Psilocybin mushrooms

'''Psilocybin mushrooms''' (also known as '''magic mushrooms''' or '''shrooms''') are psychoactive fungi of the genus ''Psilocybe'' (family Hymenogastraceae), comprising approximately 165 recognized species distributed across all continents except Antarctica{{cite|name=gbif-psilocybe|type=database|author=GBIF|year=2024|title=Psilocybe taxonomy|anchor=955f1ded}}. The dominant active constituent is psilocybin, a [[substance_class:chemical/tryptamine]] [[glossary:prodrug]] rapidly dephosphorylated to the pharmacologically [[glossary:active-metabolite]] [[substance:psilocin]] (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine). Consumed primarily as dried fruiting bodies, tea infusions, or commercial edible preparations, acute effects typically persist 4–8 hours by oral administration. Ceremonial use in Mesoamerica dates to at least 1000 BCE based on archaeological evidence; formal Western scientific characterization began with [[article:hofmann|Hofmann]]'s isolation of psilocybin from ''Psilocybe mexicana'' in 1958{{cite|name=hofmann-1958|type=journal|author=Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H|year=1958|title=Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen|anchor=5825ccc1}}. After decades of [[glossary:prohibition]] following placement of psilocybin and psilocin in [[glossary:schedule-i]] of the 1971 UN [[glossary:convention-on-psychotropic-substances]], clinical research accelerated from 2006 onward with landmark trials in treatment-resistant [[effect:depression]]{{cite|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2206443|anchor=2d3e2178}}, major depressive [[glossary:disorder]]{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=1e5a6a46}}, and [[glossary:substance-use-disorder|substance use disorders]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106163|anchor=8ca7c9bb}}. Australia became the first country to authorize therapeutic psilocybin in 2023; Oregon and Colorado have established regulated access frameworks; and multiple Phase 2 trials are completed, with no Phase 3 data published as of May 2026{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=f2f9b722}}. Psilocin acts as a [[glossary:partial-agonist]] at [[glossary:serotonin]] [[glossary:5-ht2a]] [[glossary:receptor|receptors]] in cortical pyramidal [[glossary:neuron|neurons]] — the primary mechanism confirmed by PET [[glossary:receptor-occupancy]] data{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9|anchor=3d3f5178}} and selective [[glossary:antagonist]] [[glossary:blockade]] studies{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016|anchor=e941f2b5}}. Oral [[glossary:bioavailability]] of psilocin is approximately 52.7 ± 20%, with T''max'' of 1.8–4 hours, [[glossary:half-life]] of 1.5–4 hours, and [[glossary:metabolism]] principally via [[glossary:cyp2d6]] and [[glossary:cyp3a4]]{{cite|doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411|anchor=a9cf891f}}. The experiential profile spans perceptual intensification, geometric visual phenomena, [[effect:emotional-enhancement]], enhanced [[effect:cognitive-flexibility]], and — at higher doses — [[effect:ego-dissolution]] and mystical-type experiences{{cite|pubmed=16826400|anchor=d0ff72b8}}. Effects and duration vary substantially by preparation method, species, and individual specimen [[glossary:potency]]; alkaloid content varies up to 11-fold within a single species population{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=b10a868f}}. No human [[glossary:lethal-dose]] has been established; acute physical [[glossary:toxicity]] is negligible at pharmacologically relevant doses{{cite|doi=10.3390/toxics11020148|anchor=ea1311d9}}. The primary [[glossary:acute-risk]] is psychological: [[glossary:difficult-experience|challenging experiences]] occur in a dose-dependent manner, with set, setting, and prior psychiatric history as critical modifiers{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.073|anchor=520da21d}}. Co-administration with [[substance:lithium]] or [[substance_class:pharmacological/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitor|monoamine oxidase inhibitors]] constitutes a dangerous interaction{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7|anchor=985eb49f}}. Psilocybin produces no [[glossary:physical-dependence]] and very low [[glossary:psychological-dependence]] [[glossary:liability]]; [[glossary:tolerance]] develops rapidly via 5-HT₂A [[glossary:downregulation]] with a [[glossary:full-reset]] of approximately 7 days, rendering [[glossary:daily-use]] self-limiting{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111129|anchor=a3b848d3}}. The principal safety hazard specific to wild-harvested specimens is [[glossary:misidentification]] of lethal look-alike species, particularly ''Galerina marginata''{{cite|name=galerina-marginata|type=web|author=Multiple sources|year=2024|title=Galerina marginata misidentification risk with Psilocybe species|anchor=8c75b259}}. Strain-to-strain and specimen-to-specimen potency variability remains the largest unresolved dosing challenge — peer-reviewed HPLC data for individual ''P. cubensis'' cultivar fruiting bodies are sparse{{cite|doi=10.3390/jof11020099|anchor=b0d485dc}}.

'''Psilocybin mushrooms''' (''Psilocybe'' spp., Hymenogastraceae) — '''magic mushrooms''', '''shrooms''' — are psychoactive fungi comprising roughly 165 species distributed across every continent except Antarctica{{cite|name=gbif-psilocybe|type=database|author=GBIF|year=2024|title=Psilocybe taxonomy|anchor=0db6168f}}. The dominant alkaloid, psilocybin, is a [[substance_class:chemical/tryptamine]] [[glossary:prodrug]] dephosphorylated in the body to [[substance:psilocin]]. Psilocin produces its principal effects by partially activating [[glossary:serotonin]] [[glossary:5-ht2a]] [[glossary:receptor|receptors]] on cortical [[glossary:neuron|neurons]], disrupting default-mode network activity and generating the [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] state{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9|anchor=1b0efae9}}. Ceremonial use in Mesoamerica dates to at least 1000 BCE; [[article:hofmann|Hofmann]] isolated psilocybin in 1958{{cite|name=hofmann-1958|type=journal|author=Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H|year=1958|title=Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen|anchor=9d204788}}. [[glossary:prohibition]] under the 1971 UN Convention halted research for decades until landmark trials in [[effect:depression]]{{cite|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2206443|anchor=d15787bf}}{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=1898fa71}} and [[glossary:substance-use-disorder|substance use disorders]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106163|anchor=735d72a7}} reignited scientific interest. Australia authorized [[glossary:accepted-medical-use|therapeutic use]] in 2023; Oregon and Colorado operate regulated access frameworks; no Phase 3 data exist as of May 2026{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=0811af79}}. [[index:effects|Subjective effects]] include perceptual intensification, geometric visual phenomena, [[effect:emotional-enhancement]], [[effect:cognitive-flexibility]], and [[effect:ego-dissolution]] at higher doses{{cite|pubmed=16826400|anchor=df3cd1e5}}. The experience is shaped decisively by preparation method, specimen [[glossary:potency]], and psychological [[glossary:set-and-setting]]; alkaloid content varies up to 11-fold within a single species{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=8cba639f}}. [[effect:nausea]] is common with whole fruiting bodies, and challenging psychological experiences scale with dose{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.073|anchor=d984937f}}. Psilocybin produces no [[glossary:physical-dependence]]; [[glossary:tolerance]] develops rapidly and resets in approximately 7 days, making [[glossary:daily-use]] self-limiting{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111129|anchor=e742548f}}. The primary risk is psychological — [[glossary:difficult-experience|challenging experiences]] at higher doses — with [[substance:lithium]] or MAOI co-administration constituting dangerous interactions{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7|anchor=9756b5f9}}. Acute physical [[glossary:toxicity]] is negligible at documented human doses{{cite|doi=10.3390/toxics11020148|anchor=629c486d}}, though wild-harvested specimens carry [[glossary:misidentification]] risk with lethal species such as ''Galerina marginata''{{cite|name=galerina-marginata|type=web|author=Multiple sources|year=2024|title=Galerina marginata misidentification risk with Psilocybe species|anchor=23fad165}}.

'''Psilocybin mushrooms''' (''Psilocybe'' spp., Hymenogastraceae) — '''magic mushrooms''', '''shrooms''' — are psychoactive fungi comprising roughly 165 species found on every continent except Antarctica{{cite|name=gbif-psilocybe|type=database|author=GBIF|year=2024|title=Psilocybe taxonomy|anchor=ea937471}}. The dominant alkaloid, psilocybin, is converted by the body into [[substance:psilocin]], the compound responsible for the [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] state. Psilocin activates [[glossary:serotonin]] [[glossary:receptor|receptors]] in the [[glossary:cortex]], disrupting the brain's default resting network and generating the characteristic [[glossary:psychedelic-experience]]{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9|anchor=d506489d}}. Ceremonial use in Mesoamerica dates to at least 1000 BCE; [[article:hofmann|Albert Hofmann]] isolated psilocybin in 1958{{cite|name=hofmann-1958|type=journal|author=Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H|year=1958|title=Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen|anchor=84bc4dd0}}. [[glossary:prohibition]] under the 1971 UN Convention halted research for decades. Clinical trials in [[effect:depression]]{{cite|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2206443|anchor=e627c432}}{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=f0856c09}} and [[glossary:addiction]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106163|anchor=c2aa1cd1}} reignited scientific interest; Australia authorized [[glossary:accepted-medical-use|therapeutic use]] in 2023, and Oregon and Colorado now operate regulated access frameworks{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=a8be2dfd}}. [[index:effects|Subjective effects]] include brightened colors, geometric visual patterns, [[effect:emotional-enhancement]], and — at higher doses — [[effect:ego-dissolution]], where the sense of a separate self temporarily collapses{{cite|pubmed=16826400|anchor=3235e2b5}}. The experience is shaped decisively by dose, psychological state, and environment; alkaloid content varies up to 11-fold within a single species{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=56398f54}}. [[effect:nausea]] during onset is common, and [[glossary:difficult-experience|challenging experiences]] — panic, [[effect:paranoia]], [[effect:thought-loops]] — scale with dose{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.073|anchor=f34a3e07}}. Psilocybin produces no [[glossary:physical-dependence]] and no [[glossary:withdrawal]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111129|anchor=9cfec866}}; acute physical [[glossary:toxicity]] at documented human doses is negligible{{cite|doi=10.3390/toxics11020148|anchor=3f12d3a0}}. The primary danger is psychological — difficult experiences at high doses — with [[substance:lithium]] and MAOI co-administration posing the most serious [[glossary:drug-interaction]] risks{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7|anchor=e9dc81bc}}. Wild-harvested specimens carry serious [[glossary:misidentification]] risk with lethal species such as ''Galerina marginata''{{cite|name=galerina-marginata|type=web|author=Multiple sources|year=2024|title=Galerina marginata misidentification risk with Psilocybe species|anchor=4c83dae6}}.

===Traditional and historical use=== Archaeological evidence places ceremonial mushroom use in Mesoamerica at least as far back as 1000 BCE — stone effigies from highland Guatemala suggest organized ritual veneration{{cite|doi=10.1007/7854_2017_474|anchor=ae383ca0}}. The Aztecs called them ''teonanácatl'' ("flesh of the gods") and consumed them for healing, divination, and spiritual ceremony. R. Gordon Wasson attended a Mazatec ''velada'' in Oaxaca in 1955 and published his account in ''Life'' magazine in 1957, catalyzing Western interest while disrupting Mazatec communities{{cite|name=wasson-1957|type=magazine|author=Wasson RG|year=1957|title=Seeking the Magic Mushroom|anchor=58fbc233}}. ===Research era and prohibition=== Roger Heim described ''Psilocybe mexicana'' taxonomically in 1957, and [[article:hofmann|Albert Hofmann]] at [[article:sandoz|Sandoz]] isolated psilocybin and [[substance:psilocin]] the following year{{cite|name=hofmann-1958|type=journal|author=Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H|year=1958|title=Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen|anchor=6c2abb56}}. Psychiatric research continued through the 1960s before psilocybin was placed in [[glossary:schedule-i]] under the US [[glossary:controlled-substances-act]] in 1970 and the 1971 UN Convention{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=82f2fe98}}. The mushroom itself was not explicitly named in the 1971 convention — a legal ambiguity later exploited in several jurisdictions{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=bb9b43d4}}. ===Modern research revival=== The Heffter Research Institute, founded in 1993, provided early infrastructure for renewed clinical work{{cite|pubmed=24830182|anchor=63d6f2ea}}. Griffiths and colleagues published a landmark 2006 study on psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences{{cite|pubmed=16826400|anchor=a357118c}}, followed by Phase 2 trials in treatment-resistant [[effect:depression]]{{cite|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2206443|anchor=e72d0fe7}}{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=634c4b66}} and [[glossary:addiction]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106163|anchor=8561319b}}. Australia authorized [[glossary:accepted-medical-use|therapeutic use]] in 2023; Oregon and Colorado established regulated access frameworks{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=a5c12d7d}}. No Phase 3 trial is complete as of May 2026. {{DiscoverMore|Indigenous and Traditional Use}} The '''Mazatec people''' of Oaxaca maintained continuous ceremonial mushroom use into the modern era through the ''velada'' — an all-night healing ceremony led by a ''curandera'' or ''curandero''. Mushrooms were consumed as a sacrament within structured frameworks of preparation, intention, and community{{cite|name=wasson-1957|type=magazine|author=Wasson RG|year=1957|title=Seeking the Magic Mushroom|anchor=4e066bac}}. These practices represent documented historical and cultural tradition with specific therapeutic and spiritual parameters distinct from recreational consumption. {{/DiscoverMore}}

