Temazepam

6Node page

what any key link opens

psx:substance/temazepam/value/dose_tier/heavy@1

valuereferenced by edges — no row of its own

derived from · upstream

derived_fromdose_tier · heavypsx:substance/temazepam/proposal/dose_tier/3b3c8b4b-1745-427b-b370-15dac30befd7

feeds · downstream

none recorded

psx:substance/temazepam/value/dose_tier/heavy@1
└─ derived_from  proposal/dose_tier/3b3c8b4b-1745-427b-b370-15dac30befd7  dose_tier · heavy

indented by distance from this node, not by parentage

1Provenance card

the boundary, as counts

Sources

4312 with DOI

17 strong · 20 moderate · 6 weak

Compilations

12026-05-09T13:16:05.961Z

pipeline-v5 · prompt hash not recorded — run predates 2026-09

Decisions

34last ruled 2026-06-04

1 awaiting a ruling

Issued documents

42026-10-19T20:34:07.457Z

notice · info card · emergency

Searches

200 with no results

queries and counts on the build

Claims checked

1548 supported

8 supported · 146 not

Correspondence

0received

consent field ships in Phase 4

Edges

417

derivations recorded for this entity

Complete over 43 sources, 1 compilation, and 34 decisions.Not here: the private journal (never); 1 proposal awaiting a ruling (listed as pending only).Working material — drafts, discards, unsupported claims — is listed below and readable on the working page.Cite: psychedex.org/substances/temazepam/archive

2Build

one panel per compilation run

generation run 2026-05-09

59 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/1804f88d…

Selection

results seen128

selected by the model65

consumed as sources43

Verification

claims checked154

supported6

partially supported2

not supported0

inconclusive146

record
seen / partial
working

The model's own caveats

taper_protocol_well_supported
taper_note
taper_note

Reproduce

inputs: 43 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan: not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model: pipeline-v5
streams: none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward

20 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why

20 searches for this run
#	source	query	seen	kept	rationale
1	ClinicalTrials.gov	temazepam	10	2	Most directly relevant to temazepam efficacy and safety
2	OpenAlex	temazepam benzodiazepine hypnotic sleep insomnia	10	3	High-quality clinical guidelines and meta-analyses relevant to temazepam's therapeutic context
3	PubMed	temazepam GABA-A receptor binding affinity benzodiazepine mechanism	1	1	Relevant to mechanism of action
4	PubMed	temazepam dependence withdrawal addiction abuse	4	2	Relevant to dependence/withdrawal and abuse potential including IV injection problem
5	PubChem	temazepam	1	1	Primary chemical identity source confirming seed data
6	PubMed	temazepam pharmacokinetics bioavailability half-life metabolism	10	6	All directly relevant to temazepam PK parameters including half-life, bioavailability, Tmax, and dose forms
7	PubMed	temazepam sleep insomnia efficacy clinical trial randomized	10	5	Directly relevant to temazepam efficacy in insomnia
8	PubMed	temazepam preoperative premedication anxiety surgery	8	4	Clinical use context and cognitive effects data
9	StatPearls/NCBI Bookshelf	temazepam pharmacology pharmacokinetics	1	5	Key pharmacological and safety data from authoritative clinical reference
10	Australian Prescriber	temazepam capsule injection harm Australia UK	1	3	Primary narrative source for gelcap injection harm history
11	Web Search	temazepam legal status UK Australia Canada international controlled substance	10	5	Legal status in major jurisdictions
12	Web Search	temazepam gel capsule injection UK Scotland 1990s vascular complications harm history	10	3	Critical harm reduction context: gel capsule injection is a unique safety concern for temazepam
13	Web Search	temazepam discovery 1964 synthesis Hoffmann-La Roche history	10	3	Historical development context
14	PubMed	temazepam benzodiazepine tolerance rebound insomnia withdrawal	10	4	—
15	PubMed	temazepam placebo randomized insomnia efficacy sleep	5	3	—
16	Web Search	temazepam CAS number melting point solubility physical properties	10	3	—
17	PubMed	flumazenil benzodiazepine overdose reversal emergency	5	2	—
18	Web Search	temazepam first marketed FDA approval history Normison Restoril	10	2	—
19	Multiple sources	temazepam chemical identity cross-reference PubChem vs seed data	1	5	—
20	PubChem REST API	temazepam SMILES InChI properties	1	3	—

