Morning glory

'''Morning glory''' (''Ipomoea tricolor'' Cav., Convolvulaceae) is an annual climbing vine whose seeds contain psychoactive [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] alkaloids. Its principal active compound, [[substance:lsa]] (ergine), is structurally related to [[substance:lsd]]. Ergine activates [[glossary:serotonin]] pathways in the brain{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=4595a674}}, producing altered [[glossary:perception]] and cognition. Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica used a closely related plant, ''Turbina corymbosa'', in ritual divination and healing for centuries{{cite|name=schultes-hofmann-1979|type=book|author=Schultes RE, Hofmann A|year=1979|title=Plants of the Gods|anchor=dd5ff623}}. [[article:hofmann|Albert Hofmann]] identified ergine in morning glory seeds in 1960 — a discovery initially dismissed as laboratory [[glossary:contamination]] before independent confirmation{{cite|name=hofmann-1980|type=book|author=Hofmann A|year=1980|title=LSD: My Problem Child|anchor=c72690d2}}. Seeds remain legal in most countries today, while the isolated alkaloid is controlled in several jurisdictions. [[index:effects|Subjective effects]] include visual distortions, altered thinking, [[effect:sedation]], lethargy, and introspective thought. The experience is shorter and less visually intense than LSD, defined as much by physical discomfort as by perceptual change{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=08b950af}}. [[effect:nausea]] is nearly universal; alkaloid content varies so widely between batches that some commercial seed lots contain no active compounds at all{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=1a79a7c1}}. [[glossary:abuse-liability|Dependence liability]] is presumed low based on the ergoline class{{cite|doi=10.1080/17512433.2023.2279192|anchor=88cef525}}, but documented [[glossary:adverse-events]] include cardiovascular [[glossary:disruption]], [[glossary:psychosis]]-like states, and [[effect:suicidal-ideation]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.025|anchor=7faf2b7f}}{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=6fcd0a41}}. Commercially sold ornamental seeds are often pesticide-coated, adding toxic risk unrelated to the alkaloids{{cite|name=drugwise-mg|type=web|author=DrugWise|year=2020|title=Morning Glory|anchor=f0a27f96}}. No controlled clinical trials, pharmacokinetic data, or formal dose studies exist for any morning glory preparation.

'''Morning glory''' refers primarily to '''''Ipomoea tricolor''''' Cav. (Convolvulaceae), a fast-growing annual vine whose seeds contain [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] alkaloids — principally [[substance:lsa]] (ergine, d-lysergic acid amide) — produced not by the plant itself but by a heritable fungal endosymbiont, ''Periglandula clandestina''{{cite|doi=10.1080/00275514.2025.2483634|anchor=a42f27ac}}. Seeds [[glossary:ingestion|ingested]] orally constitute the sole documented psychoactive preparation, producing effects lasting 4–8 hours. Mesoamerican ritual use of the closely related ''Turbina corymbosa'' (ololiuqui) was documented by Spanish colonial naturalists in the 16th century{{cite|name=schultes-hofmann-1979|type=book|author=Schultes RE, Hofmann A|year=1979|title=Plants of the Gods|anchor=57849dba}}. In 1960, [[article:hofmann|Albert Hofmann]] identified ergine and related ergot alkaloids in morning glory seeds, a finding initially met with accusations of sample [[glossary:contamination]] before independent confirmation{{cite|name=hofmann-1980|type=book|author=Hofmann A|year=1980|title=LSD: My Problem Child|anchor=f7f65de3}}. No registered clinical trials for ''I. tricolor'' seeds or pure ergine have been conducted; the [[glossary:evidence-base]] consists entirely of forensic analyses, [[glossary:case-report|case reports]], and user-report surveys. The substance is classified as emerging in pharmacological characterization. Ergine is a semirigid ergoline structurally related to [[substance:lsd]]; its primary psychoactive mechanism is presumed to be [[glossary:5-ht2a]] [[glossary:receptor]] partial agonism, inferred from [[glossary:structural-analogy]] rather than published [[glossary:binding-affinity]] data{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=d69640b5}}. The [[glossary:subjective-experience]] is characterized by visual distortions, altered cognition, prominent [[effect:sedation]], and pronounced [[effect:nausea]] — distinguishing it from LSD by greater [[glossary:body-load]] and shorter, less visually intense effects{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=0e5f254f}}. Alkaloid content varies substantially between seed batches, cultivars, and commercial sources; a significant fraction of commercially available seeds contain no detectable ergot alkaloids{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=9b5cf40b}}. No controlled [[glossary:toxicity]] data or [[glossary:lethal-dose|LD50]] values for ergine exist in published literature. Documented [[glossary:adverse-events]] include cardiovascular dysregulation, [[glossary:psychosis]]-like states, and [[effect:suicidal-ideation]] in case reports involving LSA-containing seeds{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.025|anchor=72c31fe5}}{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=04e40a2d}}. Commercially sold ornamental seeds are routinely treated with pesticides and fungicides that present independent [[glossary:hepatotoxicity|hepatotoxic]] and neurotoxic risk when ingested{{cite|name=drugwise-mg|type=web|author=DrugWise|year=2020|title=Morning Glory|anchor=ad8241d7}}. [[glossary:abuse-liability|Dependence liability]] is unstudied but presumed low based on ergoline class data{{cite|doi=10.1080/17512433.2023.2279192|anchor=94a9fe1b}}. [[glossary:tolerance]] likely develops rapidly via 5-HT₂A [[glossary:tachyphylaxis]], with expected [[glossary:cross-tolerance]] to LSD and psilocybin. Critical knowledge gaps include the absence of human pharmacokinetic data, [[glossary:receptor-binding]] [[glossary:affinity]] values, and formal [[glossary:dose-finding-study|dose-finding studies]] for any preparation.

'''Morning glory''' (''Ipomoea tricolor'' Cav., Convolvulaceae) is an annual vine whose seeds contain [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] alkaloids produced by a heritable fungal endosymbiont, ''Periglandula clandestina''{{cite|doi=10.1080/00275514.2025.2483634|anchor=65359695}}. Its principal psychoactive constituent, [[substance:lsa]] (ergine), is a semirigid ergoline structurally related to [[substance:lsd]]. Ergine produces its primary effects through presumed partial agonism at [[glossary:5-ht2a]] [[glossary:serotonin]] [[glossary:receptor|receptors]], generating altered [[glossary:perception]] and cognition{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=4ca8b0a4}}. Mesoamerican ritual use of the closely related ''Turbina corymbosa'' (ololiuqui) was documented by Spanish colonial naturalists in the 16th century{{cite|name=schultes-hofmann-1979|type=book|author=Schultes RE, Hofmann A|year=1979|title=Plants of the Gods|anchor=54d28e8d}}. [[article:hofmann|Albert Hofmann]] identified ergine in morning glory seeds in 1960, a finding initially met with accusations of sample [[glossary:contamination]] before independent confirmation{{cite|name=hofmann-1980|type=book|author=Hofmann A|year=1980|title=LSD: My Problem Child|anchor=a4762c15}}. Ergine is classified as [[glossary:schedule-iii]] in the United States while the seeds themselves remain legal in most jurisdictions. [[index:effects|Subjective effects]] include visual distortions, altered cognition, [[effect:sedation]], and introspective thought. The experience is shorter and less visually intense than LSD, dominated by pronounced [[glossary:body-load]] and lethargy{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=7c4a7ddc}}. [[effect:nausea]] is a near-universal unsought effect, and alkaloid content varies substantially between seed batches — some commercial lots contain no detectable ergot alkaloids{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=43f84fe9}}. [[glossary:abuse-liability|Dependence liability]] is unstudied but presumed low based on ergoline class data{{cite|doi=10.1080/17512433.2023.2279192|anchor=87adb8e2}}. Documented [[glossary:adverse-events]] include cardiovascular dysregulation, [[glossary:psychosis]]-like states, and [[effect:suicidal-ideation]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.025|anchor=79153f4f}}{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=e842687d}}, compounded by the [[glossary:hepatotoxicity|hepatotoxic]] and neurotoxic risk of pesticide coatings on commercially sold ornamental seeds{{cite|name=drugwise-mg|type=web|author=DrugWise|year=2020|title=Morning Glory|anchor=aa0ff7ee}}. No controlled clinical trials, human pharmacokinetic data, or formal [[glossary:dose-finding-study|dose-finding studies]] exist for any morning glory preparation.

