Psilocybin mushrooms

4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine

Sources

13 strong · 25 moderate · 1 weak

Studies and references cited across this article, graded by evidence strength.

Values approved

199/200 (100%)

Data points an editor reviewed and accepted for publication.

Value Provenance

Safety

Toxicity Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Acute	negligible	negligible	high
Chronic	negligible	negligible	high
Organs Affected	—	—	high
Editorial	Systematic toxicology review of psychedelics found negligible acute toxicity; systematic review of 598 clinical trial patients found no serious psilocybin-attributable AEs. P. keralensis cardiovascular findings are species-specific. Work-notes confirm negligible acute and chronic with high confidence.
	ReasoningReasoning Systematic toxicology review of psychedelics found negligible acute toxicity; systematic review of 598 clinical trial patients found no serious psilocybin-attributable AEs. P. keralensis cardiovascular findings are species-specific. Work-notes confirm negligible acute and chronic with high confidence. Evidence basis: systematic_review

Dependence Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Physical	none	none	high
Psychological	negligible	negligible	high
Compulsive Redosing	negligible	negligible	high
Dose Escalation	negligible	negligible	high
Editorial	Multiple systematic reviews and clinical expert consensus classify psilocybin abuse potential as low. No physical dependence, no withdrawal, no dopaminergic reward sensitization. Rapid tolerance is pharmacologically self-limiting. Work-notes confirm none/negligible/negligible with high confidence.
	ReasoningReasoning Multiple systematic reviews and clinical expert consensus classify psilocybin abuse potential as low. No physical dependence, no withdrawal, no dopaminergic reward sensitization. Rapid tolerance is pharmacologically self-limiting. Work-notes confirm none/negligible/negligible with high confidence. Evidence basis: systematic_review

Withdrawal Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Severity	none	none	high
Symptoms	—	—	high
Fatal	No	No	high
Medical Supervision	Not required	Not required	high
Editorial	Serotonergic psychedelics including psilocybin do not produce physical dependence or withdrawal syndromes. Confirmed across multiple reviews and consistent with 5-HT2A agonist mechanism.
	ReasoningReasoning Serotonergic psychedelics including psilocybin do not produce physical dependence or withdrawal syndromes. Confirmed across multiple reviews and consistent with 5-HT2A agonist mechanism. Evidence basis: systematic_review

Tolerance Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Buildup	rapid	rapid	high
Half-life	3 days	3 days	high
Full Reset	7 days	7 days	high
Cross-tolerances	LSD, mescaline, DMT, other serotonergic hallucinogens	LSD, mescaline, DMT, other serotonergic hallucinogens	high
Editorial	Cross-tolerance studies with LSD and mescaline confirm 5-HT2A receptor downregulation mechanism. Tolerance timeline consistent with DB seed data and confirmed in controlled human studies. Work-notes confirm rapid buildup, 3-day half-life, 7-day full reset with high confidence.
	ReasoningReasoning Cross-tolerance studies with LSD and mescaline confirm 5-HT2A receptor downregulation mechanism. Tolerance timeline consistent with DB seed data and confirmed in controlled human studies. Work-notes confirm rapid buildup, 3-day half-life, 7-day full reset with high confidence. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

Effects & Profile

Contraindications

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
psychiatric Active suicidal ideationtrace	absolute	absolute	high
Editorial	Universal exclusion criterion in psilocybin clinical trials. Emotional amplification is dose-dependent and bidirectional — negative cognitions may be intensified. Work-notes list as absolute, confidence high.
	ReasoningReasoning Universal exclusion criterion in psilocybin clinical trials. Emotional amplification is dose-dependent and bidirectional — negative cognitions may be intensified. Work-notes list as absolute, confidence high.
cardiovascular Cardiovascular diseasetrace	relative	relative	medium
Editorial	Clinical trial AE data document transient cardiovascular changes. P. keralensis myocardial injury case series raises additional concern. Work-notes list as relative, confidence medium.
	ReasoningReasoning Clinical trial AE data document transient cardiovascular changes. P. keralensis myocardial injury case series raises additional concern. Work-notes list as relative, confidence medium.
pregnancy breastfeeding Pregnancytrace	relative	relative	low
Editorial	No human or animal reproductive safety data found during research. Work-notes list as relative with confidence low (no data). Flagged as safety-citation-needed.
	ReasoningReasoning No human or animal reproductive safety data found during research. Work-notes list as relative with confidence low (no data). Flagged as safety-citation-needed.
age Pediatric usetrace	relative	relative	low
Editorial	No pediatric studies exist. All clinical trials restrict to adults. Work-notes list as relative, confidence low (no data).
	ReasoningReasoning No pediatric studies exist. All clinical trials restrict to adults. Work-notes list as relative, confidence low (no data).
other Tramadol usetrace	relative	relative	low
Editorial	Pharmacological plausibility (serotonergic mechanism overlap) but no primary literature confirmation found. Work-notes list as relative, confidence low. Flagged for editorial review.
	ReasoningReasoning Pharmacological plausibility (serotonergic mechanism overlap) but no primary literature confirmation found. Work-notes list as relative, confidence low. Flagged for editorial review.