===Traditional and historical use=== Archaeological evidence of psilocybin mushroom use in Mesoamerica extends to at least 1000 BCE. Stone mushroom effigies from highland Guatemala, dated between roughly 1000 BCE and 900 CE, suggest organized ritual veneration of fungi — a practice sometimes termed mycolatry{{cite|doi=10.1007/7854_2017_474|anchor=26efd799}}. Aztec sources refer to the mushrooms as ''teonanácatl'' ("flesh of the gods"), describing ceremonial consumption for healing, divination, and spiritual communion. ===Western discovery=== R. Gordon Wasson, an amateur mycologist, participated in a Mazatec ''velada'' led by ''curandera'' María Sabina in Oaxaca, Mexico in 1955. His account, published in ''Life'' magazine in May 1957, introduced the term "magic mushroom" — a phrase added by an editor without Wasson's consent — and catalyzed Western interest while ultimately disrupting Mazatec communities{{cite|name=wasson-1957|type=magazine|author=Wasson RG|year=1957|title=Seeking the Magic Mushroom|anchor=eab2db4c}}. Roger Heim provided the formal taxonomic description of ''Psilocybe mexicana'' in 1957, and [[article:hofmann|Albert Hofmann]] at [[article:sandoz|Sandoz]] Laboratories isolated psilocybin and [[substance:psilocin]] the following year{{cite|name=hofmann-1958|type=journal|author=Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H|year=1958|title=Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen|anchor=fcd02ab6}}. ===Research era and prohibition=== Psychiatric research with psilocybin proceeded through the 1960s at Harvard and other institutions before being curtailed when psilocybin and psilocin were placed in [[glossary:schedule-i]] under the US [[glossary:controlled-substances-act]] in 1970, and subsequently under the 1971 UN [[glossary:convention-on-psychotropic-substances]]{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=237caa50}}. The physical mushroom was not explicitly named in the 1971 convention — a legal ambiguity later exploited in several jurisdictions{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=8fe08322}}. ===Modern research revival=== The Heffter Research Institute, founded in 1993, provided early infrastructure for renewed clinical work{{cite|pubmed=24830182|anchor=beb429a1}}. Griffiths and colleagues published the pivotal 2006 study demonstrating that psilocybin could occasion mystical-type experiences with sustained personal meaning{{cite|pubmed=16826400|anchor=1e03b1b2}}. Subsequent milestones include the COMPASS COMP360 Phase 2 trial for treatment-resistant [[effect:depression]]{{cite|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2206443|anchor=c60d62ab}}, a single-dose MDD trial published in ''JAMA''{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=b54037db}}, Oregon's regulated therapeutic framework (operational 2023), Australia's authorization of therapeutic psilocybin (2023), and a US executive order in April 2026 directing fast-tracked [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] research review{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=16a09dbb}}. No Phase 3 [[glossary:randomized-controlled-trial]] has been completed as of May 2026. {{DiscoverMore|Indigenous and Traditional Use}} The '''Mazatec people''' of Oaxaca maintained continuous ceremonial mushroom use into the modern era through the ''velada'' — an all-night healing ceremony led by a ''curandera'' or ''curandero''. Mushrooms were consumed as a sacrament within structured frameworks of preparation, intention, and community{{cite|name=wasson-1957|type=magazine|author=Wasson RG|year=1957|title=Seeking the Magic Mushroom|anchor=24324ef3}}. These practices represent documented historical and cultural tradition with specific therapeutic and spiritual parameters distinct from recreational consumption. {{/DiscoverMore}}

===Pre-Columbian and indigenous use=== Archaeological evidence of psilocybin mushroom use in Mesoamerica extends to at least 1000 BCE. Stone mushroom effigies recovered from highland Guatemala, dating from approximately 1000 BCE to 900 CE, have been interpreted as evidence of organized mycolatry — the ritual veneration of fungi{{cite|doi=10.1007/7854_2017_474|anchor=020cb25f}}{{flag|claim-unsupported}}. Aztec codices refer to the mushrooms as ''teonanácatl'' ("flesh of the gods" or "divine mushroom"), describing their consumption in ceremonial contexts for healing, divination, and communion with the sacred. The '''Mazatec people''' of Oaxaca, Mexico preserved continuous ceremonial mushroom use into the modern era through the ''velada'' — an all-night healing ceremony led by a ''curandera'' or ''curandero''. Mushrooms were [[glossary:ingestion|ingested]] as a sacrament within specific preparation, intention, and community frameworks{{cite|name=wasson-1957|type=magazine|author=Wasson RG|year=1957|title=Seeking the Magic Mushroom|anchor=3127f354}}. These accounts represent documented historical and cultural practice with specific therapeutic and spiritual parameters not equivalent to recreational consumption. ===Western discovery=== R. Gordon Wasson, an amateur mycologist and vice president of J.P. Morgan, and photographer Allan Richardson participated in a ''velada'' with Mazatec ''curandera'' María Sabina in Huautla de Jiménez, Oaxaca, in June 1955. Wasson published a first-person account in ''Life'' magazine on May 13, 1957; the term "magic mushroom" was introduced in an editor-added title without Wasson's consent{{cite|name=wasson-1957|type=magazine|author=Wasson RG|year=1957|title=Seeking the Magic Mushroom|anchor=f5b33ab7}}. The article catalyzed significant Western interest and ultimately led to [[glossary:disruption]] of Mazatec communities and lasting damage to María Sabina's life and community standing. Roger Heim, director of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, participated in the Wasson expedition and provided the formal taxonomic description of ''Psilocybe mexicana'' Heim in 1957 — the first scientific description of this species. [[article:hofmann|Albert Hofmann]] at [[article:sandoz|Sandoz]] Laboratories, Basel — who had previously synthesized [[substance:lsd]] in 1938 — received specimens from Heim and isolated and identified psilocybin and [[substance:psilocin]] in 1958, publishing in ''Experientia'' (Vol. 14, 1958){{cite|name=hofmann-1958|type=journal|author=Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H|year=1958|title=Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen|anchor=14b21fdf}}. ===Research era and prohibition=== During the late 1950s and 1960s, psilocybin was investigated in psychiatric research at Harvard University (Timothy Leary), Spring Grove Hospital Center, and other institutions. This research was curtailed when psilocybin and psilocin were placed in '''Schedule I''' under the United States [[glossary:controlled-substances-act]] in 1970, and subsequently in [[glossary:schedule-i]] of the 1971 UN [[glossary:convention-on-psychotropic-substances]]{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=db8df012}}. The physical mushroom itself was not explicitly named in the 1971 convention — a legal ambiguity exploited in several jurisdictions{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=61a29492}}. ===Modern research revival=== The Heffter Research Institute, founded in 1993, provided early infrastructure and funding for renewed psilocybin clinical research{{cite|pubmed=24830182|anchor=dabec397}}. The landmark study by Griffiths and colleagues in 2006 demonstrated that psilocybin (30 mg/70 kg) could occasion mystical-type experiences with sustained personal meaning and behavioral change in a [[glossary:double-blind]] crossover design{{cite|pubmed=16826400|anchor=603eae9a}}. Subsequent milestones include: * Davis et al. (2020): psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive [[glossary:disorder]] — 71% response, 54% remission at 4 weeks{{cite|doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285|anchor=67b5045b}} * Goodwin et al. (2022): COMPASS COMP360 Phase 2 trial for treatment-resistant [[effect:depression]] published in the ''New England Journal of Medicine''{{cite|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2206443|anchor=426789d8}} * Raison et al. (2023): single 25 mg dose for MDD published in ''JAMA''{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=883ade24}} * Denver, Colorado (2019): first US city to decriminalize psilocybin mushrooms * Oregon Measure 109 (2020): regulated therapeutic psilocybin services framework, operational 2023 * Australia TGA (2023): first country to authorize psilocybin for [[glossary:accepted-medical-use|therapeutic use]] in treatment-resistant depression{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=99864715}} * April 2026: US executive order directing [[glossary:fda]]/[[glossary:drug-enforcement-administration|DEA]] to fast-track [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] research review{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=734ee4e7}} No Phase 3 [[glossary:randomized-controlled-trial]] for any [[glossary:indication]] has been completed as of May 2026.

===Taxonomic revision=== The genus ''Psilocybe'' as historically circumscribed was polyphyletic. A 2002 molecular phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the blue-staining (psilocybin-containing) clade and the non-bluing clade were not directly related. The hallucinogenic species — including ''P. semilanceata'' (type species) — were retained in ''Psilocybe'' sensu stricto within Hymenogastraceae; the non-bluing species were transferred to the genus ''Deconica'' (Strophariaceae){{cite|name=gbif-psilocybe|type=database|author=GBIF|year=2024|title=Psilocybe taxonomy|anchor=11928a3f}}{{cite|name=frontiers-psychedelic-taxonomy-2022|type=journal|author=Frontiers in Forests and Global Change|year=2022|title=An Overview on the Taxonomy Phylogenetics and Ecology of the Psychedelic Genera|anchor=1c93b3d6}}. The designation "psilocybin mushrooms" is a pharmacological rather than strictly monophyletic grouping — psilocybin-producing species also occur in ''Panaeolus''{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16338|anchor=8df32e2c}}, ''Gymnopilus'', and ''Pluteus''{{cite|name=frontiers-psychedelic-taxonomy-2022|type=journal|author=Frontiers in Forests and Global Change|year=2022|title=An Overview on the Taxonomy Phylogenetics and Ecology of the Psychedelic Genera|anchor=a54d9f63}}. ===Distribution and key species=== Species diversity is greatest in the neotropics, from Mesoamerica through Brazil and Chile, with the majority of species associated with subtropical humid forests and grassy sites{{cite|name=gbif-psilocybe|type=database|author=GBIF|year=2024|title=Psilocybe taxonomy|anchor=95d5cc76}}. Species of pharmacological and commercial significance include: * '''''P. cubensis''''' (Earle) Singer — pantropical distribution; grows on dung in humid subtropical regions (Americas, Southeast Asia, Africa). The most widely cultivated species globally, grown on sterilized grain, straw, or manure [[glossary:substrate|substrates]]{{cite|doi=10.3390/jof11020099|anchor=b7930a43}}. * '''''P. semilanceata''''' (Fr.) P.Kumm. ("liberty cap") — the most common wild-harvested species across northern Europe (United Kingdom, Netherlands, Scandinavia) and the Pacific Northwest of North America. Grows in acidic grassland. * '''''P. azurescens''''' Stamets & Gartz — Pacific Northwest coast (United States/Canada); one of the most potent wild species, with psilocybin content reaching 1.8% dry weight{{cite|name=stamets-gartz-1995|type=book|author=Stamets P, Gartz J|year=1995|title=Psilocybe mushrooms comparative alkaloid content|anchor=899e830e}}. * '''''P. cyanescens''''' Wakef. — temperate zones, primarily on wood chip mulch; high [[glossary:potency]]. * '''''P. mexicana''''' Heim — Mexico and Central America; the historical species from which psilocybin was first isolated{{cite|name=hofmann-1958|type=journal|author=Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H|year=1958|title=Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen|anchor=c7714b77}}. ===Morphological identification=== Psilocybin-containing ''Psilocybe'' species typically present as small-to-medium mushrooms with a viscid (sticky when moist) cap, purplish-brown spore print, and characteristic '''blue-green bruising''' where tissue is damaged. The bluing reaction represents [[glossary:oxidation]] of [[substance:psilocin]] formed via enzymatic dephosphorylation of psilocybin and is the primary field identification marker{{cite|name=frontiers-psychedelic-taxonomy-2022|type=journal|author=Frontiers in Forests and Global Change|year=2022|title=An Overview on the Taxonomy Phylogenetics and Ecology of the Psychedelic Genera|anchor=d641e397}}. DNA barcoding of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region provides definitive species-level identification when morphological assessment is ambiguous{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.scijus.2018.08.005|anchor=6d439813}}. ===Misidentification risk=== {{Warning}} '''''Galerina marginata''''' (Batsch) Kühner is a deadly amatoxin-containing species superficially resembling ''P. cyanescens'', ''P. subaeruginosa'', and ''P. stuntzii''. It has been documented growing intermingled with ''Psilocybe cyanescens'' in the same wood chip substrate. ''G. marginata'' contains higher concentrations of α-amanitin per unit weight than ''Amanita phalloides'' and is responsible for fatalities from [[glossary:misidentification]]{{cite|name=galerina-marginata|type=web|author=Multiple sources|year=2024|title=Galerina marginata misidentification risk with Psilocybe species|anchor=53f30bb4}}. Critical distinguishing features: * ''Psilocybe'' species: '''purplish''' spore print; '''blue-green bruising''' on damage * ''G. marginata'': '''medium-brown''' spore print; '''no bluing''' reaction * Microscopic examination is required for definitive identification in ambiguous cases Amatoxin poisoning produces [[glossary:delayed-onset|delayed-onset]] [[glossary:hepatotoxicity]] (6–24 hours post-[[glossary:ingestion]]) progressing to severe liver failure. Amatoxins account for more than 90% of fatal mushroom poisonings globally. This risk applies exclusively to wild-harvested specimens; cultivated ''P. cubensis'' from verified sources carries no equivalent species-substitution hazard. {{/Warning}}

===Taxonomy and classification=== ''Psilocybe'' is a genus of small, spore-bearing fungi in the family Hymenogastraceae. Approximately 165 species are recognized, distributed across all continents except Antarctica{{cite|name=gbif-psilocybe|type=database|author=GBIF|year=2024|title=Psilocybe taxonomy|anchor=77420d68}}. The most commonly encountered species in cultivation and commerce is ''Psilocybe cubensis'', a pantropical fungus with numerous named cultivars (e.g., "Golden Teacher," "B+," "Penis Envy"). ''Psilocybe semilanceata'' (liberty cap) is the most widespread wild species in temperate Europe and North America. ===Habitat and distribution=== ''Psilocybe'' species occupy diverse ecological niches. ''P. cubensis'' fruits on bovine dung and enriched soils in tropical and subtropical regions. ''P. semilanceata'' grows in acidic grasslands, particularly sheep-grazed pastures in the British Isles, Scandinavia, and the Pacific Northwest. ''P. cyanescens'' (wavy cap) colonizes wood-chip mulch in urban and suburban settings. Wild populations of many species remain poorly surveyed outside North America and Western Europe. ===Identification=== Psilocybin-containing species share several macroscopic features: small to medium fruiting bodies, a hygrophanous cap (color shifts as moisture content changes), dark purple-brown spore prints, and — critically — '''blue bruising''' of damaged tissue, caused by oxidative polymerization of [[substance:psilocin]]. Blue bruising is the most reliable field indicator of psilocybin content, though it is not unique to ''Psilocybe'' and may be absent in some low-[[glossary:potency]] species. [[glossary:misidentification]] is the most serious safety concern for wild foragers. ''Galerina marginata'', a lethal amatoxin-containing species, co-occurs with ''P. cyanescens'' on wood-chip [[glossary:substrate|substrates]] and can appear similar to inexperienced collectors{{cite|name=galerina-marginata|type=web|author=Multiple sources|year=2024|title=Galerina marginata misidentification risk with Psilocybe species|anchor=570b281b}}. Spore print color (''Galerina'': rusty brown; ''Psilocybe'': dark purple-brown) is the primary distinguishing feature. ===Harvesting and processing=== Cultivated ''P. cubensis'' is typically harvested just before or as the veil separating cap from stem tears, then dried at low heat to preserve alkaloid content. Wild-harvested specimens require expert identification before consumption. Fruiting bodies are consumed dried, brewed as tea, or incorporated into edible preparations. Potency varies substantially: alkaloid content can differ up to 11-fold between individual specimens within a single species{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=bd3a2122}}.