===Traditional and historical use=== The closely related ''Turbina corymbosa'' — known as ololiuqui ("round thing" in Nahuatl) — was used in Mesoamerican ritual contexts by Aztec, Mazatec, Zapotec, and other indigenous groups for divination and healing ceremonies{{cite|name=schultes-hofmann-1979|type=book|author=Schultes RE, Hofmann A|year=1979|title=Plants of the Gods|anchor=40abd08f}}. Spanish colonial authorities documented and suppressed these practices from the 17th century onward. ''I. tricolor'' was used alongside or interchangeably with ''T. corymbosa'' in some indigenous contexts under the Nahuatl name "tlitlitzin"{{cite|name=schultes-hofmann-1979|type=book|author=Schultes RE, Hofmann A|year=1979|title=Plants of the Gods|anchor=8dd09240}}. {{Info}}Published [[glossary:primary-literature]] confirming specific Aztec use of ''I. tricolor'' (as distinct from ''T. corymbosa'') was not located in peer-reviewed form. The traditional-use account relies on ethnobotanical monographs. {{flag|citation-needed}}{{/Info}} ===Western discovery and research=== Richard Evans Schultes began field documentation of ololiuqui in the 1930s–1940s{{cite|name=schultes-farnsworth-1980|type=book|author=Schultes RE, Farnsworth NR|year=1980|title=Ethnomedical Botanical and Phytochemical Aspects of Natural Hallucinogens|anchor=fb36bb97}}. In 1960, [[article:hofmann|Albert Hofmann]] at [[article:sandoz|Sandoz]] Laboratories isolated ergine and related ergot compounds from ''Rivea corymbosa'' seeds — a finding that initially provoked accusations of [[substance:lsd]] [[glossary:contamination]] before independent researchers confirmed the results{{cite|name=hofmann-1980|type=book|author=Hofmann A|year=1980|title=LSD: My Problem Child|anchor=d09daff9}}{{cite|doi=10.1055/a-0577-8049|anchor=abc51d4a}}. ===Modern era=== [[glossary:recreational-use]] of morning glory seeds as a "legal LSD substitute" appeared in the United States during the 1960s, then subsided. A resurgence occurred in Poland and elsewhere in the 2010s, with systematic web-report analysis confirming symptoms consistent with earlier medical [[glossary:case-report|case reports]]{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=3b36e1ba}}. In 2011, the fungal genus ''Periglandula'' was described as the true biological source of ergot alkaloids in Convolvulaceae{{cite|doi=10.1055/a-0577-8049|anchor=011dc2af}}. In 2025, the specific ''I. tricolor'' symbiont was named ''Periglandula clandestina'' sp. nov.{{cite|doi=10.1080/00275514.2025.2483634|anchor=57b2b7af}}. Ergine was listed as [[glossary:schedule-iii]] under the United States [[glossary:controlled-substances-act]] in 1970. Louisiana restricted morning glory seed consumption in 2005, and Italy classified morning glory seeds as controlled narcotic drugs in the early 2010s{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=435c04a2}}.

===Discovery and early record=== ''Ipomoea tricolor'' was first formally described by the Spanish botanist Antonio José Cavanilles in 1794. The genus ''Ipomoea'' comprises 600–700 species within the family Convolvulaceae, distributed primarily across tropical and subtropical regions{{cite|doi=10.1590/s0102-695x2012005000025|anchor=ae801932}}. The common name "morning glory" is applied broadly across the genus; in the context of psychoactive use, it refers principally to ''I. tricolor'' and its cultivars, including 'Heavenly Blue', 'Flying Saucers', and 'Pearly Gates'. ===Traditional use=== The closely related ''Turbina corymbosa'' (formerly ''Rivea corymbosa'') — known as ololiuqui ("round thing" in Nahuatl) — was used in Mesoamerican ritual contexts by Aztec, Mazatec, Zapotec, and other indigenous groups for religious divination, healing ceremonies, and communication with supernatural forces{{cite|name=schultes-hofmann-1979|type=book|author=Schultes RE, Hofmann A|year=1979|title=Plants of the Gods|anchor=fc11db4f}}. Spanish colonial authorities documented and suppressed these practices from the 17th century onward. ''I. tricolor'' was used alongside or interchangeably with ''T. corymbosa'' in some indigenous contexts under the Nahuatl name "tlitlitzin"{{cite|name=schultes-hofmann-1979|type=book|author=Schultes RE, Hofmann A|year=1979|title=Plants of the Gods|anchor=a8b971ff}}. {{Info}}Published [[glossary:primary-literature]] confirming specific Aztec use of ''I. tricolor'' (as distinct from ''T. corymbosa'') was not located in peer-reviewed form. The traditional-use account relies on ethnobotanical monographs. {{flag|citation-needed}}{{/Info}} ===Western encounter and research=== Richard Evans Schultes began field documentation of ololiuqui in the 1930s–1940s{{cite|name=schultes-farnsworth-1980|type=book|author=Schultes RE, Farnsworth NR|year=1980|title=Ethnomedical Botanical and Phytochemical Aspects of Natural Hallucinogens|anchor=456044d9}}. In 1960, [[article:hofmann|Albert Hofmann]] — working at [[article:sandoz|Sandoz]] Laboratories — isolated and identified the active alkaloids in ''Rivea corymbosa'' seeds as ergine and related ergot compounds. This discovery initially provoked "a state of disbelief bordering on accusations of scientific fraud" from colleagues who suspected [[substance:lsd]] [[glossary:contamination]] of the samples; independent researchers subsequently confirmed the results{{cite|name=hofmann-1980|type=book|author=Hofmann A|year=1980|title=LSD: My Problem Child|anchor=641063d9}}{{cite|doi=10.1055/a-0577-8049|anchor=5c0d1524}}. ===Recreational use and modern research=== [[glossary:recreational-use]] of morning glory seeds as a "legal LSD substitute" was documented in the United States during the 1960s, then subsided. A reemergence occurred in Poland and elsewhere in the 2010s, with systematic analysis of web-reported use cases confirming symptoms comparable to earlier medical [[glossary:case-report|case reports]]{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=031df082}}. In 2011, the fungal genus ''Periglandula'' was described to account for the true biological origin of ergot alkaloids in Convolvulaceae — not the plant itself{{cite|doi=10.1055/a-0577-8049|anchor=9e9fe871}}. In 2025, the specific ''I. tricolor'' symbiont was identified as ''Periglandula clandestina'' sp. nov.{{cite|doi=10.1080/00275514.2025.2483634|anchor=9a2beaee}}. ===Regulatory milestones=== Ergine (d-lysergic acid amide) was listed as [[glossary:schedule-iii]] under the United States [[glossary:controlled-substances-act]] in 1970. In 2005, Louisiana enacted legislation restricting morning glory seed consumption while permitting ornamental use. Italian authorities classified morning glory seeds as controlled narcotic drugs in the early 2010s{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=69af63a4}}.

===Traditional and historical use=== The closely related ''Turbina corymbosa'' — ololiuqui in Nahuatl — was used by Aztec, Mazatec, Zapotec, and other Mesoamerican peoples for divination and healing{{cite|name=schultes-hofmann-1979|type=book|author=Schultes RE, Hofmann A|year=1979|title=Plants of the Gods|anchor=9bfc3bf3}}. ''I. tricolor'' was also used in some of these traditions under the Nahuatl name "tlitlitzin"{{cite|name=schultes-hofmann-1979|type=book|author=Schultes RE, Hofmann A|year=1979|title=Plants of the Gods|anchor=0f917f67}}. Spanish colonial authorities documented and suppressed these practices from the 17th century onward. {{Info}}Published peer-reviewed literature confirming specific Aztec use of ''I. tricolor'' as distinct from ''T. corymbosa'' was not located. The traditional-use account relies on ethnobotanical monographs. {{flag|citation-needed}}{{/Info}} ===Western discovery and research=== Richard Evans Schultes began field documentation of ololiuqui in the 1930s–1940s{{cite|name=schultes-farnsworth-1980|type=book|author=Schultes RE, Farnsworth NR|year=1980|title=Ethnomedical Botanical and Phytochemical Aspects of Natural Hallucinogens|anchor=52010147}}. [[article:hofmann|Albert Hofmann]] identified ergine in morning glory seeds at [[article:sandoz|Sandoz]] Laboratories in 1960 — his results were initially dismissed as [[substance:lsd]] [[glossary:contamination]] before independent researchers confirmed them{{cite|name=hofmann-1980|type=book|author=Hofmann A|year=1980|title=LSD: My Problem Child|anchor=df4aff37}}{{cite|doi=10.1055/a-0577-8049|anchor=4780216f}}. Ergine was scheduled as a controlled substance in the United States in 1970. ===Modern era=== [[glossary:recreational-use]] of morning glory seeds as a legal LSD substitute emerged in the 1960s, then subsided. A resurgence occurred in Poland and elsewhere in the 2010s, with web-report analyses confirming symptoms consistent with earlier medical [[glossary:case-report|case reports]]{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=a188d86f}}. In 2025, the specific ''I. tricolor'' fungal symbiont was formally named ''Periglandula clandestina'' sp. nov.{{cite|doi=10.1080/00275514.2025.2483634|anchor=0d9d589e}}.

===Taxonomy and family=== ''Ipomoea tricolor'' Cav. belongs to the family Convolvulaceae (the bindweed or morning glory family). The genus ''Ipomoea'' comprises 600–700 species distributed primarily across tropical and subtropical regions{{cite|doi=10.1590/s0102-695x2012005000025|anchor=28e1d722}}. The common name "morning glory" is applied broadly across the genus; in the context of psychoactive use, it refers principally to ''I. tricolor'' and its named cultivars, including 'Heavenly Blue', 'Flying Saucers', and 'Pearly Gates'. ===Native range and habitat=== ''I. tricolor'' is native to tropical regions of the Americas and is now cultivated worldwide as an ornamental garden plant. It grows readily in warm, well-drained soils with full sun exposure and is commercially available as garden seed stock in most temperate and tropical countries. ===Identification=== ''I. tricolor'' is a fast-growing annual vine that can reach several meters in length. Leaves are heart-shaped with smooth margins. Flowers are funnel-shaped, typically 6–8 cm in diameter, and open in the morning — the trait that gives the plant its common name. The 'Heavenly Blue' cultivar produces vivid sky-blue flowers with a white throat; other cultivars display purple, white, or multicolored blooms. Seeds are small, dark brown to black, wedge-shaped, and hard-coated. ===Harvesting=== Seeds are the sole documented psychoactive part of the plant. They are harvested from mature seed pods after the flowers have dried and died back. The [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] alkaloids responsible for psychoactive effects are not synthesized by the plant itself but by ''Periglandula clandestina'', a heritable fungal endosymbiont residing within the plant's tissues{{cite|doi=10.1080/00275514.2025.2483634|anchor=13be8d4a}}.