Dose Tier Summaries

thresholdtrace

medium

A barely perceptible shift in sensory processing. Colors may appear slightly more saturated, surfaces gain faint visual texture, and ambient sounds carry a mild new quality. A subtle mood lift and gentle increase in body awareness — warmth or tingling — may be noticed. Physical effects are minimal: slight pupil dilation, occasional yawning, and a faint sense of bodily lightness or heaviness. Nausea is uncommon at this level. Functional capacity is fully preserved. Conversation, navigation, and routine tasks remain unaffected. The experience is often described as a gentle perceptual sharpening rather than an altered state. Duration follows the standard 4–6 hour oral timeline, with effects tapering gradually. Dose tiers assume average-potency P. cubensis (~0.6–1.0% psilocybin dry weight); other species may differ dramatically.

Editorial

Work-notes describe threshold as barely perceptible sensory shift with slight color enhancement and preserved function. Expanded with canonical effect names from taxonomy and preparation-specific context from research output. Confidence medium because mushroom-weight dose ranges are not verified against a single published primary source.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

lighttrace

medium

Noticeable perceptual enhancement emerges. Color enhancement becomes distinct — hues appear vivid and saturated. Music enhancement is common, with sound gaining texture and emotional depth. Mild visual drifting may appear on textured surfaces. Brightness alteration gives environments a gently luminous quality. Emotional enhancement begins: mood is amplified in its existing direction, and introspective tendency increases. Cognitive flexibility and novelty enhancement produce a sense of fresh engagement with familiar surroundings. Thinking remains largely organized. Body sensations become apparent — warmth, spontaneous body sensations, mild nausea (especially with whole dried mushroom), and yawning. Pupil dilation is visible. Functional capacity is mostly intact but attention may wander. Duration is typically 4–6 hours for dried fruiting bodies; tea preparations may compress to 3–5 hours.

Editorial

Work-notes describe vivid colors, music texture, mild visual drifting, emotional amplification, and onset of body sensations. Expanded with canonical taxonomy effect names (color enhancement, music enhancement, visual drifting, novelty enhancement, spontaneous body sensations). Cross-referenced with Studerus 2012 dose-response data.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

commontrace

medium

A full psychedelic experience. Geometry — structured visual patterns, lattices, and mandalas — becomes prominent with eyes open or closed. Color alteration transforms the visual field; depth perception distortion and visual morphing reshape spatial relationships. Internal hallucinations develop as vivid closed-eye imagery. Environmental patterning overlays surfaces with repeating motifs. Emotional enhancement intensifies significantly in both positive and challenging directions. Thought connectivity links disparate concepts; pattern recognition enhancement and conceptual thinking produce novel associations. Personal insight and introspection enhancement deepen. Ego boundaries begin to soften, introducing early identity alteration. Confusion and thought loops may emerge intermittently. Time alteration is pronounced — minutes feel stretched. Nausea is common at onset, particularly with whole dried mushroom material (less with tea). Pupil dilation is marked. Bodily heaviness or body schema distortion may occur. Motor control impairment makes navigation clumsy. Functional capacity is substantially reduced — plan for 4–6 hours of commitment with dried fruiting bodies. Drug dose is the single most important predictor of all acute response variables (Studerus 2012).