154 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source

safety50 · 5 ok

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A meta-analysis of 24 RCTs found adverse cognitive events 4.78 times more common with sedative-hypnotics versus placebo in older adults (95% CI 1.47–15.47).supported
Meta-analysis: sedative hypnotics including zolpidem improve sleep statistically but magnitude small. Increased adverse event risk (falls, cognitive impairment) in over-60s. bmj.38623.768588.47
A meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials found significantly more adverse events with flumazenil versus placebo (RR 2.85) and more serious adverse events (RR 3.81), including supraventricular arrhythmia and convulsionssupported
Meta-analysis of 13 RCTs (994 patients); flumazenil significantly more adverse events than placebo; most common SAEs: supraventricular arrhythmia and convulsions; should not be used routinely bcpt.12434
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Lader (1994) reviewed benzodiazepine dependence and described the withdrawal syndrome as comprising physical symptoms (photophobia, hyperacusis, unsteadiness, muscular spasm) and psychological symptoms (anxiety, insomnia, agitation)supported
Review of BZD dependence; withdrawal syndrome described; flunitrazepam causing worldwide concern for abuse. pmid:7919947
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History of substance use disorder: Elevated risk of misuse and dependence; the historical gel capsule injection crisis demonstrates this risk concretelypartially supported
Review of BZD dependence; withdrawal syndrome described; flunitrazepam causing worldwide concern for abuse. pmid:7919947
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Elderly patients: Not an absolute contraindication, but increased pharmacodynamic sensitivity and fall risk warrant particular cautionsupported
Meta-analysis: sedative hypnotics including zolpidem improve sleep statistically but magnitude small. Increased adverse event risk (falls, cognitive impairment) in over-60s. bmj.38623.768588.47

clinical-evidence22 · 0 ok

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comparative-pharmacology16 · 0 ok

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history14 · 1 ok

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Clinical practice guidelines from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the European Insomnia Guideline position benzodiazepines including temazepam as second-line pharmacotherapy after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)supported
CBT-I recommended first-line. Benzodiazepines and BZRAs (including zolpidem) can be used short-term (<=4 weeks). Longer-term use may be initiated in some cases weighing risks/benefits. jsr.14035

pharmacokinetic-detail14 · 1 ok

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However, pharmacodynamic sensitivity increases with age, producing enhanced sedation, psychomotor impairment, and fall risk at any given plasma concentration.supported
Review of insomnia pharmacotherapy in elderly; PK alterations, safety/efficacy of benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, melatonin agonists. j.clinthera.2016.09.010
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pharmacology12 · 0 ok

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summary12 · 1 ok

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Temazepam alone demonstrates relatively low acute lethality, but fatality risk increases substantially in combination with opioids, alcohol, or other CNS depressants. tolerance to the hypnotic effect develops within 2–3 weeks of continuous use, and physical-dependence produces a withdrawal syndrome comprising rebound-effect insomnia, autonomic hyperactivity, and — rarely — seizurespartially supported
Review of BZD dependence; withdrawal syndrome described; flunitrazepam causing worldwide concern for abuse. pmid:7919947
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neuroscience10 · 0 ok

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chemistry2 · 0 ok

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receptor-pharmacology2 · 0 ok