===Taxonomy and classification=== ''Psilocybe'' is a genus of small fungi in the family Hymenogastraceae, comprising roughly 165 recognized species{{cite|name=gbif-psilocybe|type=database|author=GBIF|year=2024|title=Psilocybe taxonomy|anchor=f07ac87e}}. The most widely cultivated species is ''Psilocybe cubensis'', available in many named cultivars such as 'Golden Teacher' and 'Penis Envy'. ''P. semilanceata'' (the liberty cap) is the most common wild species in temperate Europe and North America. ===Habitat and distribution=== ''P. cubensis'' grows on bovine dung and enriched soils in tropical and subtropical regions. ''P. semilanceata'' inhabits acidic, sheep-grazed grasslands across the British Isles, Scandinavia, and the Pacific Northwest. ''P. cyanescens'' (wavy cap) colonizes wood-chip mulch in urban and suburban gardens. ===Identification=== Psilocybin-containing species share several field features: small fruiting bodies, a cap that shifts color as moisture changes (hygrophanous), dark purple-brown spore prints, and '''blue bruising''' where tissue is damaged. ''Galerina marginata'' — a lethal species — grows on the same wood-chip [[glossary:substrate|substrates]] as ''P. cyanescens'' and can look similar to inexperienced foragers{{cite|name=galerina-marginata|type=web|author=Multiple sources|year=2024|title=Galerina marginata misidentification risk with Psilocybe species|anchor=160698c7}}. Spore print color is the key distinction: ''Galerina'' prints rusty brown; ''Psilocybe'' prints dark purple-brown.

===Dominant alkaloid: psilocybin and psilocin=== Psilocybin is the dominant alkaloid in ''Psilocybe'' mushrooms, functioning as a [[glossary:prodrug]]. The body converts it to [[substance:psilocin]] — the compound that produces [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] effects by activating [[glossary:serotonin]] [[glossary:receptor|receptors]] in the [[glossary:cortex]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016|anchor=db23c66c}}. In dried ''P. cubensis'', psilocybin content typically ranges from about 0.14% to 1.86% by dry weight{{cite|doi=10.3390/jof11020099|anchor=69655fab}}. ===Minor alkaloids=== Several minor alkaloids co-occur with psilocybin in most ''Psilocybe'' species. '''Baeocystin''', '''norbaeocystin''', and '''aeruginascin''' have been identified across various strains — aeruginascin has been linked anecdotally to differences in subjective character in some ''P. cubensis'' strains. No controlled human studies have isolated the contributions of any minor alkaloid; their role in shaping the experience remains unresolved. ===Variability=== Alkaloid concentrations vary dramatically across species, cultivars, and individual specimens — up to 11-fold within a single ''P. cubensis'' population{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=182d4ec0}}. Named cultivar reputations (e.g., 'Penis Envy' for high [[glossary:potency]]) carry some weight among cultivators, but standardized analytical data remain limited{{cite|doi=10.3390/jof11020099|anchor=0eb828d0}}. This variability is the central challenge for consistent dosing with whole-mushroom preparations.

===Dominant alkaloid: psilocybin and psilocin=== psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is the dominant alkaloid in ''Psilocybe'' mushrooms, functioning as a [[glossary:prodrug]]. After [[glossary:ingestion]], alkaline phosphatases in the gut, liver, and blood cleave its phosphate group to yield [[substance:psilocin]] (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) — the compound responsible for psychoactive effects. Psilocin acts as a [[glossary:partial-agonist]] at [[glossary:serotonin]] [[glossary:5-ht2a]] [[glossary:receptor|receptors]], the [[glossary:receptor-binding|receptor interaction]] that drives the [[glossary:psychedelic-experience]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016|anchor=3adaf6bf}}. Psilocybin content in ''P. cubensis'' dried fruiting bodies typically ranges from approximately 0.14% to 1.86% by dry weight, though peer-reviewed HPLC data for individual cultivars remain sparse{{cite|doi=10.3390/jof11020099|anchor=a80309b5}}. ===Minor alkaloids=== Several minor [[substance_class:chemical/tryptamine]] alkaloids co-occur with psilocybin in most ''Psilocybe'' species. '''Baeocystin''' (4-phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine), the nor-methyl [[glossary:structural-analog]] of psilocybin, is the most commonly reported minor constituent. '''Norbaeocystin''' (4-phosphoryloxy-tryptamine) is present at lower concentrations. '''Aeruginascin''' (trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine) has been identified in some species, particularly ''P. cubensis'' strains anecdotally associated with experiential differences. No controlled human studies isolating the contributions of any minor alkaloid exist; their functional role in modulating the [[glossary:subjective-experience]] is unresolved. ===Variability=== Alkaloid concentrations vary dramatically across species, cultivars, individual specimens, and even different regions of the same fruiting body. Within a single ''P. cubensis'' population, total psilocybin content can vary up to 11-fold{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=40ffbeaa}}. Growing conditions — [[glossary:substrate]] composition, temperature, humidity, and light exposure — influence alkaloid production. Named cultivar designations (e.g., "Penis Envy," "Albino A+") carry characteristic [[glossary:potency]] reputations among cultivators, but standardized analytical data are limited{{cite|doi=10.3390/jof11020099|anchor=04faf349}}. This variability is the single largest unresolved challenge for consistent dosing with whole-mushroom preparations. ===Pharmacokinetics summary=== Psilocybin is converted to psilocin primarily by alkaline phosphatases before and during [[glossary:first-pass-metabolism]]. Oral [[glossary:bioavailability]] of psilocin is approximately 52.7 ± 20%, with [[glossary:cmax|peak plasma concentrations]] reached at 1.8–4 hours and an [[glossary:half-life]] of 1.5–4 hours{{cite|doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411|anchor=8fa11aa9}}. Psilocin is metabolized principally via [[glossary:cyp2d6]] and [[glossary:cyp3a4]], with secondary [[glossary:metabolism]] by [[glossary:mao-a]]{{cite|doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411|anchor=aa27aa2e}}. [[glossary:poor-metabolizer|CYP2D6 poor metabolizers]] (approximately 5–10% of Caucasian populations) may experience prolonged psilocin exposure{{cite|doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411|anchor=222c6ad8}}. Route-specific [[glossary:pharmacokinetics]] for tea preparations and other non-capsule oral forms have not been characterized in published studies.

===Primary alkaloids=== The psychoactive profile of ''Psilocybe'' mushrooms is dominated by two [[substance_class:chemical/tryptamine]] alkaloids: '''Psilocybin''' (O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; C₁₂H₁₇N₂O₄P; MW 284.25 g/mol) is the dominant alkaloid in most species. It functions as a '''prodrug''', undergoing rapid dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatases in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and blood to yield the [[glossary:active-metabolite]] [[substance:psilocin]]{{cite|doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411|anchor=43aedd45}}. It was first isolated by [[article:hofmann|Hofmann]] and colleagues from ''Psilocybe mexicana'' in 1958{{cite|name=hofmann-1958|type=journal|author=Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H|year=1958|title=Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen|anchor=7f4a503f}}. '''Psilocin''' (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; C₁₂H₁₆N₂O; MW 204.27 g/mol) is the pharmacologically active form, directly engaging [[glossary:5-ht2a]] and other [[glossary:serotonin]] [[glossary:receptor-subtypes]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016|anchor=198a9bfc}}. It is present in small quantities in fresh mushroom tissue and increases upon enzymatic or non-enzymatic dephosphorylation of psilocybin. The characteristic blue-green bruising of ''Psilocybe'' tissue on damage results from [[glossary:oxidation]] of psilocin{{cite|name=frontiers-psychedelic-taxonomy-2022|type=journal|author=Frontiers in Forests and Global Change|year=2022|title=An Overview on the Taxonomy Phylogenetics and Ecology of the Psychedelic Genera|anchor=9b005d9a}}. ===Minor alkaloids=== '''Baeocystin''' (N-methyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine; C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₄P; MW 270.22 g/mol) is the N-monomethyl [[glossary:structural-analog]] of psilocybin, present at lower concentrations. Its pharmacological activity in humans has not been firmly established. '''Norbaeocystin''' (4-phosphoryloxytryptamine; C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₄P; MW 256.19 g/mol) is a demethylated biosynthetic precursor detected in trace amounts; no human pharmacological data exist. '''Aeruginascin''' (N,N,N-trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptammonium; MW ~299 g/mol) is a quaternary ammonium phosphoryl tryptamine detected in ''Psilocybe'' tissue via MALDI-FT ICR MS alongside psilocybin, psilocin, and baeocystin{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-022-04467-9|anchor=35f52b1c}}. It has been proposed to modulate the overall subjective effect profile — potentially reducing [[effect:dysphoria]] — but controlled human pharmacology data confirming this role have not been published{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00284-025-04379-8|anchor=a112680d}}. ===Alkaloid concentrations by species=== Published concentrations vary considerably across species, specimens, and [[glossary:analytical-method|analytical methods]]. All values below are percentage of '''dry weight''':

Species	Psilocybin (%)	Psilocin (%)	Baeocystin (%)	Notes
''P. azurescens''	up to 1.8 (avg ~1.1)	0.15–0.5	~0.4	Most potent species{{cite|name=stamets-gartz-1995|type=book|author=Stamets P, Gartz J|year=1995|title=Psilocybe mushrooms comparative alkaloid content|anchor=8a4853dd}}
''P. semilanceata''	0.17–1.96	trace	trace	11-fold variation within a Norwegian population{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=5ba38a25}}
''P. cubensis''	0.37–1.30 (combined psilocybin + psilocin)		variable	Most widely cultivated; moderate potency{{cite|doi=10.3390/jof11020099|anchor=4eaa1a93}}{{cite|name=stamets-gartz-1995|type=book|author=Stamets P, Gartz J|year=1995|title=Psilocybe mushrooms comparative alkaloid content|anchor=b95115f9}}
''P. cyanescens''	up to ~1.68	variable	variable	High potency; temperate zones

===Strain and cultivar variation=== Significant variability in alkaloid content exists across named ''P. cubensis'' strains (e.g., "Golden Teacher," "B+," "Cambodian"). One HPLC study found the Cambodian strain mycelium contained 20.78 mg psilocybin per 100 g dry weight (0.021%) — substantially lower than fruiting body concentrations{{cite|doi=10.26402/jpp.2026.1.07|anchor=236e748e}}. Fruiting body [[glossary:potency]] is consistently higher than mycelium across all studied strains. Published peer-reviewed data comparing fruiting body alkaloid content across named ''P. cubensis'' strains remain sparse due to regulatory constraints on cultivation for analytical purposes{{cite|doi=10.3390/jof11020099|anchor=c03e9c6e}}. Potency varies not only by species and strain but by individual specimen size (smaller specimens of ''P. semilanceata'' contain higher concentrations per unit dry weight{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=293c923f}}), growing conditions, [[glossary:substrate]] composition, and post-harvest handling. ===Preparation effects on alkaloid ratios=== '''Dried fruiting bodies''' (most common preparation): psilocybin dominant; psilocin present in small amounts due to partial dephosphorylation during drying and storage. '''Fresh fruiting bodies''': psilocybin dominant with less psilocin conversion than in dried material. '''Tea/aqueous extraction''': both psilocybin and psilocin are water-soluble and extracted readily. Acidic conditions (e.g., lemon juice added to tea, colloquially "lemon tekking") promote ''in vitro'' dephosphorylation of psilocybin to psilocin, which may accelerate onset — this has not been verified in pharmacokinetic studies. '''Commercial edibles''' (chocolates, gummies): preparations with inconsistent and often unlabeled ingredients. Potency and composition vary significantly across products{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402|anchor=6cf98d81}}.