The genus ''Ipomoea'' comprises 600–700 species, making it the largest genus within Convolvulaceae{{cite|doi=10.1590/s0102-695x2012005000025|anchor=f761cccb}}. Approximately 40% of species in the tribe Ipomoeeae harbor heritable fungal endosymbionts of the genus ''Periglandula'' that produce ergot alkaloids{{cite|doi=10.1111/nph.18785|anchor=58f938a6}}; however, multiple commercially sold ornamental species lack these symbionts entirely. ''I. tricolor'' is a fast-growing annual vine producing large funnel-shaped flowers, typically blue to purple with a white throat ('Heavenly Blue') or white with purple streaks ('Flying Saucers'). Seeds are dark, roughly triangular, approximately 5 mm in length. The plant is native to tropical and subtropical Mexico and Central America and has been widely introduced as an ornamental across temperate and tropical regions worldwide{{cite|doi=10.1590/s0102-695x2012005000025|anchor=278b5b3b}}. ====Taxonomic confusion: I. tricolor vs. I. violacea==== A persistent nomenclatural [[effect:confusion]] exists in the scientific and forensic literature. Modern taxonomy recognizes ''I. violacea'' L. (1753) as a distinct accepted species — the "beach moonflower," a pantropical littoral plant with white flowers that opens at night{{cite|doi=10.1590/2175-7860202172034|anchor=9920f0e2}}. ''I. violacea'' is '''not''' among the species confirmed to contain [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] alkaloids. [[article:hofmann|Albert Hofmann]] and early researchers used the name ''I. violacea'' for material now correctly identified as ''I. tricolor''. This conflation persists in multiple forensic and pharmacological publications{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=366aee56}}{{flag|claim-unsupported}}{{cite|doi=10.1186/s41935-017-0016-8|anchor=98764c2a}}{{flag|claim-unsupported}}{{cite|doi=10.1055/a-0577-8049|anchor=82036eb7}} and should be noted when interpreting older literature. ====Misidentification risks==== Species identification from commercial seed packets is unreliable. Analytical testing found that only 3 of 5 lots of seeds purchased from different vendors contained any ergot alkaloids{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=182dcee4}}{{flag|claim-unsupported}}, confirming that the species sold as "morning glory" is inconsistent across commercial sources. Additionally, seed coat treatment with pesticides or fungicides alters the appearance of the seeds, further complicating visual identification of psychoactive-grade material.

===Taxonomy and family=== ''Ipomoea tricolor'' Cav. belongs to the family Convolvulaceae — the bindweed or morning glory family. The genus ''Ipomoea'' comprises 600–700 species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions{{cite|doi=10.1590/s0102-695x2012005000025|anchor=6d60b866}}. In the context of psychoactive use, "morning glory" refers principally to ''I. tricolor'' and its named cultivars, including 'Heavenly Blue', 'Flying Saucers', and 'Pearly Gates'. ===Native range and habitat=== ''I. tricolor'' is native to tropical regions of the Americas and is now cultivated worldwide as an ornamental garden plant. It thrives in warm, well-drained soil with full sun and is commercially available as garden seed in most temperate and tropical countries. ===Identification=== ''I. tricolor'' is a fast-growing annual vine with heart-shaped leaves and funnel-shaped flowers — typically 6–8 cm across — that open in the morning. The 'Heavenly Blue' cultivar produces vivid sky-blue flowers with a white throat. Seeds are small, dark brown to black, and hard-coated; they are the sole documented psychoactive part of the plant. Their alkaloid content is produced not by the plant itself but by ''Periglandula clandestina'', a heritable fungal symbiont{{cite|doi=10.1080/00275514.2025.2483634|anchor=59807849}}.

===Dominant alkaloid=== [[substance:lsa]] (ergine, d-lysergic acid amide) is the principal psychoactive alkaloid in ''I. tricolor'' seeds. It is structurally related to [[substance:lsd]] and is presumed to activate [[glossary:serotonin]] pathways in the brain — inferred from [[glossary:structural-analogy]] rather than [[glossary:receptor-binding|direct binding]] studies{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=fbc8393e}}. No published receptor binding data for ergine exist in peer-reviewed literature. ===Minor alkaloids=== Morning glory seeds also contain isoergine (d-isolysergic acid amide), a less psychoactive [[glossary:isomer]] of ergine, and ergonovine (ergometrine), a potent blood vessel constrictor and uterine contractor{{cite|doi=10.1055/a-0577-8049|anchor=b3836aa1}}. These alkaloids are not made by the plant itself but by ''Periglandula clandestina'', a heritable fungal symbiont residing within the plant's tissues{{cite|doi=10.1080/00275514.2025.2483634|anchor=08cf2c1f}}. The relative proportions vary by cultivar and growing conditions; no [[glossary:controlled-study]] has determined how the alkaloid mix shapes the [[glossary:subjective-experience]]. ===Variability=== Alkaloid content varies substantially across cultivars, growing conditions, and commercial sources. In one analytical study, 2 of 5 commercial lots contained zero detectable ergot alkaloids{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=48edd716}}. Seed count is not a reliable dose proxy — [[glossary:potency]] differences likely reflect variation in the [[glossary:density]] and viability of the fungal symbiont across different seed [[glossary:lineage|lineages]].

===Dominant alkaloid=== [[substance:lsa]] (ergine, d-lysergic acid amide) is the principal psychoactive alkaloid in ''I. tricolor'' seeds. Ergine is a semirigid [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] structurally related to [[substance:lsd]], and its psychoactive mechanism is presumed to be partial agonism at [[glossary:5-ht2a]] [[glossary:serotonin]] [[glossary:receptor|receptors]] — inferred from [[glossary:structural-analogy]] rather than published [[glossary:binding-affinity]] data{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=fc43a07a}}. No published binding affinity values for ergine at individual [[glossary:receptor-subtypes]] exist in peer-reviewed literature. ===Minor alkaloids=== Morning glory seeds contain several additional ergoline alkaloids alongside ergine. Isoergine (d-isolysergic acid amide) is the C-8 epimer of ergine and is generally considered less psychoactive. Ergonovine (ergometrine) is a documented uterotonic agent with potent vasoconstrictor activity{{cite|doi=10.1055/a-0577-8049|anchor=84194b92}}. The relative proportions of these alkaloids vary across cultivars and growing conditions, and no controlled comparison of isolated ergine versus crude seed extract has been conducted to determine how the alkaloid mixture modulates the [[glossary:subjective-experience]]. ===Variability=== Alkaloid content varies substantially between seed batches, cultivars, and commercial sources. In one analytical study, 2 of 5 commercial lots tested contained zero detectable ergot alkaloids{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=990b70ad}}. This variability makes dose prediction from seed count unreliable. [[glossary:potency]] differences likely reflect variation in the [[glossary:density]] and viability of the ''Periglandula'' endosymbiont across growing conditions and seed [[glossary:lineage|lineages]]. ===Biosynthesis=== The ergoline alkaloids in ''I. tricolor'' are not synthesized by the plant itself. They are produced by ''Periglandula clandestina'', a vertically transmitted fungal endosymbiont first described in 2025{{cite|doi=10.1080/00275514.2025.2483634|anchor=ef4cabb1}}. The biosynthetic pathway follows the general ergot alkaloid route from tryptophan and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, paralleling the pathway in ''Claviceps'' fungi.

The ergot alkaloids present in ''I. tricolor'' are not synthesized by the plant itself. They are produced by a heritable fungal endosymbiont, '''Periglandula clandestina''' sp. nov. (Clavicipitaceae), recently described from ''I. tricolor'' seed coats{{cite|doi=10.1080/00275514.2025.2483634|anchor=b7b02702}}. The fungi are vertically transmitted through seeds and produce alkaloids that are translocated via peltate glandular trichomes into host plant tissues{{cite|doi=10.3390/toxins7041355|anchor=efd8e736}}. Alkaloids are distributed throughout the entire plant — roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds — not solely in seeds{{cite|doi=10.1007/s10886-019-01109-w|anchor=249e4aca}}{{cite|doi=10.1080/00275514.2025.2483634|anchor=26e60ae7}}. ===Dominant alkaloid family=== The principal psychoactive alkaloid is [[substance:lsa]] (ergine, d-lysergic acid amide; C₁₆H₁₇N₃O, MW 267.33 g/mol), a [[substance_class:chemical/lysergamide]] structurally related to [[substance:lsd]]. Its C-8 epimer, '''isoergine''' (d-isolysergic acid amide), co-occurs in morning glory seeds; the psychoactive contribution of isoergine remains debated{{cite|doi=10.1055/a-0577-8049|anchor=ee3dfe00}}. ergonovine (ergometrine; C₁₉H₂₃N₃O₂, MW 325.40 g/mol), a third lysergamide constituent, has documented uterotonic and vasoactive properties{{cite|doi=10.1055/a-0577-8049|anchor=cdcb8edc}}. ===Minor constituents=== Minor clavine alkaloids include chanoclavine, elymoclavine, lysergol, and chanoclavine acid — the last of these first isolated from ''Ipomoea'' material{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00253-024-13157-8|anchor=b1580eb0}}. These function primarily as biosynthetic precursors to the [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] skeleton and are present at lower concentrations than the lysergamides. ===Quantified concentrations=== Analytical studies report substantial variability across commercial seed sources:

Source	Method	LSA concentration	Notes
Police-seized ''I. tricolor'' seeds (Italy)	GC/MS	0.062% (w/w)	300 mg ≈ 8 seeds; 250 seeds ≈ 6 mg LSA{{cite|doi=10.1186/s41935-017-0016-8|anchor=6a396ac6}}
Commercial ''I. rubrocerulea''	GC/MS	0.011% (w/w)	Approximately 6× lower than seized sample{{cite|doi=10.1186/s41935-017-0016-8|anchor=30ef0782}}
Commercial "Ipomoea mix"	GC/MS	~10× lower than seized seeds	Species composition unverified{{cite|doi=10.1186/s41935-017-0016-8|anchor=be7279a9}}
5 Polish commercial seed lots	LC-Q-TOF-MS	Detected in 3 of 5 lots only	Marked single-seed variability within lots{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=4824d271}}
8 Convolvulaceae species (range)	LC-MS/MS	15.8–3,223.0 µg/g total ergot alkaloids	Four chemotypes identified{{cite|doi=10.3852/14-239|anchor=d5ff7e52}}

No published studies comparing solvent extraction methods for ''I. tricolor'' seeds and their effects on the ergine-to-isoergine ratio were identified. General principles from the ''Periglandula'' literature suggest alkaloid content is highest in seeds and youngest leaves{{cite|doi=10.3390/toxins7041355|anchor=ef88b60f}}{{cite|doi=10.3390/jof8080823|anchor=bcde9f69}}. Cultivar-level alkaloid variation within ''I. tricolor'' (e.g., 'Heavenly Blue' vs. 'Flying Saucers' vs. 'Pearly Gates') has not been systematically published; lot-to-lot variation is documented but not stratified by cultivar{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=631fb1f5}}.

===Where it acts=== Ergine's psychoactive effects are presumed to arise primarily from partial agonism at [[glossary:5-ht2a]] [[glossary:serotonin]] [[glossary:receptor|receptors]], the same mechanism established for [[substance:lsd]], [[substance:psilocin]], and other [[glossary:serotonergic-psychedelics|classical serotonergic psychedelics]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=3fd13de4}}{{cite|doi=10.1080/17512433.2023.2279192|anchor=6d8177cb}}. Additional activity at [[glossary:5-ht1a]] receptors likely contributes to the prominent [[effect:sedation]], while [[glossary:dopamine]] D₂/D₃ agonism and alpha-adrenergic activity mediate [[effect:vasoconstriction|peripheral vasoconstriction]] and [[glossary:body-load]]{{cite|doi=10.2174/1570159X14666161031144427|anchor=10411828}}. ===What it changes=== The heavy sedation and body load that distinguish morning glory from LSD may reflect ergine's higher relative activity at 5-HT₁A and D₂ receptors compared with its 5-HT₂A [[glossary:efficacy]]{{cite|doi=10.2174/1570159X14666161031144427|anchor=c05513f2}}. [[glossary:cyp2d6]] is the principal metabolic [[glossary:enzyme]] for lysergic acid amides{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=cf7f91b0}}, and individuals with poor-metabolizer phenotypes may experience prolonged, more intense effects at any given dose{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=155d822b}}. [[glossary:tolerance]] likely develops rapidly via 5-HT₂A [[glossary:downregulation]], with expected [[glossary:cross-tolerance]] to LSD and psilocybin{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=453aa88d}}. {{DiscoverMore|Open Questions}} No neuroimaging studies with morning glory seeds or pure ergine have been published. Human pharmacokinetic parameters for ergine remain uncharacterized — available blood concentration data derives solely from forensic cases involving ''Argyreia nervosa'' seeds{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=1c69bfcb}}. Whether the ratio of ergine to isoergine and ergonovine in crude seed extract modulates the qualitative character of the experience is unknown. {{/DiscoverMore}}

===Where it acts=== Ergine is presumed to produce its effects primarily by partially activating [[glossary:serotonin]] [[glossary:receptor|receptors]] in the brain — the same core mechanism as [[substance:lsd]] and psilocybin{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=e7f454b5}}{{cite|doi=10.1080/17512433.2023.2279192|anchor=ded4dc62}}. Additional activity at other [[glossary:receptor-system|receptor systems]] — including [[glossary:dopamine]] and adrenergic pathways — contributes to the pronounced [[effect:sedation]] and [[glossary:body-load]] that distinguish morning glory from LSD{{cite|doi=10.2174/1570159X14666161031144427|anchor=51f915fb}}. ===What it changes=== [[glossary:tolerance]] builds rapidly — within 3–4 days of repeated use — through the same serotonin [[glossary:downregulation]] seen with LSD and psilocybin, with [[glossary:cross-tolerance]] expected across all three{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=a8c316d3}}. Individuals whose bodies metabolize the alkaloid slowly may experience longer, more intense effects at any given dose{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=21f4a4e5}}. {{DiscoverMore|Open Questions}} No neuroimaging studies of morning glory seeds or pure ergine have been published. Human pharmacokinetic data for ergine remain uncharacterized — available blood concentration figures come only from forensic cases involving ''Argyreia nervosa'' seeds{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=915ee3b2}}. Whether the mix of ergine, isoergine, and ergonovine in crude seed extract shapes the qualitative character of the experience is unknown. {{/DiscoverMore}}

The morning glory seed experience is a [[effect:sedation]]-heavy serotonergic [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] state characterized by visual distortions, altered cognition, introspective thought, and pronounced physical discomfort. Unlike [[substance:lsd]] — to which ergine is most closely related — the experience is shorter, less visually elaborate, and dominated by [[glossary:body-load]], lethargy, and [[effect:nausea]] that constitute a larger fraction of the total experience{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=d3cb24a4}}. Set, setting, gastric state, and preparation method all shape the trajectory, though batch-to-batch alkaloid variability is the single largest source of unpredictability. Compared with [[substance:psilocybin-mushrooms]], the perceptual and cognitive domains overlap moderately, but morning glory's gastrointestinal and vasoconstrictive load is more pronounced and less predictable. The preparation method — whole seeds chewed versus cold water extraction — alters the nausea burden more than the perceptual character, though no controlled comparison exists.

Morning glory seeds produce a [[effect:sedation]]-heavy [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] state. Visual distortions and introspective thought occur, but the experience is defined as much by its physical character — lethargy, [[effect:nausea]], and a heavy body sensation — as by its perceptual effects{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=74c34166}}. The preparation method and batch alkaloid variability are the two largest sources of unpredictability. Compared to [[substance:lsd]], the experience is shorter and less visually elaborate. Compared to [[substance:psilocybin-mushrooms]], the perceptual overlap is moderate, but morning glory's gastrointestinal and vasoconstrictive load is more pronounced and less predictable. Cold water extraction reduces nausea for some users, but no controlled comparison confirms a meaningful difference in perceptual character between preparations.

[[glossary:ingestion|Oral ingestion]] of whole seeds is the primary and essentially sole documented preparation for psychoactive use of ''I. tricolor''. No standardized extract, tincture, or alternative preparation form has been characterized in published pharmacological literature. ===Whole seeds (oral)=== '''Whole seeds (oral):''' Seeds are typically chewed and swallowed or ground and consumed in liquid. Dose estimates derive from forensic calculations and user-report analyses rather than controlled [[glossary:dose-finding-study|dose-finding studies]]{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=d6c6825a}}{{cite|doi=10.1186/s41935-017-0016-8|anchor=d63ba346}}:

Dose tier	Approximate seed count	Estimated ergine content
Threshold	~50 seeds	~0.5–1 mg
Common	100–200 seeds	~1–4 mg
Heavy	250–400+ seeds	~4–6+ mg

{{Warning}}These dose figures are not verified against any published controlled-dose human study. They are derived from forensic alkaloid calculations{{cite|doi=10.1186/s41935-017-0016-8|anchor=dd8053a7}} and user-report analysis{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=63f6aec2}}. Actual ergine content per seed varies dramatically between batches, cultivars, and commercial sources — 2 of 5 tested commercial seed lots contained no detectable ergot alkaloids{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=24692b5f}}. Dose cannot be reliably titrated from seed count alone.{{/Warning}} '''Onset:''' 30–90 minutes (varies with gastric contents and preparation method). '''Peak:''' 2–4 hours. '''Total duration:''' 4–8 hours. '''Residual effects:''' [[glossary:fatigue]] and lethargy may persist 12–24 hours{{cite|doi=10.2174/1570159X14666161031144427|anchor=7f9ef8e3}}. The dose-by-preparation card on this page renders the structured dose and duration data; see that card for the complete reference. ===Cold water extraction (oral)=== An informal preparation involves soaking ground seeds in cold water for several hours, then straining and drinking the liquid. This method is widely reported in user communities as reducing [[effect:nausea]] relative to whole-seed ingestion. No published pharmacological study has characterized the alkaloid yield, onset [[glossary:modification]], or safety profile of cold water extraction from ''I. tricolor'' seeds. {{flag|citation-needed}} ===Effect modifiers=== Several factors significantly alter the response to morning glory seed ingestion: * '''Batch variability:''' Alkaloid content varies substantially between commercial batches; some lots contain no detectable ergot alkaloids{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=acb13dd2}} * '''Pesticide treatment:''' Commercially sold ornamental seeds are routinely treated with pesticides and fungicides that produce additional toxic effects independent of the alkaloid content{{cite|name=drugwise-mg|type=web|author=DrugWise|year=2020|title=Morning Glory|anchor=524b1ce6}} * '''CYP2D6 polymorphism:''' [[glossary:poor-metabolizer|Poor metabolizers]] likely experience more prolonged and intense effects at any given dose{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=6261758c}} * '''Co-ingestion:''' [[substance:cannabis]] is the most commonly [[glossary:co-ingestion|co-ingested]] substance in recreational contexts{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=c11ab22d}}; additive [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] and [[glossary:adverse-effects]] are expected