Editorial

Work-notes describe geometric patterns, significant color/depth changes, emotional amplification, pattern recognition, thought connectivity, personal insight, ego softening, and common nausea at onset. Expanded with canonical taxonomy names. Cross-referenced with Studerus 2012 (409 administrations) and Griffiths 2006.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

strongtrace

medium

Intense perceptual transformation. Visual drifting, visual morphing, and object transformations become vivid and continuous. Synesthesia may blend sensory channels. Internal hallucinations generate elaborate narrative imagery; external hallucinations appear in the visual field. Symmetrical texture repetition and visual recursion produce fractal-like depth. Perspective distortion reshapes spatial orientation. Ego dissolution becomes probable — the boundary between self and environment thins or dissolves. Mystical-type experiences (unity and interconnectedness, existential realization, noetic insight) emerge at this intensity, as characterized by Griffiths 2006 (30 mg/70 kg synthetic equivalent). Emotional lability is high; catharsis and anxiety may alternate rapidly. Language suppression makes verbal communication difficult. Physical effects are pronounced: nausea, muscle tension, temperature dysregulation, and bodily heaviness. Motor control impairment is significant — navigation requires assistance. Stimulation and sedation may alternate. Functional capacity is absent for the duration. A sober, trusted companion is strongly recommended. Plan for the full 4–6 hour arc plus 1–3 hours of aftereffects.

Editorial

Work-notes describe vivid internal imagery, environmental morphing, synesthesia, ego dissolution, mystical-type experiences, emotional lability, and impaired communication. Expanded with canonical taxonomy names. Cross-referenced with Griffiths 2006 mystical experience characterization and clinical trial dose data.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

heavytrace

medium

Complete dissolution of the ordinary perceptual framework. External hallucinations and internal hallucinations dominate awareness. Visual recursion, visual scenery slicing, and environmental orbism / cubism may disassemble spatial coherence entirely. The visual field may be replaced by autonomous imagery bearing no relation to the physical environment. Full ego dissolution is expected. Identity alteration is total — the sense of being a separate self may vanish. Death-rebirth sequences, entity contact, and transpersonal visions become possible. Unity and interconnectedness or voidness may be experienced as absolute. Time alteration reaches time cessation — temporal orientation is lost. Challenging experiences are more likely at this intensity; anxiety, paranoia, thought loops, and delusions may occur. Physical awareness may recede or distort dramatically. Body schema distortion, vestibular distortion, and spontaneous body sensations are common. Nausea and vomiting may occur. Motor control is absent — the individual should be lying down in a safe, supervised environment. Functional capacity is completely absent. A sober guide and safe, controlled setting are essential. These doses carry the highest probability of both transformative and acutely distressing outcomes.

Editorial

Work-notes describe complete dissolution of perceptual framework, full ego dissolution, entity contact, loss of time/space orientation, and highest probability of challenging experiences. Expanded with canonical taxonomy names. Cross-referenced with clinical trial data and community consensus reports.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

History

current version

published Oct 15, 2026system—

versions

5 total · since previous: +0 / −0 citations

publication ledger

publish Oct 15, 2026 · by agent-psx

backfill May 15, 2026

backfill Mar 17, 2026

Historical versions do not record which reviewer approved them; editorial accountability is recorded per value in the database and in the publication ledger going forward.