===Where it acts=== [[substance:psilocin]] binds primarily to [[glossary:5-ht2a]] [[glossary:receptor|receptors]] on cortical pyramidal [[glossary:neuron|neurons]] in layers V and VI{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016|anchor=5980b9fb}}{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=b854b285}}. PET imaging confirms that subjective [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] [[glossary:intensity]] correlates directly with 5-HT₂A [[glossary:receptor-occupancy]]{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9|anchor=b37dca45}}, and the selective [[glossary:antagonist]] ketanserin abolishes psilocybin's perceptual effects. Secondary activity at [[glossary:5-ht1a]] receptors may contribute an [[substance_class:psychoactive/anxiolytic]] modulating tone{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=8363f928}}. For detailed [[glossary:receptor-binding]] data, see Psilocin. ===What it changes=== 5-HT₂A [[glossary:activation]] [[glossary:trigger|triggers]] a cascade of [[glossary:glutamate]] release in cortical [[glossary:circuit|circuits]]. A 2024 ''Nature'' study demonstrated that a single 25 mg psilocybin dose produces massive desynchronization of brain connectivity — a broadband power reduction across posterior cortices and the [[glossary:default-mode-network]] (DMN), with connectivity changes exceeding three times those produced by [[substance:methylphenidate]]{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07624-5|anchor=80beed4e}}. Psilocybin also promotes [[glossary:synaptogenesis]] and dendritic spine remodeling via [[glossary:bdnf]] [[glossary:upregulation]] through 5-HT₂A-mediated signaling{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.02.011|anchor=31e5d9ec}}. Persistent reductions in [[glossary:hippocampus|hippocampal]]-to-DMN connectivity lasting weeks after administration have been linked to therapeutic response in [[effect:depression]]{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07624-5|anchor=53a57084}}. Two theoretical models dominate. The '''entropic brain hypothesis''' proposes that psilocybin elevates entropy in brain connectivity, pushing toward higher criticality with richer repertoires of functional states{{cite|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020|anchor=a7c8d7fc}}. The '''REBUS model''' integrates predictive processing: psilocybin relaxes rigid high-level prior beliefs, increasing [[glossary:sensitivity]] to bottom-up sensory input — a mechanism proposed to explain revision of entrenched depressive thought patterns{{cite|doi=10.1124/pr.118.017160|anchor=52ae5d3b}}. {{DiscoverMore|Open Questions}} * Whether tea, lemon-acidified, or edible preparations produce meaningfully different psilocin exposure profiles remains uncharacterized in published studies. * The functional contributions of minor alkaloids (baeocystin, norbaeocystin, aeruginascin) to the [[glossary:subjective-experience]] have not been studied in controlled human trials. * Whether [[glossary:cyp2d6]] genetic variation should inform clinical dosing decisions has not been prospectively investigated. {{/DiscoverMore}}

===Where it acts=== [[substance:psilocin]] binds primarily to [[glossary:serotonin]] [[glossary:receptor|receptors]] on cortical [[glossary:neuron|neurons]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016|anchor=bf06f066}}{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=6518855a}}. Brain imaging confirms that the [[glossary:intensity]] of the [[glossary:psychedelic-experience]] correlates directly with how much of those receptors psilocin occupies{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9|anchor=f9c730e9}}. The [[glossary:disruption]] of the brain's default resting network — the [[glossary:circuit]] active during [[glossary:self-referential-thought]] — produces [[effect:ego-dissolution]] and the characteristic sense of boundary loss. ===What it changes=== A 2024 study showed that a single 25 mg psilocybin dose produces massive desynchronization across brain networks — connectivity changes more than three times those from [[substance:methylphenidate]]{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07624-5|anchor=71deae66}}. Psilocybin also promotes the growth of new neural connections{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.02.011|anchor=7f41f9b7}}, and these connectivity changes can persist for weeks, linked to [[substance_class:psychoactive/antidepressant]] effects{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07624-5|anchor=00963e06}}. [[glossary:tolerance]] builds within 24 hours through serotonin [[glossary:downregulation]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=0fa4443f}} and resets fully after approximately 7 days. {{DiscoverMore|Open Questions}} * Whether tea, lemon-acidified, or edible preparations produce meaningfully different psilocin exposure profiles remains uncharacterized in published studies. * The functional contributions of minor alkaloids (baeocystin, norbaeocystin, aeruginascin) to the [[glossary:subjective-experience]] have not been studied in controlled human trials. * Whether [[glossary:cyp2d6]] genetic variation should inform clinical dosing decisions has not been prospectively investigated. {{/DiscoverMore}}

The psilocybin mushroom experience unfolds as a unified arc of perceptual, emotional, and cognitive transformation. At lower doses, colors brighten, surfaces breathe with subtle geometric patterning, and mood lifts into gentle wonder. As dose increases, these effects deepen into vivid visual [[glossary:hallucination|hallucinations]], profound emotional [[effect:catharsis]], and — at the upper range — [[effect:ego-dissolution]], where the boundary between self and environment temporarily collapses{{cite|pubmed=16826400|anchor=9b2d24e3}}. [[glossary:set-and-setting]] exert outsized influence: the same dose in the same person can produce radically different outcomes depending on psychological preparation and environment{{cite|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030800|anchor=9c0fc930}}. Among [[glossary:serotonergic-psychedelics]], psilocybin mushrooms sit in a middle position — shorter and generally more manageable than [[substance:lsd]] (8–12 hours), longer and more perceptually elaborate than vaporized [[substance:dmt]]. Tea preparations produce faster onset and shorter total duration than whole dried fruiting bodies. The pronounced [[glossary:body-load]] — particularly [[effect:nausea]] — distinguishes mushroom preparations from [[glossary:synthetic]] psilocybin capsules used in clinical settings.

Dose data for psilocybin mushrooms are presented per preparation below. Because alkaloid content varies substantially across species and specimens, all dose values in grams of mushroom material are approximate and assume ''P. cubensis'' of average [[glossary:potency]] (~0.6–1.0% psilocybin dry weight) unless stated otherwise. See the Dose by preparation card for the structured data. {{Warning}} Potency varies enormously across species: ''P. azurescens'' is approximately 2–4 times more potent per gram than ''P. cubensis'', while ''P. semilanceata'' varies up to 11-fold within a single population{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=a04ce109}}{{cite|name=stamets-gartz-1995|type=book|author=Stamets P, Gartz J|year=1995|title=Psilocybe mushrooms comparative alkaloid content|anchor=170bd767}}. Any dose in grams is meaningful only when species identity and approximate potency are known. {{/Warning}} ===Dried fruiting bodies (oral)=== The predominant preparation for both traditional and contemporary use. Mushrooms are dried and consumed whole, ground into powder, or encapsulated. * '''Threshold:''' ~0.25–0.5 g dried (~2.5–5 mg psilocybin equivalent) * '''Light:''' 0.5–1.5 g (~5–15 mg psilocybin equivalent) * '''Common:''' 1.5–3.5 g (~15–35 mg psilocybin equivalent) * '''Strong:''' 3.5–5 g (~35–50 mg psilocybin equivalent) * '''Heavy:''' 5 g+ (~50+ mg psilocybin equivalent) '''Onset:''' 20–60 minutes. '''Peak:''' 1.5–3 hours after [[glossary:ingestion]]. '''Total duration:''' 4–6 hours. '''After-effects:''' residual mood [[glossary:elevation]], cognitive openness, and mild perceptual [[glossary:sensitivity]] may persist 1–3 hours beyond peak resolution. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} Mushroom-weight [[glossary:dose-range|dose ranges]] represent cross-referencing of clinical [[glossary:synthetic]] psilocybin data{{cite|pubmed=16826400|anchor=3ae8d195}}{{cite|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2206443|anchor=1e3d8ae0}}{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=60aead24}} against published species potency data{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=e9613a39}}{{cite|name=stamets-gartz-1995|type=book|author=Stamets P, Gartz J|year=1995|title=Psilocybe mushrooms comparative alkaloid content|anchor=d247593c}}. No single published [[glossary:clinical-study]] defines threshold/light/common/strong/heavy tiers in grams of dried ''P. cubensis'' with verified alkaloid content. For clinical dose reference: Griffiths et al. used 30 mg/70 kg body-weight-adjusted synthetic psilocybin to occasion full mystical-type experiences{{cite|pubmed=16826400|anchor=79a3c24c}}; Goodwin et al. used a fixed 25 mg dose in treatment-resistant [[effect:depression]]{{cite|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2206443|anchor=a7d7c381}}; Raison et al. used 25 mg in major depressive [[glossary:disorder]]{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=c247628d}}. [[glossary:substance-use-disorder]] trials have employed doses of 20–40 mg/70 kg{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106163|anchor=736dc78e}}. ===Tea / aqueous infusion (oral)=== Dried or fresh mushroom material steeped in hot water (typically 10–20 minutes). Psilocybin and [[substance:psilocin]] are water-soluble; chitin-bound plant matrix is discarded. * '''Dose:''' equivalent weights to dried fruiting body tiers above * '''Onset:''' 10–30 minutes (faster than whole mushroom ingestion due to absence of chitin requiring digestion) * '''Peak:''' 1–2 hours * '''Total duration:''' 3–5 hours (anecdotally shorter than whole mushroom consumption) * '''Nausea:''' frequently reported as reduced compared to consuming whole dried material No peer-reviewed pharmacokinetic comparison between mushroom ingestion and tea preparation has been published. The acceleration of onset and possible shortening of duration are based on community observation, not controlled data{{flag|citation-needed}}. ===Lemon-acidified preparation (oral)=== Ground dried mushroom material soaked in lemon juice (pH ~2) for 15–20 minutes prior to consumption, colloquially termed "lemon tekking." The acidic environment promotes ''in vitro'' dephosphorylation of psilocybin to psilocin. * '''Dose:''' typically equivalent weights to dried fruiting body tiers * '''Onset:''' reportedly 10–20 minutes (faster than unacidified preparations) * '''Duration:''' reportedly compressed (3–4 hours total) {{flag|citation-needed}} These onset and duration values reflect community consensus. No peer-reviewed pharmacokinetic study of lemon-acidified psilocybin mushroom preparations has been published. ===Commercial edibles (oral)=== Chocolates, gummies, and other food products containing psilocybin mushroom material. Increasingly available in US jurisdictions where enforcement is limited. * '''Dose:''' variable and frequently unreliable — labeled potency may not match actual content * '''Onset, duration:''' expected to follow oral dried mushroom timelines; [[glossary:delayed-onset]] possible with high-fat edible matrix National Poison Data System (NPDS) data from 2023–2024 document increasing clinical [[glossary:toxicity]] reports from psychoactive mushroom edibles, with products frequently containing unlisted ingredients and inconsistent formulations{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402|anchor=92bb2fb2}}. This preparation carries elevated risk due to dose uncertainty and potential [[glossary:adulterant]] exposure. ===Microdosing (oral, sub-perceptual)=== Sub-perceptual doses taken on structured schedules (commonly 1 day on, 2 days off). * '''Dose:''' 0.1–0.3 g dried mushrooms (~1–3 mg psilocybin equivalent) * '''Effects:''' designed to remain below the threshold of overt perceptual change Prospective observational data report improvements in well-being, emotional [[glossary:stability]], and reduced [[effect:anxiety]], but positive expectancy at baseline predicts outcomes — indicating a significant [[glossary:placebo]] component. Controlled studies have not confirmed effects beyond expectancy{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-81446-7|anchor=f4b71c6a}}.

The psilocybin mushroom experience unfolds in layers. At lower doses, colors intensify, surfaces appear to breathe with subtle movement, and mood lifts into an open, wondering state{{cite|pubmed=16826400|anchor=9f1004a0}}. As dose increases, effects deepen into vivid visual phenomena, emotional [[effect:catharsis]], and — at the upper range — [[effect:ego-dissolution]], where the boundary between self and environment collapses. [[glossary:set-and-setting]] exert outsized influence; the same dose can produce radically different outcomes depending on mental state and environment{{cite|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030800|anchor=b2c91165}}. Among [[glossary:serotonergic-psychedelics]], psilocybin mushrooms occupy a middle position. The experience is shorter than [[substance:lsd]] (4–8 hours versus 8–12) and more prolonged and perceptually elaborate than vaporized [[substance:dmt]]. Tea preparations produce faster onset and shorter total duration than dried whole fruiting bodies. The pronounced [[effect:nausea]] of whole dried mushrooms distinguishes them from the [[glossary:synthetic]] psilocybin capsules used in clinical settings.

====Dried fruiting bodies==== '''Dried fruiting bodies''' are the most common preparation worldwide. Whole mushrooms are dried at low heat and consumed directly, ground into capsules, or mixed into food. [[glossary:potency]] varies substantially by species and individual specimen; alkaloid content can differ up to 11-fold within ''P. cubensis'' alone{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=529527ad}}. Threshold doses begin around 0.1–0.25 g dried; a common dose is 1–2.5 g; strong experiences typically require 2.5–5 g. Onset is 30–60 minutes, peak effects at 1.5–2.5 hours, and total duration 4–8 hours. [[effect:nausea]] during the come-up is common, attributed to indigestible fungal cell wall material. ====Tea infusion==== '''Tea''' is prepared by steeping crushed or ground dried mushrooms in hot (not boiling) water for 10–20 minutes, often with ginger or lemon juice. Tea preparations are widely reported to produce faster onset (15–30 minutes), reduced nausea, and shorter total duration (3–5 hours) compared to whole dried material. Route-specific pharmacokinetic data for tea have not been published in peer-reviewed studies. [[glossary:dose-range|Dose ranges]] are equivalent to dried fruiting bodies by weight of starting material. ====Lemon tek==== '''Lemon tek''' involves soaking ground mushrooms in lemon or lime juice for 15–30 minutes before [[glossary:ingestion]]. The acidic environment is proposed to accelerate dephosphorylation of psilocybin to [[substance:psilocin]] before consumption, compressing onset to 15–20 minutes and intensifying peak effects while shortening total duration to 3–4 hours. This mechanism has not been confirmed in published pharmacokinetic studies. Users should treat lemon tek preparations as more potent per gram than equivalent dried material consumed directly. ====Edible preparations (chocolates, gummies)==== '''Chocolate bars''' and '''gummies''' containing ground mushroom material or crude extracts are increasingly common in unregulated markets. Dosing accuracy varies widely; NPDS data document inconsistent formulations and unlisted ingredients in these products{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402|anchor=73f00c58}}. Onset and duration are generally similar to dried mushroom consumption (30–60 minutes onset, 4–8 hours duration). The primary safety concern is unreliable dosing — users cannot verify psilocybin content without analytical testing. Per-preparation dose tiers, timelines, and [[glossary:bioavailability]] data are in the Dose · by preparation card on this page.