====Whole seeds (chewed)==== '''Whole seeds (chewed)''' is the simplest preparation method. Seeds are chewed thoroughly and swallowed. Onset typically occurs within 30–60 minutes, with effects lasting 4–8 hours. This method produces the most severe [[effect:nausea]] and gastrointestinal [[glossary:distress]] because the seed material itself — including hull waxes and any surface coatings — is [[glossary:ingestion|ingested]] directly. Dose prediction is unreliable due to batch alkaloid variability; some commercial seed lots contain no detectable ergot alkaloids{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=06e1fabd}}. ====Cold water extraction==== '''Cold water extraction''' involves grinding seeds and soaking them in cold water for several hours, then filtering out the solid material before drinking the liquid. This method aims to reduce nausea by removing indigestible seed matter while retaining water-soluble [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] alkaloids. Onset and duration are comparable to whole-seed ingestion. No [[glossary:controlled-study]] has confirmed whether this method meaningfully reduces gastrointestinal [[glossary:adverse-effects]] or alters alkaloid [[glossary:bioavailability]]. ====Sublingual==== '''Sublingual''' preparations involve holding ground seed material under the tongue to absorb alkaloids through the oral mucosa. This route is reported anecdotally to reduce nausea by bypassing gastric exposure, but no published data confirm altered bioavailability or effect profile. Duration and onset are poorly characterized for this method. {{Info}}Per-preparation dose tiers, timelines, and bioavailability data are in the Dose · by preparation card on this page.{{/Info}}

====Whole seeds (chewed)==== '''Whole seeds (chewed)''' is the simplest preparation. Seeds are chewed thoroughly and swallowed, with onset typically within 30–60 minutes and effects lasting 4–8 hours. This method produces the most severe [[effect:nausea]] because seed hulls, waxes, and any surface coatings are [[glossary:ingestion|ingested]] directly. Dose prediction is unreliable — some commercial lots contain no detectable ergot alkaloids{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=9d586a84}}. ====Cold water extraction==== '''Cold water extraction''' involves grinding seeds, soaking in cold water for several hours, then filtering out solids before drinking the liquid. The aim is to reduce nausea by removing indigestible seed matter while retaining water-soluble alkaloids. Onset and duration are comparable to whole-seed ingestion. No [[glossary:controlled-study]] confirms this method meaningfully reduces gastrointestinal [[glossary:distress]] or alters alkaloid [[glossary:bioavailability]]. ====Sublingual==== '''Sublingual''' preparations hold ground seed material under the tongue to absorb alkaloids through the oral mucosa. This route is reported anecdotally to reduce nausea, but no published data confirm altered bioavailability or a distinct effect profile. Onset and duration are poorly characterized for this method. {{Info}}Per-preparation dose tiers, timelines, and bioavailability data are in the Dose · by preparation card on this page.{{/Info}}

====Toxicity==== No [[glossary:lethal-dose|LD50]] data for ergine in humans or animals exist in published literature. No controlled [[glossary:toxicity]] study for ''I. tricolor'' seeds has been conducted. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} Available evidence derives from [[glossary:case-report|case reports]] involving [[substance:lsa]]-containing seeds. In a prospective study of ''Argyreia nervosa'' seeds at body-weight-normalized doses, 3 of 4 subjects experienced severe [[glossary:adverse-effects]] — cardiovascular dysregulation in 2 and a [[glossary:psychosis]]-like state in 1; all recovered within 9 hours{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.025|anchor=a56a7102}}. A fatal case involved an individual who fell from a building during LSA [[glossary:intoxication]] with [[glossary:co-ingestion|co-ingested]] THC and ethanol, with a blood LSA concentration of 4.9 µg/L{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=7fb41fe1}}. Commercially sold ornamental morning glory seeds are routinely treated with pesticide and fungicide coatings, presenting '''hepatotoxic and neurotoxic risk''' independent of [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] alkaloid content{{cite|name=drugwise-mg|type=web|author=DrugWise|year=2020|title=Morning Glory|anchor=8bd4de44}}. Treated seeds may be identifiable by brightly colored dust on the surface, but no reliable consumer method confirms the absence of treatment. The specific pesticides used have not been systematically identified in published literature. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} No published data on heavy metal [[glossary:contamination]], mycotoxin co-contamination, or microbial load specific to ''I. tricolor'' seeds as a recreational preparation were identified. No ISO/IEC-accredited laboratory testing program or Certificate of Analysis requirement exists for morning glory seeds sold as ornamental products. ====Psychological Risks==== Acute psychological adverse effects include [[effect:anxiety]], panic, [[effect:confusion]], and psychosis-like states at higher doses or in susceptible individuals{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.025|anchor=c7ef9dd3}}. '''Suicidal ideation''' has been documented in recreational users who [[glossary:ingestion|ingested]] ''A. nervosa'' and ''Ipomoea'' seeds{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=93c5f1ac}}. One forensic case survivor described [[effect:suicidal-ideation]] following ''A. nervosa'' seed ingestion{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=df24aba4}}. The risk of precipitating persistent psychosis in predisposed individuals is analogous to other [[glossary:serotonergic-psychedelics]] as a class. Persons with personal or family history of psychotic [[glossary:disorder|disorders]] or current depressive states with suicidal ideation face elevated risk. ====Tolerance & Dependence==== No systematic study of [[glossary:tolerance]] development for ergine has been conducted. By analogy with [[substance:lsd]] and other serotonergic psychedelics, rapid [[glossary:tachyphylaxis]] is expected — tolerance developing within 3–4 days of repeated use — with [[glossary:cross-tolerance]] to LSD, psilocybin, and other [[substance_class:pharmacological/serotonin-2a-receptor-agonist|serotonin 2A receptor agonists]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=7fdd4485}}. Ergoline compounds as a class show low [[glossary:physical-dependence]] [[glossary:liability]], consistent with low compulsive use patterns{{cite|doi=10.1080/17512433.2023.2279192|anchor=62588824}}. Ergotamine, a related ergot alkaloid used medicinally, can produce a physical dependence syndrome characterized by a self-sustaining [[effect:headache]]-[[glossary:medication]] cycle{{cite|pubmed=3087616|anchor=42176e4d}}; whether ergine produces analogous [[glossary:dependence]] at recreational doses is unknown. ====Drug Interactions==== '''Serotonergic agents (SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs, triptans):''' Additive serotonergic activity at [[glossary:5-ht2a]] and [[glossary:5-ht1a]] [[glossary:receptor|receptors]] raises theoretical [[glossary:serotonin-syndrome]] risk{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=bf7014a4}}. The triptan–ergot combination is of particular concern given the vasoconstrictive properties of both drug classes{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-012-0002-5|anchor=74c8a5b7}}. '''Vasoconstrictors:''' Ergot alkaloids including ergonovine have potent vasoconstrictor activity. Co-administration with other vasoconstrictors increases [[glossary:ischemia]] risk{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-012-0002-5|anchor=b249f990}}. '''CNS depressants (alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids):''' Additive [[glossary:central-nervous-system|CNS]] [[effect:depression]]. The sole documented [[glossary:fatality]] involving LSA-containing seeds involved co-ingestion of ethanol and THC{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=f6f6a7a0}}. '''CYP2D6 inhibitors (fluoxetine, paroxetine, bupropion):''' May increase ergine [[glossary:plasma-concentration|plasma levels]] and effect duration via reduced [[glossary:metabolism|hepatic metabolism]]{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=f407f154}}. ====Contraindications==== '''Cardiovascular disease:''' Ergot alkaloid [[effect:vasoconstriction]] is a class effect. Individuals with coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, or Raynaud's phenomenon face elevated ischemia risk. '''Pregnancy:''' Ergonovine is a documented uterotonic agent. Morning glory seeds contain ergonovine; ingestion during [[glossary:pregnancy]] carries risk of uterine contraction and miscarriage{{cite|doi=10.1055/a-0577-8049|anchor=63150a19}}. '''Personal or family history of psychosis:''' Risk of acute psychotic episode is extrapolated from the serotonergic [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] class. '''Concurrent serotonergic medications:''' Serotonin toxicity risk as described in [[glossary:drug-interaction|Drug Interactions]] above. '''CYP2D6 poor metabolizers:''' May experience prolonged and more intense effects at standard doses{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=2f3a8f98}}. '''Hepatic impairment:''' Reduced CYP-mediated [[glossary:clearance]] may prolong exposure. {{flag|inferred}}