full version history suggest a correction contact@psychedex.org

Sources

13 strong · 25 moderate · 1 weak

[1]
strong
Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression
Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, et al. · 2022 · New England Journal of Medicine
doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2206443 pubmed 36322843no claims checked
[2]
strong
Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder
Raison CL, Sanacora G, Woolley J, Heinzerling KG, Dunlop BW, et al. · 2023 · JAMA
doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.14530 pubmed 37651119no claims checked
[3]
strong
Efficacy and safety of psilocybin for the treatment of substance use disorders: A systematic review
Meshkat S, Malik G, Zeifman RJ, et al. · 2025 · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106163 pubmed 40245969no claims checked
[4]
moderate
Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels
Madsen MK, Fisher PM, Burmester D, et al. · 2019 · Neuropsychopharmacology
doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9 pubmed 30685771no claims checked
[5]
moderate
Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens
Halberstadt AL · 2015 · Behavioural Brain Research
doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016 pubmed 25036425no claims checked
[6]
strong
Pharmacokinetics of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review
Meshkat S, Al-Shamali H, Perivolaris A, et al. · 2025 · Pharmaceutics
doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411 pubmed 40284409no claims checked
[7]
strong
Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance
Griffiths RR, Richards WA, McCann U, Jesse R · 2006 · Psychopharmacology
pubmed 16826400no claims checked
[8]
moderate
The content of Psilocybin in Norwegian Psilocybe semilanceata
Christiansen AL, Rasmussen KE, Høiland K · 1981 · Planta Medica
pubmed 17401967no claims checked
[9]
strong
Hofmann vs. Paracelsus: Do Psychedelics Defy the Basics of Toxicology? A Systematic Review
Henríquez-Hernández LA, Rojas-Hernández J, Quintana Hernández DJ, Borkel LF · 2023 · Toxics
doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020148 pubmed 36851023no claims checked
[10]
moderate
Prevalence and associations of challenging, difficult or distressing experiences using classic psychedelics
Simonsson O, Hendricks PS, Chambers R, Osika W, Goldberg SB · 2023 · Journal of Affective Disorders
doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.073 pubmed 36720405no claims checked
[11]
strong
Safety and Efficacy of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Patients Who Use Psychoactive Substances
Rached G, Campana A, Fiani D, et al. · 2026 · CNS Drugs
doi.org/10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7 pubmed 41546846no claims checked
[12]
moderate
Classic psychedelics and the treatment for alcoholism
Lodetti G, de Bitencourt RM, Rico EP · 2024 · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111129 pubmed 39181308no claims checked
[13]
moderate
Exploring Psilocybe cubensis Strains: Cultivation Techniques, Psychoactive Compounds, Genetics and Research Gaps
Kurzbaum E, Páleníček T, Shrchaton A, Azerrad SP, Dekel Y · 2025 · Journal of Fungi
doi.org/10.3390/jof11020099 pubmed 39997393no claims checked
[14]
moderate
Classic Hallucinogens and Mystical Experiences: Phenomenology and Neural Correlates
Barrett FS, Griffiths RR · 2018 · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_474 pubmed 28401522no claims checked
[15]
strong
Psychiatry & the psychedelic drugs. Past, present & future
Rucker JJH, Iliff J, Nutt DJ · 2018 · Neuropharmacology
doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040 pubmed 29284138no claims checked
[16]
moderate
The Heffter Research Institute: past and hopeful future
Nichols DE · 2014 · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
pubmed 24830182no claims checked
[17]
strong
Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder
Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, et al. · 2020 · JAMA Psychiatry
doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285 pubmed 33146667no claims checked
[18]
moderate
Global species diversity and distribution of the psychedelic fungal genus Panaeolus
Strauss D, Ghosh S, Murray Z, Gryzenhout M · 2023 · Heliyon
doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16338 pubmed 37274634no claims checked
[19]
moderate
Psychedelic fungus (Psilocybe sp.) authentication in a case of illegal drug traffic
Solano J, Anabalón L, Figueroa S, et al. · 2019 · Science & Justice
doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2018.08.005 pubmed 30654963no claims checked
[20]
moderate
Matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization-mass spectrometric imaging of psilocybin and its analogues in psychedelic mushrooms
Wang H, Wang Y · 2023 · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-04467-9 pubmed 36459169no claims checked
[21]
moderate
Biochemical Insights into Diverse Psilocybe Mushrooms and Their Metabolites as Sources of Neuroactive Agents: A Review
Sudhakaran G, Chakraborty S, Kumar A, et al. · 2025 · Current Microbiology
doi.org/10.1007/s00284-025-04379-8 pubmed 40663181no claims checked
[22]
moderate
Bioactive compounds from Psilocybe cubensis mycelial cultures with transient anxiolytic effects in mice