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3Sources

43 consumed · sorted by year · feeds = sections resting on it

Sources 1 to 30
year	source	tier	status	feeds
2024	Temazepam - Legal status by jurisdictionVarious regulatory agenciesurl:9b1fd1d1955cbb06	weak	consumed	cited only
2024	Temazepam - StatPearlsStatPearls Publishingurl:df7e35eb3648b782	weak	consumed	cited only
2024	Temazepam — PubChem CompoundPubChem · PubChempmid:5391	moderate	consumed	cited only
2024	Temazepam or Melatonin Versus Placebo for the Treatment of Insomnia in Advanced Cancer: A Three-Arm, Double-Blind, Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized Clinical TrialMendis R, Wong A, Frenkel S, et al. · Journal of palliative medicinepmid:39304187	strong	consumed	1 section
2024	Temazepam physical/chemical properties (CAS 846-50-4)Chemical suppliersurl:81e07470b5a2b614	weak	consumed	cited only
2023	The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023Riemann D, Espie CA, Altena E, et al. · Journal of Sleep Researchdoi:10.1111/jsr.14035	moderate	consumed	1 section
2018	Pharmacological agents for improving sleep quality at high altitude: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsKong F, Liu G, Xu J · Sleep medicinedoi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.06.017	strong	consumed	cited only
2017	Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline.Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, Neubauer DN, Heald JL · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicinedoi:10.5664/jcsm.6470	strong	consumed	cited only
2017	Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology: Update 2017Hiemke C, Bergemann N, Clement HW, et al. · Pharmacopsychiatrydoi:10.1055/s-0043-116492	moderate	consumed	1 section
2016	Adverse Events Associated with Flumazenil Treatment for the Management of Suspected Benzodiazepine Intoxication--A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses.Penninga EI, Graudal N, Ladekarl MB, Jürgens G · Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicologydoi:10.1111/bcpt.12434	strong	consumed	1 section
2016	Review of Safety and Efficacy of Sleep Medicines in Older AdultsSchroeck JL, Ford J, Conway EL, et al. · Clinical Therapeuticsdoi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.09.010	moderate	consumed	1 section
2014	Melatonin for sedative withdrawal in older patients with primary insomnia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trialLähteenmäki R, Puustinen J, et al. · British journal of clinical pharmacologypmid:24286360	strong	consumed	2 sections
2013	Risks, management, and monitoring of combination opioid, benzodiazepines, and/or alcohol useGudin JA, Mogali S, Jones JD, Comer SD · Postgraduate medicinedoi:10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2684	moderate	consumed	2 sections
2010	Effect of hypnotic drugs on body balance and standing steadinessMets MA, Volkerts ER, Olivier B, Verster JC · Sleep medicine reviewsdoi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.008	strong	consumed	1 section
2010	Temazepam 10mg does not affect breathing and gas exchange in patients with severe normocapnic COPDStege G, Heijdra YF, van den Elshout FJ, et al. · Respiratory medicinedoi:10.1016/j.rmed.2009.10.022	moderate	consumed	2 sections
2008	Effects of 2-week treatment with temazepam and diphenhydramine in elderly insomniacs: a randomized, placebo-controlled trialGlass JR, Sproule BA, Herrmann N, Busto UE · Journal of clinical psychopharmacologydoi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31816a9e4f	strong	consumed	cited only
2005	Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefitsGlass JR, Lanctot KL, Herrmann N, Sproule B, Busto UE · BMJdoi:10.1136/bmj.38623.768588.47	strong	consumed	1 section
2004	Comparison of temazepam 7.5 mg with temazepam 15 mg for the treatment of transient insomniaErman MK, Loewy D, Scharf MB · Current medical research and opinionpmid:15119980	strong	consumed	1 section
2004	Temazepam capsules: what was the problem?Australian Prescriberurl:f4711ccff9a521e8	weak	consumed	cited only
2004	Zolpidem is not superior to temazepam with respect to rebound insomnia: a controlled studyVoshaar RC, van Balkom AJ, Zitman FG · European neuropsychopharmacologypmid:15163440	strong	consumed	2 sections
2001	Drug related deaths in the Strathclyde region of Scotland, 1995-1998Seymour A, Black M, Oliver JS · Forensic science internationalpmid:11587866	moderate	consumed	1 section
1999	A comparative assessment of the risks and benefits of zopiclone: a review of 15 years' clinical experienceHajak G · Drug safetypmid:10612270	moderate	consumed	1 section
1996	Sedative-hypnotic drugs and the risk of hip fractureWysowski DK, Baum C, Ferguson WJ, Lundin F, Ng MJ, Hammerstrom T · Journal of clinical epidemiologypmid:8598503	moderate	consumed	2 sections
1994	Anxiolytic drugs: dependence, addiction and abuseLader M · European neuropsychopharmacologypmid:7919947	moderate	consumed	2 sections
1994	Limb ischaemia after intra-arterial injection of Temazepam gel: histology of nine casesDodd TJ, Scott RN, Woodburn KR, Going JJ · Journal of clinical pathologypmid:8063932	weak	consumed	2 sections
1993	Bioavailability of temazepam: comparison of four 7.5-MG capsules with a single 30-MG capsuleAbolin C, Hwang DS, Mazza F · The Annals of pharmacotherapypmid:8329784	moderate	consumed	1 section
1993	Intra-arterial injection of temazepam in drug abusersNott DM, Chandrasekar R, Enabi L, Greaney M, Bakran A, Harris PL · European journal of vascular surgerypmid:8454086	weak	consumed	2 sections
1992	A double-blind comparison of the effects of temazepam and triazolam on residual, daytime performance in elderly insomniacsNakra BR, Gfeller JD, Hassan R · International psychogeriatricspmid:1391671	strong	consumed	2 sections
1991	Adrenergic modulation of preoperative anxiety: a comparison of temazepam, clonidine, and timololCarabine UA, Milligan KR, Moore JA · Anesthesia and analgesiapmid:1683183	strong	consumed	2 sections
1991	Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Anxiolytics and Hypnotics in the ElderlyGreenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, Shader RI · Clinical Pharmacokineticsdoi:10.2165/00003088-199121030-00002	moderate	consumed	5 sections