====Toxicity==== No human [[glossary:lethal-dose]] has been established for psilocybin; a systematic [[glossary:toxicology]] review concluded that no dose has been identified above which psilocybin endangers life{{cite|doi=10.3390/toxics11020148|anchor=b7c8e385}}. Clinical trial data across 598 participants identified [[effect:nausea]], [[effect:headache]], and transient [[effect:anxiety]] as the most common [[glossary:adverse-events]], with no serious adverse events attributable to psilocybin{{cite|doi=10.1177/02698811221116926|anchor=7548a641}}. The Raison et al. 2023 JAMA trial found higher overall adverse event rates with 25 mg psilocybin versus [[glossary:placebo]], consistent with mild physiological burden, but no serious treatment-emergent events{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=36020cf1}}. Transient increases in [[glossary:blood-pressure]] and [[glossary:heart-rate]] occur during the acute [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] state. A [[glossary:case-series]] of ''Psilocybe keralensis'' poisonings documented '''myocardial injury''' with cardiovascular complications — findings not replicated with ''P. cubensis'' or other commonly consumed species{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2552438|anchor=69246dd5}}. '''Contaminant and adulterant risk''' is preparation-dependent. Wild-harvested specimens carry misidentification risk with lethal species (see Botanical Overview) and potential pesticide or herbicide exposure from treated soils. Cultivated ''P. cubensis'' carries lower contamination risk under sterile conditions, though mold growth on inadequately dried material poses a mycotoxin concern. Commercial edibles (chocolates, gummies) present the most significant adulteration risk: NPDS 2023–2024 data document unregulated products with unlisted ingredients and inconsistent formulations{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402|anchor=92ff8094}}. [[glossary:synthetic]] adulterants — particularly NBOMe-class compounds misrepresented as psilocybin — have been documented in the broader psychedelics market, primarily in pressed tablets and blotter. Whole dried mushrooms are less susceptible to synthetic adulteration than processed preparations. Ehrlich [[glossary:reagent-kit|reagent testing]] turns purple/violet in the presence of [[substance_class:chemical/indole]] [[substance_class:chemical/tryptamine|tryptamines]] including psilocybin and [[substance:psilocin]], providing a basic screening method. Ehrlich testing cannot confirm dose or distinguish between tryptamine compounds. No ISO/IEC-accredited laboratory testing framework exists for psilocybin mushroom products outside Australia's regulated therapeutic context. ====Psychological Risks==== Challenging experiences ("bad trips") are common at higher doses, particularly with negative mindset, insufficient preparation, or unsupportive setting. Drug dose is the single most important predictor of all acute response variables{{cite|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030800|anchor=2804f36a}}. In a nationally representative US adult sample, 8.9% of lifetime psychedelic users reported functional [[glossary:impairment]] lasting more than one day from their most challenging experience, and 2.6% sought medical or psychiatric assistance{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.073|anchor=7d773f07}}. Features include anxiety, panic, [[effect:paranoia]], [[effect:thought-loops]], and [[effect:ego-dissolution]] experienced as frightening. These events generally resolve as drug effects wane. Psilocybin is contraindicated in individuals with personal or family history of psychotic spectrum [[glossary:disorder|disorders]]. Clinical trials uniformly exclude these populations{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=998e7fd1}}{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=932a3dde}}. Psilocybin may precipitate or exacerbate [[glossary:psychotic-episodes]] in vulnerable individuals{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=30cb0308}}. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} [[glossary:hppd|Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder]] (HPPD) is rare but documented. At least one [[glossary:case-report]] describes HPPD persisting more than 8 months following combined psilocybin and [[substance:cannabis]] use{{cite|pubmed=15963699|anchor=118315dc}}. Controlled data attribute flashback phenomena less strongly to psilocybin than to [[substance:lsd]]{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00213-022-06066-z|anchor=5e6d2392}}. Extended difficulties — including anxiety, existential struggle, [[effect:social-disconnection]], and [[effect:depersonalization]] — affect a subset of users. For approximately one-third of those reporting extended difficulties, problems persisted more than one year. Guided settings are associated with a narrower range of difficulties than unguided use{{flag|citation-needed}}. ====Tolerance & Dependence==== [[glossary:tolerance]] develops virtually completely within 24 hours via [[glossary:5-ht2a]] [[glossary:downregulation]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=d3003c06}}. [[glossary:cross-tolerance]] is complete with LSD and other serotonergic [[substance_class:psychoactive/hallucinogen|hallucinogens]] but does not extend to non-serotonergic substances{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016|anchor=ad3a5561}}. [[glossary:full-reset]] requires approximately 7 days. Psilocybin produces no physical dependence or [[glossary:withdrawal]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111129|anchor=c00dadab}}{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106163|anchor=bdd8cebd}}. Psychological dependence [[glossary:liability]] is very low; no compulsive use patterns comparable to classical drugs of abuse have been documented{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402|anchor=5c79cecc}}. The rapid tolerance mechanism makes daily use pharmacologically self-limiting. ====Drug Interactions==== '''Lithium and mood stabilizers — dangerous.''' [[glossary:polydrug|Co-use]] of [[substance:lithium]] with psilocybin is the strongest predictor of challenging experiences and overall harm in population data{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.073|anchor=63228af2}}. The proposed mechanism involves lithium's [[glossary:seizure]]-threshold-lowering effect combined with serotonergic [[effect:stimulation]]. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} '''MAOIs — dangerous.''' Co-administration is associated with hypertensive urgency or emergency{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7|anchor=2b8f5af5}}. MAO-A [[glossary:inhibition]] increases psilocin exposure while simultaneously elevating [[glossary:serotonin]] levels, creating both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic amplification. '''Tramadol — dangerous (pharmacological plausibility).''' [[substance:tramadol]]'s serotonergic activity creates theoretical [[glossary:serotonin-syndrome]] risk when combined with psilocybin. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} No peer-reviewed case reports of this specific combination have been identified. '''Cannabis — unknown.''' One HPPD case followed combined psilocybin and cannabis use{{cite|pubmed=15963699|anchor=e4a4d918}}. Cannabis may amplify subjective intensity, but no controlled interaction studies exist. '''SSRIs.''' Chronic SSRI use generally blunts psilocybin's effects through 5-HT₂A downregulation. A Phase 2 exploratory study of concurrent SSRI use found mild adverse events only and no serious events{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7|anchor=02ea253c}}. The combination does not appear dangerous at standard SSRI doses but significantly reduces therapeutic [[glossary:efficacy]]. '''CYP-mediated interactions.''' Psilocin is metabolized by [[glossary:cyp2d6]] and [[glossary:cyp3a4]]{{cite|doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411|anchor=bef37274}}. Strong [[glossary:inhibitor|inhibitors]] of these [[glossary:enzyme|enzymes]] (e.g., fluoxetine, paroxetine, ketoconazole, ritonavir) could prolong psilocin exposure. CYP3A4 inducers (e.g., carbamazepine, rifampin) could reduce it. These interactions have not been systematically characterized in clinical studies. ====Contraindications==== '''Psychotic spectrum disorders''' — personal or family history of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder with psychotic features. All clinical trials exclude these populations{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=0db942b8}}{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=db19ff47}}. '''Absolute''' [[glossary:contraindication]]. '''Active suicidal ideation with intent or plan''' — uncontrolled [[effect:emotional-enhancement]] during a high-dose experience creates unacceptable risk. '''Absolute''' contraindication. '''Lithium or MAOI co-administration''' — dangerous interactions documented above. '''Absolute''' contraindication. '''Cardiovascular disease''' — transient [[glossary:hypertension]] and [[glossary:tachycardia]] warrant caution; the ''P. keralensis'' myocardial injury case series raises additional concern{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2552438|anchor=ba21a8ef}}. '''Relative''' contraindication. '''Pregnancy''' — no peer-reviewed human safety data exist. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} '''Relative''' contraindication. '''Pediatric use''' — no clinical safety data in individuals under 18. Contraindicated.

Psilocybin mushrooms are consumed in several distinct preparations, each with different onset, duration, and [[glossary:intensity]]. [[glossary:potency]] varies up to 11-fold between individual specimens within the same species{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=bf98ff96}}, making preparation-specific dosing essential. ====Dried Fruiting Bodies==== The most common preparation worldwide. Whole mushrooms are dried at low heat and consumed directly, ground into capsules, or mixed into food. * '''Dose (dried whole):''' Threshold: 0.1–0.25 g. Common: 1–2.5 g. Strong: 2.5–5 g. * '''Onset:''' 30–60 minutes. * '''Duration:''' 4–8 hours. * [[effect:nausea]] during onset is common, caused by indigestible fungal cell wall material. ====Tea Infusion==== Crushed dried mushrooms steeped in hot (not boiling) water for 10–20 minutes, often with ginger or lemon juice. * '''Dose (tea):''' Same starting weight as dried fruiting bodies. * '''Onset:''' 15–30 minutes (faster than whole dried material). * '''Duration:''' 3–5 hours. * Route-specific pharmacokinetic data for tea have not been published in peer-reviewed studies. ====Lemon Tek==== Ground dried mushrooms soaked in lemon or lime juice for 15–30 minutes before [[glossary:ingestion]]. The acidic environment is proposed to accelerate conversion of psilocybin to [[substance:psilocin]] before consumption. * '''Dose (lemon tek):''' Treat as more potent per gram than equivalent dried material consumed directly. * '''Onset:''' 15–20 minutes. * '''Duration:''' 3–4 hours, with a more compressed and intense peak. * This mechanism has not been confirmed in published pharmacokinetic studies. ====Edible Preparations (Chocolates, Gummies)==== Ground mushroom material incorporated into food products. Increasingly common in unregulated markets. * '''Dose (edibles):''' Highly variable; product labeling cannot be verified without analytical testing{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402|anchor=d2ac5c12}}. * '''Onset:''' 30–60 minutes. * '''Duration:''' 4–8 hours. * Inconsistent formulations and unlisted ingredients have been documented in commercial products{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402|anchor=de04034c}}.

====Toxicity==== No [[glossary:lethal-dose]] has been established for psilocybin{{cite|doi=10.3390/toxics11020148|anchor=117ed95e}}. Clinical data across 598 participants showed [[effect:nausea]], [[effect:headache]], and transient [[effect:anxiety]] as the most common [[glossary:adverse-events]] — no serious adverse events were attributable to psilocybin{{cite|doi=10.1177/02698811221116926|anchor=ca7a58e7}}. A 2023 clinical trial found higher overall adverse event rates at 25 mg versus [[glossary:placebo]], but no serious treatment-emergent events{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=37bf56f6}}. Transient [[glossary:blood-pressure]] and [[glossary:heart-rate]] increases occur during the acute experience. A [[glossary:case-series]] of ''Psilocybe keralensis'' poisonings documented myocardial injury with cardiovascular complications — findings not replicated with ''P. cubensis'' or other commonly consumed species{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2552438|anchor=13a557a5}}. Commercial edibles carry the highest [[glossary:adulterant|adulteration]] risk, with inconsistent formulations and unlisted ingredients documented in NPDS data{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402|anchor=20c409b6}}. Wild-harvested specimens risk [[glossary:misidentification]] with lethal species (see Botanical Overview). Ehrlich reagent (purple/violet reaction) confirms [[substance_class:chemical/indole]] [[substance_class:chemical/tryptamine]] presence but cannot determine dose. ====Psychological Risks==== [[glossary:difficult-experience|Challenging experiences]] are common at higher doses — particularly with negative mindset or unsupportive setting. Dose is the single most important predictor of acute response{{cite|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030800|anchor=4959c8b3}}. In a US survey, 8.9% of lifetime [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] users reported [[glossary:impairment]] lasting more than a day from their most difficult experience, and 2.6% sought medical or psychiatric help{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.073|anchor=a6525057}}. Psilocybin is contraindicated in people with personal or family history of psychotic spectrum [[glossary:disorder|disorders]] — clinical trials uniformly exclude these populations{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=ce17eabb}}{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=3859c521}}, as psilocybin may [[glossary:trigger]] or worsen [[glossary:psychotic-episodes]] in vulnerable individuals{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=6cf9361b}} {{flag|safety-citation-needed}}. Persistent perceptual [[glossary:disturbance|disturbances]] ([[glossary:hppd]]) are rare but documented{{cite|pubmed=15963699|anchor=9c297708}}{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00213-022-06066-z|anchor=e3993d78}}. ====Tolerance & Dependence==== [[glossary:tolerance]] builds virtually completely within 24 hours via [[glossary:serotonin]] [[glossary:downregulation]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=30a2c8b3}} and resets fully after approximately 7 days. [[glossary:cross-tolerance]] occurs with [[substance:lsd]] and other serotonergic [[substance_class:psychoactive/hallucinogen|hallucinogens]] but not with non-serotonergic substances{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016|anchor=e73ccb33}}. Psilocybin produces no [[glossary:physical-dependence]] and no [[glossary:withdrawal]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111129|anchor=206ed785}}{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106163|anchor=b9a4639a}}. [[glossary:psychological-dependence]] [[glossary:liability]] is very low — no compulsive use patterns comparable to classical drugs of abuse have been documented{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402|anchor=4d37ebd1}}. The rapid tolerance mechanism makes [[glossary:daily-use]] pharmacologically self-limiting. ====Drug Interactions==== '''Lithium — dangerous.''' [[glossary:polydrug|Co-use]] with [[substance:lithium]] is the strongest predictor of serious harm from psilocybin in population data{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.073|anchor=2b6ba373}}. Lithium lowers the [[glossary:seizure-threshold]]; combined with serotonergic [[effect:stimulation]], this creates [[glossary:seizure]] risk {{flag|safety-citation-needed}}. '''MAOIs — dangerous.''' MAOIs block [[substance:psilocin]] breakdown and simultaneously raise serotonin levels, creating risk of hypertensive emergency{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7|anchor=f2bef5aa}}. '''Tramadol — dangerous (pharmacological plausibility).''' [[substance:tramadol]]'s serotonergic activity creates theoretical [[glossary:serotonin-syndrome]] risk in combination with psilocybin {{flag|safety-citation-needed}}. No peer-reviewed [[glossary:case-report|case reports]] of this specific combination have been identified. '''Cannabis — unknown.''' One case of persistent perceptual disturbance followed combined psilocybin and [[substance:cannabis]] use{{cite|pubmed=15963699|anchor=d44c3ea3}}. Cannabis may amplify subjective [[glossary:intensity]]; no controlled interaction studies exist. '''SSRIs.''' Chronic SSRI use generally blunts psilocybin's effects through serotonin receptor downregulation{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7|anchor=d1104e83}}. The combination does not appear dangerous at standard doses but significantly reduces therapeutic [[glossary:efficacy]]. ====Contraindications==== '''Psychotic spectrum disorders''' (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder with psychotic features) — personal or family history. All clinical trials exclude these populations{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=a4def125}}{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=2a8eb6a3}}. '''Absolute''' [[glossary:contraindication]]. '''Active suicidal ideation with intent or plan''' — [[effect:emotional-enhancement]] during a high-dose experience creates unacceptable risk. '''Absolute''' contraindication. '''Lithium or MAOI co-administration''' — dangerous interactions documented above. '''Absolute''' contraindication. '''Cardiovascular disease''' — transient [[glossary:hypertension]] and [[glossary:tachycardia]] warrant caution; a myocardial injury case series raises additional concern{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2552438|anchor=77d11c71}}. '''Relative''' contraindication. '''Pregnancy''' — no peer-reviewed human safety data exist {{flag|safety-citation-needed}}. '''Relative''' contraindication. '''Pediatric use''' — no clinical safety data in individuals under 18. Contraindicated.