====Toxicity==== No [[glossary:lethal-dose|LD50]] data for ergine in humans or animals exist in published literature. No controlled [[glossary:toxicity]] study for ''I. tricolor'' seeds has been conducted. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} In a prospective study of related [[substance:lsa]]-containing seeds (''Argyreia nervosa'') at body-weight-normalized doses, 3 of 4 subjects experienced severe [[glossary:adverse-effects]] — cardiovascular [[glossary:disruption]] in 2 and a [[glossary:psychosis]]-like state in 1; all recovered within 9 hours{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.025|anchor=31d86258}}. One fatal case involved a person who fell from a building during LSA [[glossary:intoxication]] with [[glossary:co-ingestion|co-ingested]] THC and ethanol, with a blood LSA concentration of 4.9 µg/L{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=ddc6541a}}. Commercially sold ornamental seeds are routinely coated with pesticides and fungicides, presenting '''hepatotoxic and neurotoxic risk''' independent of [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] content{{cite|name=drugwise-mg|type=web|author=DrugWise|year=2020|title=Morning Glory|anchor=8f724a9b}}. Treated seeds often show brightly colored surface residue, but the absence of visible coating does not guarantee safety. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} ====Psychological Risks==== Acute psychological adverse effects include [[effect:anxiety]], panic, [[effect:confusion]], and psychosis-like states at higher doses or in susceptible individuals{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.025|anchor=b6d927db}}. '''Suicidal ideation''' has been documented in recreational users who [[glossary:ingestion|ingested]] LSA-containing seeds{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=5666400d}}{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=353dc26c}}. Persons with a personal or family history of psychotic [[glossary:disorder|disorders]], or with current depressive states, face elevated risk. ====Tolerance & Dependence==== Ergoline compounds show low [[glossary:physical-dependence]] [[glossary:liability]], consistent with low compulsive use patterns{{cite|doi=10.1080/17512433.2023.2279192|anchor=bad6cff9}}. Rapid [[glossary:tolerance]] is expected within 3–4 days of repeated use, with [[glossary:cross-tolerance]] to [[substance:lsd]] and psilocybin{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=1e94052e}}. Ergotamine, a related ergot alkaloid, can produce a self-sustaining [[effect:headache]]-[[glossary:medication]] [[glossary:dependence]] cycle{{cite|pubmed=3087616|anchor=922b3373}}; whether ergine produces an analogous pattern at recreational doses is unknown. ====Drug Interactions==== '''Serotonergic agents (SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs, triptans):''' Combining morning glory with these drugs stacks serotonergic activity, raising the risk of a potentially life-threatening state involving high fever, [[glossary:tachycardia|rapid heart rate]], and [[glossary:muscle-rigidity]]{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=f5b3c6d8}}. Triptans combined with ergot alkaloids carry particular concern because both classes constrict blood vessels{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-012-0002-5|anchor=a7ac18f2}}. '''Vasoconstrictors:''' Ergonovine in morning glory seeds already constricts blood vessels. Adding other vasoconstrictors raises the risk of reduced [[glossary:blood-flow]] to limbs or organs{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-012-0002-5|anchor=e72e4618}}. '''CNS depressants (alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids):''' These deepen morning glory's sedative effects. The only documented LSA-related [[glossary:fatality]] involved co-ingestion of ethanol and THC{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=35f9f6aa}}. '''CYP2D6 inhibitors (fluoxetine, paroxetine, bupropion):''' These medications slow the liver's breakdown of ergine, potentially raising alkaloid levels and prolonging effects{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=38c9059f}}. ====Contraindications==== '''Cardiovascular disease:''' [[effect:vasoconstriction]] is a class effect of ergot alkaloids. Coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and Raynaud's phenomenon all increase [[glossary:ischemia]] risk. '''Pregnancy:''' Ergonovine in morning glory seeds contracts the uterus. Ingestion during [[glossary:pregnancy]] carries risk of miscarriage{{cite|doi=10.1055/a-0577-8049|anchor=2ca7fa06}}. '''Personal or family history of psychosis:''' Risk of acute psychotic episode is extrapolated from the serotonergic [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] class. '''Concurrent serotonergic medications:''' [[glossary:serotonin-syndrome|Serotonin toxicity risk]] as described in [[glossary:drug-interaction|Drug Interactions]] above. '''CYP2D6 poor metabolizers:''' May experience prolonged and more intense effects at standard doses{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=2845841e}}. '''Hepatic impairment:''' Reduced [[glossary:clearance]] may prolong exposure. {{flag|inferred}}

===Forms & Identification=== Morning glory seeds sold for ornamental gardening are not [[glossary:human-consumption|intended for human consumption]] and carry no quality assurance for that purpose. The critical identification concern is pesticide and fungicide coating — treated seeds often show brightly colored residue, but absence of visible coating does not guarantee safety{{cite|name=drugwise-mg|type=web|author=DrugWise|year=2020|title=Morning Glory|anchor=19bbec63}}. Lab testing for [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] alkaloid content is not commercially available to consumers. Batch variability is extreme: analytical testing found 2 of 5 commercial lots contained zero detectable ergot alkaloids{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=29a1a1da}}. Seed count is not a reliable proxy for dose — identical numbers of seeds from different sources may produce no effects or unexpectedly strong effects. ===Set & Setting=== The morning glory experience includes pronounced [[effect:nausea]], [[effect:sedation]], and [[glossary:body-load]]. A comfortable, private environment with easy access to a bathroom is strongly advised. The 4–8 hour duration requires planning; driving or operating equipment is unsafe during and for several hours after [[glossary:ingestion]]. A sober, [[glossary:sitter|trusted companion]] is recommended, especially for anyone unfamiliar with [[glossary:psychedelic-experience|psychedelic experiences]]. [[effect:anxiety]]-prone individuals or those in an unstable emotional state face elevated risk of panic and [[effect:paranoia]]. ===Guidelines=== {{Guideline}} * Start with a fraction of the intended dose from any new batch — alkaloid content varies dramatically across sources * Never consume seeds with visible colored coating or residue; these likely carry pesticide treatments * Avoid combining with serotonergic [[glossary:medication|medications]] (SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs, triptans), vasoconstrictors, or [[glossary:cns-depressants]] including [[substance:alcohol]] * Eat lightly several hours before ingestion to reduce nausea [[glossary:severity]] * Have ginger tea or an antiemetic available for gastrointestinal [[glossary:distress]] * Do not [[glossary:redose]] within the same session — [[glossary:delayed-onset]] can produce unexpectedly strong effects if a second dose is taken prematurely * Keep the environment calm, dimly lit, and free from obligations {{/Guideline}} ===Emergency Response=== {{Emergency}} '''Recognizing an emergency:''' * Severe [[glossary:chest-pain]] or difficulty breathing (vasoconstrictive crisis) * Unresponsiveness or inability to communicate * Psychotic behavior — loss of contact with reality, [[glossary:aggression]], [[glossary:self-harm]] * Expressed [[effect:suicidal-ideation]] * [[glossary:seizure|Seizures]] '''Immediate steps:''' * 1. Call emergency services immediately if any of the above signs are present * 2. Keep the person in a safe, quiet environment and remove sharp objects * 3. Do not physically restrain unless there is immediate danger of self-harm or harm to others * 4. If conscious and cooperative, offer [[glossary:reassurance]]: the effects are temporary and will resolve * 5. Monitor breathing and [[glossary:heart-rate]] until help arrives '''What to tell the dispatcher:''' State that the person ingested morning glory seeds (containing [[substance:lsa]]/ergine), the approximate number of seeds and time of ingestion, and all current symptoms. Mention any [[glossary:co-ingestion|co-ingested]] substances. [[glossary:good-samaritan-law|Good Samaritan laws]] exist in many jurisdictions and provide legal protection to callers reporting drug-related emergencies. '''Reversal agents:''' No specific reversal agent for ergine [[glossary:toxicity]] exists. Treatment is supportive. {{/Emergency}} ===Aftercare & Integration=== {{Aftercare}} Nausea and physical discomfort typically resolve within 1–2 hours after peak effects subside. [[glossary:hydration]] is important — [[effect:vomiting]] and [[effect:diarrhea]] during the experience can cause fluid loss. A light meal after effects have subsided helps restore energy. Next-day effects may include [[glossary:fatigue]], residual sedation, and mild mood changes. Allow a full rest day before resuming demanding cognitive tasks. If the experience was distressing, talking through it with a trusted person or an [[glossary:integration]]-focused [[glossary:therapist]] can help process difficult material. {{/Aftercare}} ===Recovery & Support=== {{Recovery}} Morning glory seeds carry low [[glossary:abuse-liability]] as an ergoline compound class{{cite|doi=10.1080/17512433.2023.2279192|anchor=a4a77891}}, and compulsive use patterns are rare. However, persistent psychological distress following a [[glossary:difficult-experience]] may warrant professional support. For ongoing distress, anxiety, or mood [[glossary:disruption]] following use, contact: * '''SAMHSA National Helpline:''' 1-800-662-4357 (US, free, confidential, 24/7) * '''Fireside Project:''' 62-FIRESIDE (US [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] [[glossary:peer-support]] line) * '''Crisis Text Line:''' Text HOME to 741741 (US) If recurrent use is causing functional [[glossary:impairment]], a mental health professional with experience in [[glossary:substance-use]] can help develop a cessation plan. {{/Recovery}}