Show all 43 sources — 13 more

Sources 31 to 43
year	source	tier	status	feeds
1990	A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of zopiclone 7.5 mg and temazepam 20 mg in insomniaNgen CC, Hassan R · International clinical psychopharmacologypmid:2230060	strong	consumed	1 section
1989	Effects of temazepam premedication on cognitive recovery following alfentanil-propofol anaesthesiaBailie R, Christmas L, Price N, Restall J, Simpson P, Wesnes K · British journal of anaesthesiapmid:2569887	strong	consumed	3 sections
1987	Efficacy without tolerance or rebound insomnia for midazolam and temazepam after use for one to three monthsAllen RP, Mendels J, Nevins DB, Chernik DA, Hoddes E · Journal of clinical pharmacologypmid:2892863	strong	consumed	3 sections
1987	Pharmacokinetics of temazepam after day-time and night-time oral administrationMüller FO, Van Dyk M, Hundt HK, Joubert AL, Luus HG, Groenewoud G, Dunbar GC · European journal of clinical pharmacologypmid:2891534	moderate	consumed	1 section
1986	Quazepam and temazepam: effects of short- and intermediate-term use and withdrawalKales A, Bixler EO, Soldatos CR, et al. · Clinical pharmacology and therapeuticspmid:2868823	strong	consumed	4 sections
1985	Effects of end-stage renal disease and aluminum hydroxide on temazepam kineticsKroboth PD, Smith RB, Rault R, Silver MR, Sorkin MI, Puschett JB, Juhl RP · Clinical pharmacology and therapeuticspmid:2858279	moderate	consumed	2 sections
1984	Hypnotic action of benzodiazepines: a possible mechanismChweh AY, Lin YB, Swinyard EA · Life sciencespmid:6145073	moderate	consumed	1 section
1983	Sleep laboratory studies of hypnotic drugs: efficacy and withdrawal effectsKales A, Kales JD · Journal of clinical psychopharmacologypmid:6132933	moderate	consumed	3 sections
1982	Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome: a literature review and evaluationMacKinnon GL, Parker WA · The American journal of drug and alcohol abusepmid:6133446	moderate	consumed	1 section
1982	Temazepam as premedication in elderly patientsClark G, Erwin D, Yate P, Burt D, Major E · Anaesthesiapmid:6123281	strong	consumed	2 sections
1979	Bioavailability of temazepam in soft gelatin capsulesFuccella LM · British journal of clinical pharmacologypmid:41540	moderate	consumed	cited only
1979	Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of temazepam in man and several animal speciesSchwarz HJ · British journal of clinical pharmacologypmid:41539	moderate	consumed	4 sections
1977	Human pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of temazepam administered in soft gelatin capsulesFuccella LM, Bolcioni G, Tamassia V, Ferrario L, Tognoni G · European journal of clinical pharmacologypmid:598411	moderate	consumed	2 sections

4Docket

one filing per activity — decisions, correspondence, reports

awaiting ruling — 1

dependence · taper2026-07-03

0012026-05-09revisionRevision 1
Initial LLM generation (v5 pipeline, wiki, prose phase)
psx:substance/temazepam/version/1
0022026-06-04proposal31 value proposals approved together
one review action inferred from a shared reviewer and instant — the graph records one activity per proposal
31 items in this filing
- contraindication · immunological
- contraindication · other
- contraindication · respiratory
- contraindication · hepatic
- contraindication · neurological
- contraindication · other
- contraindication · psychiatric
- contraindication · psychiatric
- contraindication · age
- contraindication · other
- dose_tier · threshold
- dose_tier · light
- dose_tier · common
- dose_tier · strong
- dose_tier · heavy
- timeline · oral · onset
- timeline · oral · peak
- timeline · oral · plateau
- timeline · oral · resolution
- timeline · oral · afterglow
- toxicity
- dependence · full
- withdrawal
- tolerance
- dosage · oral
- duration · oral · onset
- duration · oral · peak
- duration · oral · offset
- duration · oral · total
- duration · oral · aftereffects
psx:substance/temazepam/proposal/contraindication/0b1f8dbc-dd00-4fbd-a776-596dff2895bf
0032026-06-04publicationPublication — backfill
psx:substance/temazepam/pub/5e2ce35e-62b5-4a3e-80be-13d488ece90c

5Issued documents

what the notice, info card and emergency page said, by hash

Issued documents
document	content hash	issued	from version	superseded
info_card	25c55f1c618b1f43fee4eaaa…	2026-10-19 20:34	Revision 1	current
emergency	dcd2ca271fbe095dc7fb6211…	2026-09-04 04:32	Revision 1	current
info_card	833f2165fa6a7124a2be8626…	2026-09-04 04:32	Revision 1	superseded2026-10-19
notice	f86dcbf2f96f986353594463…	2026-09-04 04:32	Revision 1	current

Temazepam

6Node page

derived from · upstream

feeds · downstream

1Provenance card

2Build

generation run 2026-05-09

research→

draft→

audit→

verify→

simplify→

publish

Selection

Verification

The model's own caveats

Reproduce

3Sources

4Docket

awaiting ruling — 1

5Issued documents

research

draft

audit

verify

simplify