===Forms & Identification=== Lab testing is the only reliable way to confirm psilocybin content and rule out [[glossary:adulterant|adulterants]]. For whole dried mushrooms, visual identification by an experienced mycologist combined with spore-print verification provides reasonable species confidence. Commercial edibles cannot be visually assessed for content or purity — analytical testing is the only safeguard against inconsistent dosing and [[glossary:synthetic]] adulterants{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402|anchor=33d23f31}}. Ehrlich reagent provides a basic screen: a purple/violet reaction confirms an [[substance_class:chemical/indole]] [[substance_class:chemical/tryptamine]] is present but cannot identify the compound or determine dose. When lab testing is unavailable, starting with a fraction of a typical dose is the most practical harm-reduction strategy. ===Set & Setting=== Psilocybin's effects are unusually sensitive to psychological state and physical environment. A calm, familiar, physically safe space with minimal external [[effect:stimulation]] reduces the likelihood of a [[glossary:difficult-experience|challenging experience]]. Avoid public settings, crowds, or situations requiring [[glossary:motor-coordination|coordination]] or rapid decision-making. Unresolved [[effect:anxiety]], acute grief, or emotional [[glossary:distress]] raises the risk of difficult experiences{{cite|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030800|anchor=6736aede}}. A trusted, sober companion who can provide calm [[glossary:reassurance]] is strongly recommended, especially at higher doses or for first experiences. ===Guidelines=== {{Guideline}} ==== Practical Guidelines ==== * '''1. Test first.''' Use Ehrlich reagent at minimum. Purple/violet confirms indole presence. No reaction: do not consume. * '''2. Start low.''' For unfamiliar specimens or cultivars, begin with 0.5–1 g dried and assess [[glossary:potency]] before taking more. Specimen-to-specimen variability is substantial{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=501e4ddf}}. * '''3. Wait before redosing.''' Onset from dried mushroom material is 30–60 minutes. Do not [[glossary:redose]] during this window. Tea and lemon tek onset faster (15–30 minutes). * '''4. Prepare the environment.''' Choose a comfortable indoor space with soft lighting, access to water, calming music, and a sober companion. * '''5. Allow enough time.''' The experience lasts 6–8 hours — do not drive, operate machinery, or make consequential decisions until fully baseline. * '''6. Hydrate and eat lightly.''' A light meal 2–3 hours before consumption reduces [[effect:nausea]]. Keep water accessible throughout. * '''7. Avoid dangerous combinations.''' Do not combine with [[substance:lithium]], MAOIs, or [[substance:tramadol]]{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7|anchor=7e01a392}}. {{/Guideline}} ===Emergency Response=== {{Emergency}} '''Recognizing an emergency:''' * Severe panic or [[effect:paranoia]] unresponsive to reassurance * Dissociation so profound the person cannot communicate or recognize surroundings * [[glossary:seizure]] activity (especially if lithium has been co-administered) * Signs of [[glossary:serotonin-syndrome]]: [[glossary:hyperthermia]], rigid muscles, [[glossary:tachycardia|rapid heart rate]], [[glossary:agitation]] * [[glossary:chest-pain]] or difficulty breathing '''Immediate steps:''' * '''1.''' Stay with the person. Move to a quiet, safe space if possible. * '''2.''' Speak calmly and reassuringly. Remind them the effects are temporary and will pass. * '''3.''' If severely distressed and unresponsive to reassurance, call emergency services. * '''4.''' If seizures occur, protect the head and call emergency services immediately. '''What to tell the dispatcher:''' * The substance consumed (psilocybin mushrooms), approximate amount, and time of [[glossary:ingestion]] * Current symptoms * Any co-administered substances, particularly lithium or MAOIs * [[glossary:good-samaritan-law|Good Samaritan laws]] provide legal protection in many jurisdictions '''Reversal agents:''' No specific pharmacological reversal agent exists for psilocybin. [[substance_class:chemical/benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepines]] may be administered by medical professionals for severe anxiety or agitation. {{/Emergency}} ===Aftercare & Integration=== {{Aftercare}} The period following a psilocybin experience often carries emotional residue — positive or challenging — that benefits from deliberate processing. Rest, adequate sleep, and good nutrition in the 24–48 hours afterward support recovery. Journaling or conversation with a trusted person helps consolidate [[glossary:insight|insights]] and process difficult material. For experiences that included challenging psychological content, [[glossary:integration]] work is particularly important: unprocessed difficult experiences can manifest as lingering anxiety or [[effect:confusion]]. Mild [[effect:headache]] is common in the hours afterward. [[glossary:hydration]] and over-the-counter analgesics are typically sufficient. If persistent mood [[glossary:disturbance]], [[effect:depersonalization]], or perceptual changes continue beyond a few days, consult a mental health professional. {{/Aftercare}} ===Recovery & Support=== {{Recovery}} Psilocybin carries very low [[glossary:abuse-liability]], and most users do not develop problematic patterns. However, some individuals experience psychological difficulty integrating intense [[glossary:psychedelic-experience|psychedelic experiences]], or develop habitual use that interferes with daily functioning. For persistent psychological difficulties after [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] use — including anxiety, depersonalization, or existential distress — specialized integration therapy is available through directories such as the Psychedelic Support Network and MAPS [[glossary:therapist]] finder. [[glossary:full-reset|Tolerance resets]] fully in approximately 7 days. Spacing sessions at least 1–2 weeks apart preserves [[glossary:sensitivity]] and reduces risk of psychological overload. For crisis support, contact the '''Fireside Project''' psychedelic [[glossary:peer-support]] line (62-FIRESIDE / 623-473-7433) or the '''SAMHSA National Helpline''' (1-800-662-4357), available 24/7. {{/Recovery}}

===Forms & Identification=== Laboratory testing is the only reliable method to confirm psilocybin content and rule out [[glossary:adulterant|adulterants]]. For whole dried mushrooms, visual identification by an experienced mycologist combined with spore-print verification provides reasonable confidence in species identity. Commercial edible products (chocolates, gummies) cannot be visually assessed for content or purity; analytical testing is the only safeguard against inconsistent dosing and [[glossary:synthetic]] adulterants{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402|anchor=17c60a49}}. Ehrlich reagent provides a useful but limited screening tool: a purple/violet reaction confirms the presence of an [[substance_class:chemical/indole]] [[substance_class:chemical/tryptamine]] but cannot distinguish psilocybin from other tryptamine compounds or determine dose. For high-[[glossary:potency]] cultivars or unfamiliar specimens, starting with a fraction of a typical dose is the most practical harm-reduction strategy in the absence of analytical data. ===Set & Setting=== Psilocybin's effects are unusually sensitive to psychological state and physical environment. A calm, familiar, physically safe space with minimal external [[effect:stimulation]] reduces the likelihood of a [[glossary:difficult-experience|challenging experience]]. Avoid public settings, crowds, or situations requiring [[glossary:motor-coordination|coordination]] or rapid decision-making. Prepare mentally before consumption. Unresolved [[effect:anxiety]], acute grief, or emotional [[glossary:distress]] elevates risk for difficult experiences{{cite|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030800|anchor=dc8e0af0}}. A trusted, sober companion ("[[glossary:sitter|trip sitter]]") who can provide calm [[glossary:reassurance]] is strongly recommended, especially for higher doses or first experiences. ===Guidelines=== {{Guideline}} ==== Practical Guidelines ==== * '''1. Test first.''' Use Ehrlich reagent at minimum. Purple/violet confirms indole presence. No reaction: do not consume. * '''2. Start low.''' For unfamiliar specimens or cultivars, begin with 0.5–1 g dried and assess potency before taking more. Specimen-to-specimen variability is substantial{{cite|pubmed=17401967|anchor=e8e4c96d}}. * '''3. Wait before redosing.''' Onset from dried mushroom material is 30–60 minutes. Do not [[glossary:redose]] during this window. Tea and lemon tek onset faster (15–30 minutes). * '''4. Prepare your environment.''' Comfortable indoor space with soft lighting, access to water, calming music, and a sober companion. * '''5. Clear your schedule.''' Allow 6–8 hours for the experience plus rest time afterward. Do not drive, operate machinery, or make consequential decisions until fully baseline. * '''6. Hydrate and eat lightly.''' A light meal 2–3 hours before consumption reduces [[effect:nausea]]. Keep water accessible throughout. * '''7. Avoid dangerous combinations.''' Do not combine with [[substance:lithium]], MAOIs, or [[substance:tramadol]]{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7|anchor=30768a8f}}. {{/Guideline}} ===Emergency Response=== {{Emergency}} '''Recognizing an emergency:''' * Severe panic or [[effect:paranoia]] unresponsive to reassurance * Dissociation so profound the person cannot communicate or recognize surroundings * [[glossary:seizure]] activity (especially if lithium has been co-administered) * Signs of [[glossary:serotonin-syndrome]]: [[glossary:hyperthermia]], rigid muscles, [[glossary:tachycardia|rapid heart rate]], [[glossary:agitation]] * [[glossary:chest-pain]] or difficulty breathing '''Immediate steps:''' * '''1.''' Stay with the person. Move to a quiet, safe space if possible. * '''2.''' Speak calmly and reassuringly. Remind them the effects are temporary and will pass. * '''3.''' If severely distressed and unresponsive to reassurance, call emergency services. * '''4.''' If seizures occur, protect the head and call emergency services immediately. '''What to tell the dispatcher:''' * The substance consumed (psilocybin mushrooms), approximate amount, and time of [[glossary:ingestion]] * Current symptoms * Any co-administered substances, particularly lithium or MAOIs * [[glossary:good-samaritan-law|Good Samaritan laws]] provide legal protection in many jurisdictions '''Reversal agents:''' No specific pharmacological reversal agent exists for psilocybin. [[substance_class:chemical/benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepines]] may be administered by medical professionals for severe anxiety or agitation. {{/Emergency}} ===Aftercare & Integration=== {{Aftercare}} The period following a psilocybin experience often carries emotional residue — positive or challenging — that benefits from deliberate processing. Rest, adequate sleep, and good nutrition in the 24–48 hours afterward support recovery. Journaling or conversation with a trusted person helps consolidate [[glossary:insight|insights]] and process difficult material. For experiences that included challenging psychological content, [[glossary:integration]] work is particularly important: unprocessed difficult experiences can manifest as lingering anxiety or [[effect:confusion]]. Mild [[effect:headache]] is common in the hours afterward. [[glossary:hydration]] and over-the-counter analgesics are typically sufficient. If persistent mood [[glossary:disturbance]], [[effect:depersonalization]], or perceptual changes continue beyond a few days, consult a mental health professional. {{/Aftercare}} ===Recovery & Support=== {{Recovery}} Psilocybin carries very low [[glossary:abuse-liability]], and most users do not develop problematic patterns. However, some individuals experience psychological difficulty integrating intense [[glossary:psychedelic-experience|psychedelic experiences]], or develop habitual use that interferes with daily functioning. For persistent psychological difficulties after [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] use — including anxiety, depersonalization, or existential distress — specialized integration therapy is available through directories such as the Psychedelic Support Network and MAPS [[glossary:therapist]] finder. [[glossary:full-reset|Tolerance resets]] fully in approximately 7 days. Spacing sessions at least 1–2 weeks apart preserves [[glossary:sensitivity]] and reduces risk of psychological overload. For crisis support, contact the '''Fireside Project''' psychedelic [[glossary:peer-support]] line (62-FIRESIDE / 623-473-7433) or the '''SAMHSA National Helpline''' (1-800-662-4357), available 24/7. {{/Recovery}}

Psilocybin and [[substance:psilocin]] are listed under [[glossary:schedule-i]] of the 1971 UN [[glossary:convention-on-psychotropic-substances]]. The physical mushroom was not explicitly named in the Convention — a legal ambiguity exploited in several jurisdictions{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=742f038a}}. In the United States, psilocybin remains federally Schedule I; an April 2026 executive order directed fast-tracked [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] research review but did not alter scheduling{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=7811ef82}}. Oregon and Colorado have established regulated access frameworks; several US cities, including Denver, Oakland, and Seattle, have enacted decriminalization ordinances. Australia became the first country to authorize therapeutic psilocybin use in 2023, under licensed psychiatrist supervision. Canada's Special Access Program permits access for serious conditions. The United Kingdom classifies psilocybin as [[glossary:class-a]]. The Netherlands prohibits fruiting bodies but permits psilocybin-containing truffles in licensed shops. Germany has opened compassionate access at two clinics, and the Czech Republic became the first [[glossary:member-state|EU member state]] with a specific medical psilocybin framework in January 2026{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=de43c7e1}}. [[glossary:possession]] remains a serious criminal offense in most jurisdictions worldwide. {{Warning}} Legal status changes frequently. This overview reflects the status as of the article's last update and is not legal advice. Verify current law in the relevant jurisdiction before acting on this information. {{/Warning}}

Psilocybin and [[substance:psilocin]] are listed in '''Schedule I''' of the 1971 UN [[glossary:convention-on-psychotropic-substances]], though the physical mushroom was not explicitly named — a legal ambiguity exploited in several jurisdictions{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=2848c845}}. The legal landscape is evolving rapidly: Australia authorized [[glossary:accepted-medical-use|therapeutic use]] in 2023, Oregon and Colorado have established regulated access frameworks, and several European nations have initiated medical-access programmes. [[glossary:possession]] remains a serious criminal offense in most jurisdictions worldwide. All status information should be independently verified against current legislation{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=57a80104}}.

