Recovery & Support
Regular SCRA use produces moderate physical and psychological dependence. Withdrawal symptoms — irritability, insomnia, anxiety, appetite suppression, and tremors — typically begin within 24–48 hours of last use and may persist for one to two weeks.
Tapering with cannabis is sometimes used informally, as synthetic cannabinoids and cannabis share cross-tolerance, but this approach has not been clinically validated. Professional support through addiction services, counseling, or peer support groups (such as SMART Recovery or similar programs) provides the most reliable path to sustained discontinuation. If withdrawal symptoms are severe, medical supervision is recommended.
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Emergency Response
Recognizing an emergency: chest pain, seizures, loss of consciousness, unresponsiveness, extreme confusion, or a heart rate that feels dangerously fast or irregular all require immediate medical attention. Persistent vomiting that prevents fluid intake is also a warning sign.
Immediate steps:
- 1. Call emergency services immediately if the person is unconscious, seizing, or reporting chest pain.
- 2. Place an unconscious but breathing person in the recovery position (on their side, head tilted back, airway clear).
- 3. Do not restrain a person experiencing agitation unless they pose immediate danger to themselves or others.
- 4. Do not induce vomiting — 5F-AKB48 is typically inhaled, not ingested.
- 5. Monitor breathing and heart rate continuously while waiting for help.
What to tell the dispatcher: Name the substance (synthetic cannabinoid / "spice"), approximate time of use, amount if known, and current symptoms. Good Samaritan laws in many jurisdictions protect people who call for help during a drug emergency.
Legal Status[edit]
5F-AKB48 (5F-APINACA) is internationally controlled under Schedule II of the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[11] Most major jurisdictions have enacted specific or generic controls. The compound has no recognized therapeutic application and is classified exclusively as a substance of abuse in all scheduling frameworks where it appears.
| Jurisdiction | Classification | Key provisions |
|---|---|---|
| International | Schedule II (1971 Convention) | Placed by UNODC as of 2017; recommended by WHO ECDD at 42nd meeting (2019)[11][2] |
| United States | Schedule I (CSA) | Parent AKB48 permanently scheduled 2016.[25] 5F-APINACA temporarily placed in Schedule I December 2016,[23] extended April 2019.[26] Permanent scheduling status for 5F-APINACA specifically requires editorial verification. citation needed |
| United Kingdom | Class B (Misuse of Drugs Act) + PSA 2016 | Controlled under generic synthetic cannabinoid definition; additionally covered by Psychoactive Substances Act 2016[4] |
| Germany | Anlage II (BtMG) | Controlled since July 2013; illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, or sell without license[4] |
| Australia | Controlled substance | Specific scheduling regulation not confirmed in retrieved sources[4] |
| Canada | Controlled substance | Specific scheduling regulation not confirmed in retrieved sources[4] |
| Other | Various controlled statuses | Also controlled in Czech Republic, China, Denmark, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, and New Zealand[4] |
references
- [1] ^abcdefghPinson A, Yarbrough AL, Bush JM, Cabanlong CV, Shoeib A, Jackson BK, Fukuda S, Gogoi J, Fantegrossi WE, McCain K, Prather PL, Fujiwara R, Radominska-Pandya A (2020) Metabolism, CB1 cannabinoid receptor binding and in vivo activity of synthetic cannabinoid 5F-AKB48: Implications for toxicity. — Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172949
- [2]
- [3] ^abcdTracy DK, Wood DM, Baumeister D (2017) Novel psychoactive substances: types, mechanisms of action, and effects — BMJ doi:10.1136/bmj.i6848
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- [6] ^abcHarmel C, Caré W, Laborde-Casterot H, Liautard M, Langrand J, Dufayet L (2025) 5F-AKB48: A synthetic cannabinoid presenting an emerging public health concern in France. — The International journal on drug policy doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104972