Kala K, Bederska-Lojewska D, Lazur J, et al. · 2026 · Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
doi.org/10.26402/jpp.2026.1.07 pubmed 41931735no claims checked
[23]
moderate
Psychoactive mushroom edibles: trends and toxicities reported to the United States National Poison Data System, 2023-2024
Jorgenson DM, Santos Leon E, Vakkalanka JP, Krispin S, Radke JB · 2026 · Clinical Toxicology
doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402 pubmed 41493095no claims checked
[24]
moderate
Multiple receptors contribute to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens
Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA · 2011 · Neuropharmacology
doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017 pubmed 21256140no claims checked
[25]
moderate
Psilocybin desynchronizes the human brain
Siegel JS, Subramanian S, Perry D, et al. · 2024 · Nature
doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07624-5 pubmed 39020167no claims checked
[26]
moderate
Psychedelics and the Extracellular Matrix: Rewiring Neuroplasticity and Metaplasticity for Next-Generation Psychiatric Therapies
Zhang J, Lin C, Lv X, Zhao H, Wang X · 2026 · Biological Psychiatry
doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.02.011 pubmed 41765343no claims checked
[27]
strong
The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs
Carhart-Harris RL, Leech R, Hellyer PJ, Shanahan M, Feilding A, Tagliazucchi E, Chialvo DR, Nutt D · 2014 · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020 pubmed 24550805no claims checked
[28]
moderate
REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics
Carhart-Harris R, Friston K · 2019 · Pharmacological Reviews
doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160 pubmed 31221820no claims checked
[29]
moderate
Prediction of psilocybin response in healthy volunteers
Studerus E, Gamma A, Kometer M, Vollenweider FX · 2012 · PLoS ONE
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030800 pubmed 22363492no claims checked
[30]
moderate
Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic microdosing
Kaertner LS, Steinborn MB, Kettner H, Roseman L, et al. · 2021 · Scientific Reports
doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81446-7 pubmed 33479342no claims checked
[31]
strong
Adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA: A mixed-methods systematic review
Breeksema JJ, Kuin BW, Kamphuis J, van den Brink W, Vermetten E, Schoevers RA · 2022 · Journal of Psychopharmacology
doi.org/10.1177/02698811221116926 pubmed 36017784no claims checked
[32]
moderate
Dynamic myocardial injury and variable hallucination latency in Psilocybe keralensis poisoning: a molecularly confirmed case series from China
He Z, Tang R, Feng M, Li X, Zhang C, Li J · 2025 · Clinical Toxicology
doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2025.2552438 pubmed 40948398no claims checked
[33]
weak
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder After Psilocybin Consumption: A Case Study
Espiard ML, Lecardeur L, Abadie P, Halbecq I, Dollfus S · 2005 · European Psychiatry
pubmed 15963699no claims checked
[34]
strong
Flashback phenomena after administration of LSD and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants
Müller F, Kraus E, Holze F, Becker A, Ley L, Schmid Y, Vizeli P, Liechti ME, Borgwardt S · 2022 · Psychopharmacology
doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06066-z pubmed 35076721no claims checked
[35]
moderate
Psilocybin for treatment resistant depression in patients taking a concomitant SSRI medication
Goodwin GM, Croal M, Feifel D, Kelly JR, Marwood L, et al. · 2023 · Neuropsychopharmacology
doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7 pubmed 37443386no claims checked
[36]
moderate
Serotonergic Psychedelics: Experimental Approaches for Assessing Mechanisms of Action
Canal CE · 2018 · Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
doi.org/10.1007/164_2018_107 pubmed 29532180no claims checked
[37]
strong
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Psilocin After Psilocybin Administration: A Systematic Review and Post-Hoc Analysis
Otto ME, van der Heijden KV, Schoones JW, et al. · 2025 · Clinical Pharmacokinetics
doi.org/10.1007/s40262-024-01454-4 pubmed 39812743no claims checked
[38]
moderate
Challenges in Laboratory Detection of Unusual Substance Abuse: Issues with Magic Mushroom, Peyote Cactus, Khat, and Solvent Abuse
Dasgupta A · 2017 · Advances in Clinical Chemistry
doi.org/10.1016/bs.acc.2016.07.004 pubmed 28057187no claims checked
[39]
moderate
Psilocin identified in a DUID investigation
Tiscione NB, Miller MI · 2006 · Journal of Analytical Toxicology
pubmed 16839473no claims checked

Claim Verification

No claim verification has run for this version.

Coverage & Gaps

effect links

186 links · 185 approved · 71 audited0/186 with evidence basis

interactions

4 approved pairs0/4 graded

Psilocybin mushrooms

Value Provenance

Safety

Toxicity Profiletrace →

Dependence Profiletrace →

Withdrawal Profiletrace →

Tolerance Profiletrace →

Effects & Profile

Contraindications

Dose Tier Summaries

History

Sources

Claim Verification

Coverage & Gaps

Toxicity Profiletrace

Dependence Profiletrace

Withdrawal Profiletrace

Tolerance Profiletrace