Jurisdiction	Status	Notes
United States (federal)	Schedule I	Psilocybin and psilocin scheduled under the Controlled Substances Act (1970). An April 2026 executive order directed FDA/DEA to fast-track psychedelic research review — this does not alter Schedule I status{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=0fa91f52}}
Oregon (US)	Regulated therapeutic access	Measure 109 (2020) established licensed psilocybin service centers with trained facilitators; operational since 2023{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=b51d7d77}}
Colorado (US)	Decriminalized; regulated access	Proposition 122 (2022) decriminalized personal possession/cultivation and established the Natural Medicine Health Act framework
US cities	Decriminalized (various)	Denver (2019), Oakland, Santa Cruz, Ann Arbor, Washington DC, and Seattle have enacted decriminalization ordinances. {{flag|citation-needed}}
Canada	Schedule III	Special Access Program permits access for serious conditions. In June 2025, Federal Court of Appeal ruled Health Canada's denial of practitioner exemptions was "excessively arbitrary"{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=a4d981c8}}
Australia	Authorized therapeutic medicine (2023)	First country to authorize government-sanctioned therapeutic use, for treatment-resistant depression under licensed psychiatrist supervision{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=8578b796}}
United Kingdom	Class A	Schedule 1 Home Office license required for research. Possession is a criminal offense{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=dbbd6ddf}}
Netherlands	Mushrooms prohibited; truffles legal	Psilocybin-containing fruiting bodies prohibited; truffles (sclerotia) remain legal and sold in licensed smart shops{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=6f847c56}}
Czech Republic	Medical use framework (January 2026)	First EU member state with a specific legal framework for medical psilocybin{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=54fca2d3}}
Germany	Compassionate access (2025)	EU's first psilocybin compassionate access programme at two clinics{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=1916d5d8}}

===Treaty and analog considerations=== The 1971 Convention schedules psilocybin and psilocin as chemical compounds but does not schedule the organisms that produce them. This distinction has practical legal consequences: in the Netherlands, psilocybin-containing truffles are sold legally because the [[glossary:prohibition]] specifies fruiting bodies rather than all psilocybin-containing fungi. Similar ambiguities exist in jurisdictions where legislation references the compound rather than the organism{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=2763e6a9}}.

===Primary receptor mechanism=== [[substance:psilocin]], the [[glossary:active-metabolite]] of psilocybin, acts primarily as a '''partial agonist at serotonin 5-HT₂A receptors''', particularly on cortical pyramidal [[glossary:neuron|neurons]] in layers V and VI{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016|anchor=d3dee446}}{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=f570e542}}{{cite|doi=10.1007/164_2018_107|anchor=4dbaadf1}}. This [[glossary:5-ht2a]] agonism is the primary and necessary mediator of [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] effects, confirmed by three convergent lines of evidence: (1) PET imaging demonstrates that subjective psychedelic [[glossary:intensity]] correlates directly with 5-HT₂A [[glossary:receptor-occupancy]] and [[glossary:plasma]] psilocin concentrations{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9|anchor=74d5f43c}}; (2) ketanserin, a selective 5-HT₂A [[glossary:antagonist]], abolishes psilocybin's perceptual effects; and (3) complete [[glossary:cross-tolerance]] occurs between psilocybin and other serotonergic [[substance_class:psychoactive/hallucinogen|hallucinogens]] ([[substance:lsd]], [[substance:mescaline]]) but not with non-hallucinogenic drugs targeting other [[glossary:receptor|receptors]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016|anchor=3afe515a}}. Psilocin also exhibits lower-[[glossary:affinity]] [[glossary:agonist]] or [[glossary:partial-agonist]] activity at [[glossary:5-ht1a]], [[glossary:5-ht2c]], and other [[glossary:serotonin]] [[glossary:receptor-subtypes]], which may modulate the [[glossary:subjective-experience]] — for example, 5-HT₁A activity may contribute [[substance_class:psychoactive/anxiolytic]] tone{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=edac1620}}. For detailed [[glossary:receptor-binding]] affinity data, see Psilocin. ===Central nervous system effects=== 5-HT₂A agonism at cortical pyramidal cells increases [[glossary:glutamate]] release, exciting downstream cortical and thalamic networks. A 2024 ''Nature'' study demonstrated that a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin produces massive desynchronization of functional brain connectivity — a broadband reduction in oscillatory power (1–100 Hz) across posterior association cortices and the [[glossary:default-mode-network]] (DMN), with functional connectivity changes exceeding three times those produced by [[substance:methylphenidate]] in the same individuals{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07624-5|anchor=15864e93}}. The DMN — central to [[glossary:sense-of-self]], temporal orientation, and autobiographical processing — shows the most pronounced [[glossary:disruption]]. Persistent [[glossary:neuroplasticity|neuroplastic changes]] follow acute psilocybin exposure. Psilocybin promotes [[glossary:synaptogenesis]], dendritic spine remodeling, and [[glossary:bdnf]] (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) [[glossary:upregulation]] via 5-HT₂A-mediated [[glossary:activation]] of downstream CaMKII, ERK, and [[glossary:mtor|mTOR signaling]] pathways{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.02.011|anchor=d2627b78}}. A persistent decrease in [[glossary:hippocampus|hippocampal]]-to-DMN connectivity lasting weeks after administration has been documented, with the duration of this connectivity change associated with therapeutic response in [[effect:depression]]{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07624-5|anchor=ee7acab1}}. ===Pharmacokinetics=== A [[glossary:systematic-review]] of 14 studies encompassing 112 healthy human participants provides the following pharmacokinetic profile for psilocin after oral psilocybin administration{{cite|doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411|anchor=8ce51051}}{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40262-024-01454-4|anchor=8c4f2b1d}}: [[glossary:cyp2d6]] and [[glossary:cyp3a4]] involvement creates potential for [[glossary:pharmacokinetic-interaction|pharmacokinetic interactions]] with [[glossary:inhibitor|inhibitors]] or [[glossary:inducer|inducers]] of these [[glossary:enzyme|enzymes]]. [[glossary:poor-metabolizer|CYP2D6 poor metabolizers]] (approximately 5–10% of Caucasian populations) may experience prolonged psilocin exposure{{cite|doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411|anchor=a787bd64}}. Route-specific [[glossary:pharmacokinetics]] for tea preparations and other non-capsule oral forms have not been characterized in published studies. ===Theoretical frameworks=== Two theoretical models dominate the neuroscience of psilocybin's brain action: The '''entropic brain hypothesis''' proposes that psilocybin elevates entropy in brain functional connectivity patterns, pushing the brain toward a state of higher criticality. Primary states (psychedelic, dreaming) are characterized by richer repertoires of functional connectivity motifs than normal waking [[glossary:consciousness]]{{cite|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020|anchor=bf87555f}}. The '''REBUS (RElaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics) model''' integrates predictive processing theory: psilocybin relaxes high-level prior beliefs, increasing [[glossary:sensitivity]] to bottom-up sensory information. In therapeutic contexts, this relaxation permits revision of entrenched pathological priors — such as the rigid negative self-models characteristic of depressive rumination{{cite|doi=10.1124/pr.118.017160|anchor=eec6bf3b}}. ===Open questions=== * Preparation-specific pharmacokinetics — whether tea, lemon-acidified preparations, or edibles produce meaningfully different psilocin exposure profiles — remain uncharacterized in published studies. * The functional roles of minor alkaloids (baeocystin, norbaeocystin, aeruginascin) in modulating the subjective experience are unresolved; no controlled human studies isolating their contributions exist. * Whether CYP2D6 [[glossary:genetic-polymorphism|polymorphism]] status should inform clinical dosing decisions has not been prospectively studied.

The experiential character of psilocybin mushrooms is shaped more by preparation method and specimen [[glossary:potency]] than by any other user-controllable variable. Dried fruiting bodies and tea infusions produce qualitatively similar tryptaminergic effects — perceptual intensification, [[effect:emotional-enhancement]], and cognitive restructuring — but tea preparations are widely reported to produce a faster onset and shorter total duration, while whole dried mushrooms deliver a slower, more sustained arc. [[glossary:set-and-setting]] exert an unusually large influence on outcome [[glossary:valence]]: the same dose in the same individual can produce profoundly positive or acutely distressing experiences depending on psychological preparation and environmental context{{cite|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030800|anchor=171866fe}}. Among [[glossary:serotonergic-psychedelics]], psilocybin mushrooms occupy a middle position in both duration and [[glossary:intensity]] per effective dose. The experience is shorter and generally reported as more manageable than [[substance:lsd]] (which shares the same primary [[glossary:receptor]] mechanism but produces effects lasting 8–12 hours), while being longer and more perceptually elaborate than the brief but intense effects of smoked or vaporized [[substance:dmt]]. The pronounced [[glossary:body-load]] — particularly [[effect:nausea]] — distinguishes mushroom preparations from [[glossary:synthetic]] psilocybin administered in clinical capsule form.