===Forms & Identification=== Morning glory seeds sold for ornamental gardening carry no quality assurance for [[glossary:human-consumption]]. The most critical identification concern is pesticide coating — treated seeds often show brightly colored residue, but the absence of visible coating does not guarantee safety{{cite|name=drugwise-mg|type=web|author=DrugWise|year=2020|title=Morning Glory|anchor=962723d0}}. Lab testing for alkaloid content is not commercially available to consumers. Batch variability is extreme: 2 of 5 commercial lots in one analytical study contained zero detectable ergot alkaloids{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=bda6f726}}. A given seed count can produce no effect or an unexpectedly intense one depending on source. ===Set & Setting=== The morning glory experience includes pronounced [[effect:nausea]], [[effect:sedation]], and [[glossary:body-load]] across 4–8 hours. A comfortable, private environment with easy bathroom access is essential. Driving or operating equipment is unsafe during and for several hours after [[glossary:ingestion]]. A sober, [[glossary:sitter|trusted companion]] is strongly recommended — especially for anyone unfamiliar with [[glossary:psychedelic-experience|psychedelic experiences]]. [[effect:anxiety]]-prone individuals or those in emotional [[glossary:distress]] face elevated risk of panic and [[effect:paranoia]]. ===Guidelines=== {{Guideline}} * Start with a fraction of the intended dose from any new batch — alkaloid content varies dramatically across sources * Never consume seeds with visible colored coating or residue; these likely carry pesticide treatments * Avoid combining with serotonergic [[glossary:medication|medications]] (SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs, triptans), vasoconstrictors, or [[glossary:cns-depressants]] including [[substance:alcohol]] * Eat lightly several hours before ingestion to reduce nausea [[glossary:severity]] * Have ginger tea or an antiemetic available for gastrointestinal distress * Do not [[glossary:redose]] within the same session — [[glossary:delayed-onset]] can produce unexpectedly strong effects if a second dose is taken prematurely * Keep the environment calm, dimly lit, and free from obligations {{/Guideline}} ===Emergency Response=== {{Emergency}} '''Recognizing an emergency:''' * Severe [[glossary:chest-pain]] or difficulty breathing (vasoconstrictive crisis) * Unresponsiveness or inability to communicate * Psychotic behavior — loss of contact with reality, [[glossary:aggression]], [[glossary:self-harm]] * Expressed [[effect:suicidal-ideation]] * [[glossary:seizure|Seizures]] '''Immediate steps:''' * 1. Call emergency services immediately if any of the above signs are present * 2. Keep the person in a safe, quiet environment and remove sharp objects * 3. Do not physically restrain unless there is immediate danger of self-harm or harm to others * 4. If conscious and cooperative, offer [[glossary:reassurance]]: the effects are temporary and will resolve * 5. Monitor breathing and [[glossary:heart-rate]] until help arrives '''What to tell the dispatcher:''' State that the person ingested morning glory seeds (containing [[substance:lsa]]/ergine), the approximate number of seeds and time of ingestion, and all current symptoms. Mention any [[glossary:co-ingestion|co-ingested]] substances. [[glossary:good-samaritan-law|Good Samaritan laws]] exist in many jurisdictions and provide legal protection to callers reporting drug-related emergencies. '''Reversal agents:''' No specific reversal agent for ergine [[glossary:toxicity]] exists. Treatment is supportive. {{/Emergency}} ===Aftercare & Integration=== {{Aftercare}} Nausea and physical discomfort typically resolve within 1–2 hours after peak effects subside. [[glossary:hydration]] is important — [[effect:vomiting]] and [[effect:diarrhea]] during the experience can cause fluid loss. A light meal after effects have subsided helps restore energy. Next-day effects may include [[glossary:fatigue]], residual sedation, and mild mood changes. Allow a full rest day before resuming demanding cognitive tasks. If the experience was distressing, talking through it with a trusted person or an [[glossary:integration]]-focused [[glossary:therapist]] can help process difficult material. {{/Aftercare}} ===Recovery & Support=== {{Recovery}} Morning glory seeds carry low [[glossary:abuse-liability]] as an [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] compound class{{cite|doi=10.1080/17512433.2023.2279192|anchor=20ea604c}}, and compulsive use patterns are rare. However, persistent psychological distress following a [[glossary:difficult-experience]] may warrant professional support. For ongoing distress, anxiety, or mood [[glossary:disruption]] following use, contact: * '''SAMHSA National Helpline:''' 1-800-662-4357 (US, free, confidential, 24/7) * '''Fireside Project:''' 62-FIRESIDE (US [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] [[glossary:peer-support]] line) * '''Crisis Text Line:''' Text HOME to 741741 (US) If recurrent use is causing functional [[glossary:impairment]], a mental health professional with experience in [[glossary:substance-use]] can help develop a cessation plan. {{/Recovery}}

Morning glory plants and seeds are [[glossary:unscheduled|not scheduled]] under any United Nations drug convention{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=5a731d9c}}. The isolated alkaloid ergine is [[glossary:schedule-iii]] under US federal law (since 1970), while seeds remain legal to possess and sell. Louisiana restricts seeds when [[glossary:human-consumption|intended for human consumption]]; Arizona classifies all ''Ipomoea'' species as noxious weeds. Canada places no restrictions on plants or seeds. In the United Kingdom, seeds are legal to possess but extracted [[substance:lsa]] is controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act{{cite|name=drugwise-mg|type=web|author=DrugWise|year=2020|title=Morning Glory|anchor=20d7b4ed}}. Italy classifies morning glory seeds as controlled narcotic drugs; most other [[glossary:member-state|EU member states]] impose no restrictions on plants or seeds{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=abd7543f}}. Australia permits domestic [[glossary:possession]] and cultivation but prohibits import and export, with most states restricting consumption of LSA-containing seeds{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=c113845c}}. {{Warning}} Legal status changes frequently. This overview reflects the status as of the article's last update and is not legal advice. Verify current law in the relevant jurisdiction before acting on this information. {{/Warning}}

Morning glory plants and seeds (''Ipomoea tricolor'') are [[glossary:unscheduled|not scheduled]] under any United Nations drug convention — neither the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 [[glossary:convention-on-psychotropic-substances]], nor the 1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=b424da75}}. The isolated alkaloid ergine (d-lysergic acid amide) is separately controlled in some jurisdictions while the [[glossary:plant-material]] itself remains legal in most. This creates a jurisdiction-specific legal landscape in which seed [[glossary:possession]] is typically lawful but alkaloid extraction is not.

Jurisdiction	Classification	Key provisions
United States (federal)	Plant/seeds legal; ergine Schedule III (CSA, 1970)	Possession and sale of ''I. tricolor'' plants and seeds is lawful. Isolated ergine (LSA) is Schedule III. Commercial extraction is explicitly illegal; home extraction occupies a legal gray area.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=f5a8a88c}}
Arizona (US state)	Restricted	All ''Ipomoea'' species classified as noxious weeds; possession may constitute a misdemeanor.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=98c9a9aa}}
Louisiana (US state)	Restricted for consumption	Illegal when intended for human consumption (effective August 8, 2005); legal for aesthetic, landscaping, or decorative purposes.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=e65b1e95}}
Canada	Legal (plants and seeds)	No restrictions on possession of morning glory plants or seeds.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=bee0db4c}}
United Kingdom	Seeds legal; extracted LSA controlled	Seeds may be legally possessed. Extracted LSA is a controlled substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act.{{cite|name=drugwise-mg|type=web|author=DrugWise|year=2020|title=Morning Glory|anchor=12f40bc5}}
Italy	Controlled narcotic	Morning glory seeds classified as controlled narcotic drugs.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=e0b53f51}}
Most EU member states	Legal (plants and seeds)	Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, and most other member states impose no restrictions on plants or seeds.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=3679b1f9}}
Australia	Plants legal; import prohibited	Plants and seeds legal to possess and cultivate domestically. Import and export of ''I. violacea'', ''I. tricolor'', and ''I. hederacea'' prohibited under the Customs Act. Most Australian states restrict consumption of LSA-containing seeds under state legislation.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=aa881e9e}}

{{Info}}All legal status information above derives from sources last updated in 2016–2020. Regulatory changes may have occurred since these dates. Verify current legal status in your jurisdiction before relying on these classifications.{{/Info}} ===Analog and treaty considerations=== Ergine is not listed in UN international drug schedules. In the United States, the [[glossary:federal-analogue-act]] (21 U.S.C. § 813) could theoretically apply to related [[substance_class:chemical/lysergamide|lysergamides]] found in morning glory seeds if [[glossary:human-consumption|intended for human consumption]], though [[glossary:prosecution]] under this provision for plant material is not documented in available case law. {{flag|citation-needed}}