===Toxicity=== No human [[glossary:lethal-dose]] (LD50) has been established for psilocybin. A systematic toxicology review of [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic|psychedelics]] concluded that no dose has been identified above which psilocybin endangers human life{{cite|doi=10.3390/toxics11020148|anchor=7da93069}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. Animal LD50 data indicate extremely high thresholds relative to effective doses. Psilocybin is not organotoxic at pharmacologically relevant doses. The acute physical adverse event profile from clinical trial populations (598 patients across 44 studies) is characterized by{{cite|doi=10.1177/02698811221116926|anchor=53cd45d2}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}: * '''Most common:''' [[effect:nausea]], [[effect:headache]], transient [[effect:anxiety]] * '''Less common:''' [[effect:vomiting]], transient [[glossary:hypertension]], [[glossary:tachycardia]] * '''Serious adverse events:''' no serious adverse events attributable to psilocybin were identified across 598 clinical trial participants The Raison et al. 2023 JAMA trial found a higher overall adverse event rate with 25 mg psilocybin versus niacin placebo — consistent with mild physiological burden — but no serious treatment-emergent adverse events{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=6f4fb4ef}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. '''Cardiovascular considerations:''' Transient increases in [[glossary:blood-pressure]] and [[glossary:heart-rate]] are common during the acute psychedelic state. A case series of ''Psilocybe keralensis'' poisonings in China documented '''myocardial injury''' with cardiovascular complications, suggesting species-specific [[glossary:toxicity]] at high doses — these findings have not been replicated with ''P. cubensis'' or other commonly consumed species{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2552438|anchor=0e00affa}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. '''Misidentification fatality risk:''' The primary acute fatal risk associated with "psilocybin mushrooms" is consumption of misidentified ''Galerina marginata'' or other amatoxin-containing species. Amatoxins cause delayed hepatic failure (6–24 hours post-[[glossary:ingestion]]) and account for more than 90% of fatal mushroom poisonings globally{{cite|name=galerina-marginata|type=web|author=Multiple sources|year=2024|title=Galerina marginata misidentification risk with Psilocybe species|anchor=66ebc389}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. This risk applies exclusively to wild-harvested specimens. ====Contaminant and adulterant risk==== '''Wild-harvested specimens:''' primary risks are misidentification (above) and potential pesticide or herbicide contamination of wild-growing mushrooms from treated soils or substrates. '''Cultivated ''P. cubensis'':''' generally lower contamination risk when properly cultivated under sterile conditions. Mycotoxin risk from improper post-harvest storage (mold growth on inadequately dried material) exists but is not quantified in published studies. '''Commercial edibles (chocolates, gummies):''' the most significant contamination concern. NPDS 2023–2024 data document unregulated products with '''unlisted ingredients''' and '''inconsistent formulations'''{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402|anchor=93920d0f}}{{flag|claim-unsupported}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. Synthetic adulterants — particularly NBOMe-class compounds (e.g., [[substance:25i-nbome]]) misrepresented as psilocybin — have been documented in the broader psychedelics market, primarily in pressed tablets and blotter. Whole dried mushrooms are less susceptible to synthetic adulteration than processed preparations. '''Testing:''' Ehrlich reagent testing turns purple/violet in the presence of [[substance_class:chemical/indole]] [[substance_class:chemical/tryptamine|tryptamines]] including psilocybin and [[substance:psilocin]], providing a screening method for adulterant detection. Ehrlich testing cannot confirm dose or distinguish between tryptamine compounds. No ISO/IEC-accredited laboratory testing or Certificate of Analysis framework exists for psilocybin mushroom products in any jurisdiction outside Australia's regulated therapeutic context. ===Psychological risks=== ====Acute challenging experiences==== Psychologically challenging experiences ("bad trips") are common at higher doses, particularly with negative mindset, insufficient preparation, or unsupportive setting. Analysis of 409 psilocybin administrations in controlled settings identified drug dose as the single most important predictor of all acute response variables{{cite|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030800|anchor=3130dab0}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. In a nationally representative US adult sample (N = 2,822; 613 lifetime classic psychedelic users): 59.1% reported no challenging experiences; 8.9% experienced functional [[glossary:impairment]] lasting more than one day from their most challenging experience; and 2.6% sought medical or psychiatric assistance{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.073|anchor=403044d5}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. Features include anxiety, panic, [[effect:paranoia]], [[effect:thought-loops]], and [[effect:ego-dissolution]] experienced as frightening rather than liberating. These events generally resolve as drug effects wane; acute management is supportive (reassurance, safe environment, [[substance_class:chemical/benzodiazepine|benzodiazepines]] if severe). ====Precipitated psychosis==== Psilocybin is contraindicated in individuals with a personal or family history of psychotic spectrum [[glossary:disorder|disorders]] or bipolar disorder with psychotic features. All clinical trials exclude these populations{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=b567ca0d}}{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=b4273bfb}}. Historical clinical data indicate psilocybin is not helpful in established psychotic disorders and may precipitate or exacerbate psychotic episodes in vulnerable individuals{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=b616a19d}}. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} The causal relationship between psilocybin and precipitated psychosis in genetically predisposed individuals is documented in [[glossary:case-report|case reports]] and expert consensus, but well-controlled prospective data are limited. ====Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)==== HPPD — defined in DSM-5 as persisting and distressing re-experiencing of perceptual phenomena after [[substance_class:psychoactive/hallucinogen]] use — is rare but documented after psilocybin use. At least one case report describes HPPD persisting more than 8 months following combined psilocybin and [[substance:cannabis]] use{{cite|pubmed=15963699|anchor=7a894e33}}. Controlled study data attribute flashback phenomena less strongly to psilocybin than to [[substance:lsd]]{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00213-022-06066-z|anchor=82ead18e}}. Prevalence in psilocybin users is unknown and may be underdiagnosed. ====Extended difficulties==== A mixed-methods study of 608 individuals with self-reported extended difficulties after psychedelic use identified anxiety/fear, existential struggle, [[effect:social-disconnection]], and [[effect:depersonalization]]/[[effect:derealization]] as the most common prolonged adverse outcomes. For approximately one-third of respondents, problems persisted more than one year. Guided settings were associated with a narrower range of difficulties than unguided use{{flag|citation-needed}}. ===Tolerance and dependence=== '''Tolerance''' develops rapidly to psilocybin's perceptual effects — virtually complete within 24 hours of a single dose. The mechanism is downregulation of 5-HT₂A [[glossary:receptor|receptors]] following [[glossary:agonist]] exposure{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=fd119da1}}. Cross-tolerance is complete with LSD and other serotonergic hallucinogens ([[substance:mescaline]], [[substance:dmt]]) but does not extend to non-serotonergic psychoactive substances{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016|anchor=844693b8}}. [[glossary:tolerance]] [[glossary:half-life]] is approximately 3 days; full reset requires approximately 7 days. This pharmacological property makes daily use self-limiting and contributes directly to the low abuse potential of the substance. '''Physical dependence:''' Serotonergic psychedelics including psilocybin do not produce physical dependence or [[glossary:withdrawal|withdrawal syndromes]] with repeated use{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111129|anchor=495dfdf6}}{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106163|anchor=98df78de}}. This is consistent with the mechanism of action: 5-HT₂A agonism does not engage the mesolimbic dopamine reward circuit in a manner conducive to compulsive use. '''Psychological dependence:''' Very low. No compulsive use patterns comparable to classical drugs of abuse have been documented. Population epidemiology studies have not identified psilocybin-associated dependence syndromes{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402|anchor=52f0c2c4}}{{flag|claim-unsupported}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. '''Abuse potential:''' Classified as low by clinical experts, consistent with the pharmacological profile (rapid tolerance, no dopaminergic reward sensitization, absence of physical withdrawal){{cite|doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111129|anchor=da6c51ec}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. ===Drug interactions=== ====Lithium and mood stabilizers — dangerous==== Co-use of [[substance:lithium]] or other [[substance_class:pharmacological/mood-stabilizer|mood stabilizers]] with psilocybin is the strongest predictor of challenging experiences and overall harm in population epidemiological data{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.073|anchor=810df102}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. The proposed mechanism involves lithium's [[glossary:seizure]]-threshold-lowering effect combined with psilocybin's serotonergic [[effect:stimulation]], potentially triggering a neurotoxic cascade. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} Peer-reviewed case reports specifically documenting seizures from the lithium-psilocybin combination were not identified in the research for this article. The dangerous classification is supported by population data and expert consensus; mechanism confirmation via individual case reports remains incomplete. ====Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) — dangerous==== Co-administration of MAOIs with psilocybin mushrooms is associated with hypertensive urgency or emergency, documented in a narrative review synthesizing case reports{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7|anchor=d0fd3130}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. The mechanism is dual: MAO-A [[glossary:inhibition]] increases psilocin exposure (MAO-A is a secondary metabolic pathway for psilocin) and concurrently elevates [[glossary:serotonin]] levels, creating both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic amplification of effect. ====Tramadol — dangerous (pharmacological plausibility)==== [[substance:tramadol]] exerts serotonergic activity (weak [[substance_class:pharmacological/serotonin-norepinephrine-reuptake-inhibitor]]) in addition to μ-opioid agonism. Combination with psilocybin creates theoretical risk for [[glossary:serotonin-syndrome]]. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} No peer-reviewed case reports or mechanistic pharmacokinetic studies of the tramadol-psilocybin combination were identified. The dangerous classification is pharmacologically plausible but lacks primary literature confirmation. ====Cannabis — unknown==== One HPPD case followed combined psilocybin and cannabis use{{cite|pubmed=15963699|anchor=b6f99544}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. Cannabis may amplify subjective intensity of the psychedelic experience (anecdotally reported), but no controlled [[glossary:drug-interaction]] studies have been published. The interaction severity remains uncharacterized. ====SSRIs==== Selective [[substance_class:pharmacological/serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor|serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] generally appear to reduce or blunt psilocybin's psychedelic effect intensity through pharmacodynamic antagonism (chronic SSRI use downregulates post-synaptic 5-HT₂A receptor density). A Phase 2 exploratory study of 25 mg COMP360 psilocybin with concurrent SSRI use in 19 participants found mild adverse events only and no serious events{{cite|doi=10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7|anchor=e38eeea9}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. The combination does not appear dangerous at standard SSRI doses but significantly reduces therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin. ====CYP-mediated interactions==== Psilocin is metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4{{cite|doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411|anchor=cd57976d}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. Strong [[glossary:inhibitor|inhibitors]] of CYP2D6 (e.g., fluoxetine, paroxetine, quinidine) or CYP3A4 (e.g., ketoconazole, ritonavir, grapefruit juice) could theoretically prolong psilocin [[glossary:plasma-concentration|plasma exposure]]. CYP3A4 inducers (e.g., carbamazepine, rifampin) could reduce exposure. These pharmacokinetic interactions have not been systematically characterized in clinical studies. ===Contraindications=== '''Psychotic spectrum disorders:''' Personal or family history of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder with psychotic features. All clinical trials exclude these populations{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=4c99e464}}{{cite|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.14530|anchor=6fc08c1d}}. Psilocybin may precipitate or exacerbate psychotic episodes in genetically predisposed individuals. This is an '''absolute''' [[glossary:contraindication]]. '''Active suicidal ideation with intent or plan:''' Excluded from all clinical trials. Uncontrolled [[effect:emotional-enhancement]] during a high-dose psychedelic experience in the context of active suicidality creates unacceptable risk. '''Absolute''' contraindication. '''Lithium or MAOI co-administration:''' Dangerous interactions documented (see Drug Interactions above). Psilocybin should not be administered to individuals currently taking lithium or MAOIs. '''Absolute''' contraindication. '''Cardiovascular disease:''' Transient hypertension and tachycardia during acute effects warrant caution. The ''P. keralensis'' myocardial injury case series raises additional concern about cardiovascular vulnerability at high doses{{cite|doi=10.1080/15563650.2025.2552438|anchor=3492eb90}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. '''Relative''' contraindication — risk-benefit assessment required, particularly in individuals with uncontrolled hypertension or recent cardiac events. '''Pregnancy:''' No peer-reviewed human safety data exist. Animal reproductive toxicology data for psilocybin are very limited. Presumed contraindicated pending evidence. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} '''Relative''' contraindication (no data rather than documented harm). '''Pediatric use:''' No clinical safety data in individuals under 18. Not studied in pediatric populations. Contraindicated in clinical contexts. ===Detection=== Standard workplace immunoassay drug panels (SAMHSA-5, EMIT, FPIA) do '''not''' detect psilocybin or psilocin{{cite|doi=10.1016/bs.acc.2016.07.004|anchor=7d364365}}. The [[substance:amphetamine]]/[[substance:methamphetamine]] immunoassay shows minimal cross-reactivity with psilocin (1.3% at 50 mg/L in one DUID case){{cite|pubmed=16839473|anchor=2bfd276c}}. Confirmation of psilocybin or psilocin exposure requires targeted GC-MS or LC-MS/MS analysis{{cite|doi=10.1016/bs.acc.2016.07.004|anchor=94a2e4f4}}. Psilocin is eliminated rapidly from urine; the detection window by mass spectrometry is approximately 24 hours after a standard dose{{cite|pubmed=16839473|anchor=ac3f2645}}.

[[substance:psilocin]] and psilocybin are listed in '''Schedule I''' of the United Nations 1971 [[glossary:convention-on-psychotropic-substances]]{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=5715bb9d}}. The physical mushroom (''Psilocybe'' spp.) was '''not explicitly named''' in the 1971 convention — a legal ambiguity that has been exploited in several jurisdictions, most notably the Netherlands' truffle exception{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040|anchor=10646dd3}}. The 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs does not apply to psilocybin.

Jurisdiction	Classification	Key provisions
United States (federal)	Schedule I (Controlled Substances Act, 1970)	Psilocybin and psilocin scheduled October 27, 1970 under the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act. Federal classification: "no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse." In April 2026, a presidential executive order directed FDA/DEA to fast-track psychedelic research review with $50M for state programs — this does not alter Schedule I status or federal criminal law{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=b691bef6}}
Oregon (US state)	Regulated therapeutic access	Measure 109 (2020) established regulated Psilocybin Services framework. Licensed service centers provide psilocybin-assisted sessions with trained facilitators; program operational since 2023{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=9ec7e7cc}}
Colorado (US state)	Decriminalized; regulated access framework	Proposition 122 (2022) decriminalized personal possession/cultivation and established the Natural Medicine Health Act framework for regulated access
Denver, CO (US city)	Decriminalized (2019)	First US city to decriminalize personal possession and cultivation of psilocybin mushrooms
Other US cities	Decriminalized (various dates)	Oakland, Santa Cruz, Ann Arbor, Washington DC, and Seattle have enacted decriminalization ordinances. {{flag|citation-needed}} Confirm current city-level status closer to publication
Canada	Schedule III controlled substance	Special Access Program (SAP) permits patients with serious, life-threatening conditions to access psilocybin-assisted treatment. In June 2025, the Federal Court of Appeal ruled Health Canada's denial of psilocybin exemptions for 96 healthcare practitioners was "excessively arbitrary"{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=bf8c4afb}}
Australia	Authorized therapeutic medicine (TGA, 2023)	First country to authorize government-sanctioned therapeutic psilocybin use. Approved for treatment-resistant depression under licensed psychiatrist supervision{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=c459aeb6}}
United Kingdom	Class A (Misuse of Drugs Act 1971)	Psilocybin and psilocin are Class A drugs requiring a Schedule 1 Home Office license for research. Possession is a criminal offense{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=bb47d1f7}}
Netherlands	Mushrooms prohibited; truffles legal	Psilocybin-containing fruiting bodies are prohibited. Psilocybin-containing truffles (sclerotia of ''P. tampanensis'' and related species) remain legal and are sold in licensed smart shops{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=00386f9d}}
Czech Republic	Medical use framework (effective January 2026)	First EU member state with a specific legal framework for medical psilocybin use{{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=1f43ffae}}
Germany	Compassionate access programme (2025)	EU's first psilocybin compassionate access programme, operating at two clinics (ZI Mannheim; OVID Clinic Berlin){{cite|name=legal-status-psilocybin|type=web|author=Various|year=2025|title=Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|anchor=611035e3}}

===Treaty and analog considerations=== The 1971 Convention schedules psilocybin and psilocin as chemical compounds but does not explicitly schedule the mushroom organisms that produce them. This distinction has practical legal consequences: in the Netherlands, psilocybin-containing truffles (sclerotia) are sold legally because the [[glossary:prohibition]] specifies "mushrooms" (fruiting bodies) rather than "psilocybin-containing fungi" broadly. Similar ambiguities exist in other jurisdictions where legislation references the compound rather than the organism. The legal landscape for psilocybin is evolving rapidly across multiple jurisdictions; all status claims should be independently verified against current legislation at the time of reading.