===Primary receptor targets=== Ergine is a semirigid [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] compound closely related to [[substance:lsd]]. Its primary psychoactive mechanism is presumed to be '''5-HT₂A receptor partial agonism''', the same mechanism established for LSD, [[substance:psilocin]], and other classical serotonergic [[substance_class:psychoactive/hallucinogen|hallucinogens]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=5d6c8120}}{{cite|doi=10.1080/17512433.2023.2279192|anchor=cf7b0a05}}. No published [[glossary:binding-affinity]] (K,,i,,) data for ergine at individual [[glossary:receptor-subtypes]] were identified in peer-reviewed literature; the pharmacology is extrapolated from LSD data and [[glossary:structural-analogy]]. Additional [[glossary:receptor]] targets documented for ergoline compounds include [[glossary:5-ht1a]] agonism (contributing to sedative and [[substance_class:psychoactive/anxiolytic]] effects), [[glossary:dopamine]] D₂/D₃ agonism, and alpha-adrenergic activity (mediating [[effect:vasoconstriction|peripheral vasoconstriction]]){{cite|doi=10.2174/1570159X14666161031144427|anchor=f11d911e}}. The relatively prominent [[effect:sedation]] and [[glossary:body-load]] associated with morning glory seed [[glossary:ingestion]] — compared with LSD — may reflect ergine's higher relative activity at 5-HT₁A and D₂ receptors relative to its [[glossary:5-ht2a]] [[glossary:efficacy]]{{cite|doi=10.2174/1570159X14666161031144427|anchor=05f34cb6}}. ===Pharmacokinetics=== No published human pharmacokinetic study for pure ergine exists. Available data derives from forensic case analyses of ''Argyreia nervosa'' (Hawaiian baby woodrose) seed ingestion, which contains the same ergoline alkaloid profile: * [[glossary:plasma-concentration|Blood concentrations]]: 4.9 µg/L (fatal case, [[glossary:co-ingestion|co-ingested]] THC and ethanol) and 1.8 µg/L (surviving witness){{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=8604597f}} * [[glossary:metabolite|Urinary metabolites]]: 2-hydroxy-3-oxo-[[substance:lsa]] and 2-hydroxy-3-oxo-ergonovine identified{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=57411df0}} * [[glossary:half-life]]: not determined for ergine; given LSD's half-life of approximately 3.5 hours and the 4–8 hour effect duration observed with morning glory seeds, a similar range is plausible but unconfirmed ===CYP enzyme involvement=== [[glossary:cyp2d6]] is identified as the principal [[glossary:enzyme]] in indolealkylamine [[glossary:metabolism]], including lysergic acid amides{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=f526378b}}. CYP2D6 [[glossary:genetic-polymorphism|polymorphism]] — ranging from poor to ultra-rapid metabolizer phenotypes — represents a risk factor for variable [[glossary:pharmacokinetics]] and potential [[glossary:toxicity]] in the general population. [[glossary:poor-metabolizer|Poor metabolizers]] may experience prolonged and more intense effects at any given dose{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=8558a205}}. ===Cross-tolerance=== [[glossary:cross-tolerance]] between ergine and LSD, psilocybin, and other 5-HT₂A [[glossary:agonist|agonists]] is expected on mechanistic grounds but has not been directly studied in human trials{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=968fe9b6}}. ===Open questions=== No neuroimaging studies with morning glory seeds or pure ergine as administered have been published. The preparation-specific pharmacokinetics of ''I. tricolor'' seed ingestion remain uncharacterized. Whether the ratio of ergine to isoergine and ergonovine modulates the qualitative character of the experience is unknown — no controlled comparison of isolated ergine versus crude seed extract has been conducted.

Morning glory seed [[glossary:ingestion]] produces a serotonergic [[glossary:psychedelic-experience]] dominated by [[effect:sedation]] and prominent gastrointestinal [[glossary:distress]] in a way that distinguishes it from most other classical [[substance_class:psychoactive/hallucinogen|hallucinogens]]. The quality of the experience is strongly modulated by batch alkaloid content — which varies by an order of magnitude or more across commercial sources — and by individual [[glossary:cyp2d6]] metabolizer status. Preparation method (whole seeds chewed vs. cold water extraction) alters the [[effect:nausea]] burden more than the perceptual character, though no controlled comparison exists. Set, setting, and gastric state at the time of ingestion further shape the trajectory. Relative to [[substance:lsd]], to which ergine is structurally most closely related, the morning glory experience is shorter (4–8 hours vs. 8–12 hours), less visually elaborate, and substantially more physically sedating — with [[glossary:body-load]], lethargy, and nausea constituting a larger fraction of the total experience. Compared with [[substance:psilocybin-mushrooms]], the experiential overlap is moderate in the cognitive and perceptual domains, but the gastrointestinal and vasoconstrictive load of morning glory seeds is more pronounced and less predictable.

===Toxicity=== No [[glossary:lethal-dose|LD50]] data for ergine in humans or animals were identified in published literature. No controlled [[glossary:toxicity]] study for ''I. tricolor'' seeds has been conducted. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} The available evidence derives from [[glossary:case-report|case reports]] involving [[substance:lsa]]-containing seeds (both ''I. tricolor'' and the pharmacologically equivalent ''Argyreia nervosa''). In a prospective study of ''A. nervosa'' seeds at body-weight-normalized doses, 3 of 4 subjects experienced severe [[glossary:adverse-effects]]: cardiovascular dysregulation in 2 subjects and a [[glossary:psychosis]]-like state in 1; all recovered completely within 9 hours{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.025|anchor=bbe55bf8}}. Interindividual variability was high despite identical dosing. A fatal case involved an individual who fell from a building during LSA [[glossary:intoxication]] with [[glossary:co-ingestion|co-ingested]] THC and ethanol (blood LSA concentration 4.9 µg/L){{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=2f686555}}. ====Contaminant and adulterant risk==== Commercially sold ornamental morning glory seeds are routinely treated with pesticide and fungicide coatings, presenting '''hepatotoxic and neurotoxic risk''' independent of the [[substance_class:chemical/ergoline]] alkaloid content{{cite|name=drugwise-mg|type=web|author=DrugWise|year=2020|title=Morning Glory|anchor=e20cfda7}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. Seeds treated with toxic coatings are often identifiable by brightly colored dust on the seed surface, but there is no reliable method for a consumer to confirm the absence of treatment. The specific pesticides used on commercial morning glory seeds have not been systematically identified in published literature. {{flag|safety-citation-needed}} No published data on heavy metal [[glossary:contamination]] (lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury) or mycotoxin co-contamination specific to ''I. tricolor'' seeds as a recreational preparation were identified. Batch alkaloid variability is a separate risk vector: 2 of 5 commercial lots tested contained zero detectable ergot alkaloids{{cite|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9322-5|anchor=cab77fe9}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}, making dose prediction from seed count unreliable. No ISO/IEC-accredited laboratory testing program or Certificate of Analysis requirement exists for morning glory seeds sold as ornamental products. ===Psychological risks=== Acute psychological adverse effects include [[effect:anxiety]], panic, [[effect:confusion]], and psychosis-like states at higher doses or in susceptible individuals{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.025|anchor=69e4154b}}. '''Suicidal ideation''' has been documented in 2 recreational users who [[glossary:ingestion|ingested]] ''A. nervosa'' and ''Ipomoea'' seeds{{cite|pubmed=23662334|anchor=1e7169d6}}. One forensic case survivor described psychological reactions including [[effect:suicidal-ideation]] following ''A. nervosa'' seed ingestion{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=4575a4fd}}. No published data exist on precipitation of persistent psychosis in predisposed individuals specifically by ergine; the risk is analogous to other [[glossary:serotonergic-psychedelics]] as a class. Persons with personal or family history of psychotic [[glossary:disorder|disorders]] or current depressive states with suicidal ideation face elevated risk. ===Tolerance and dependence=== No systematic study of [[glossary:tolerance]] development for ergine has been conducted. By analogy with [[substance:lsd]] and other serotonergic psychedelics, rapid [[glossary:tachyphylaxis]] — tolerance developing within 3–4 days of repeated use — is expected, with [[glossary:cross-tolerance]] to LSD, psilocybin, and other [[substance_class:pharmacological/serotonin-2a-receptor-agonist|serotonin 2A receptor agonists]]{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017|anchor=fd4f3131}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. No specific [[glossary:abuse-liability]] data for ergine or morning glory seeds exist. Ergoline compounds as a class show low [[glossary:physical-dependence]] [[glossary:liability]], consistent with their low compulsive use patterns in recreational settings{{cite|doi=10.1080/17512433.2023.2279192|anchor=0121c627}}. Ergotamine (a related ergot alkaloid used medicinally) can produce a physical dependence syndrome characterized by a self-sustaining [[effect:headache]]-[[glossary:medication]] cycle{{cite|pubmed=3087616|anchor=93d0ffd1}}; whether ergine produces analogous [[glossary:dependence]] at recreational doses is unknown. ===Drug interactions=== Ergine's ergoline pharmacology creates several mechanistically plausible [[glossary:drug-interaction|interaction risks]], none of which have been confirmed by direct clinical case reports specific to LSA: '''Serotonergic agents (SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs, triptans):''' Additive serotonergic activity at [[glossary:5-ht2a]] and [[glossary:5-ht1a]] [[glossary:receptor|receptors]] raises theoretical [[glossary:serotonin-syndrome]] risk{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=9b8fd0d3}}. The triptan–ergot interaction is of particular concern given the vasoconstrictive properties of both drug classes{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-012-0002-5|anchor=64228835}}. No direct clinical case report of LSA combined with an SSRI producing serotonin syndrome was identified; this interaction is classified as theoretical on pharmacodynamic basis. '''Vasoconstrictors:''' Ergot alkaloids including ergonovine have potent vasoconstrictor activity. Co-administration with other vasoconstrictors increases [[glossary:ischemia]] risk. This is a class-effect [[glossary:inference|extrapolation]]{{cite|doi=10.1007/s40263-012-0002-5|anchor=fd0000e5}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. '''CNS depressants (alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids):''' Additive [[glossary:central-nervous-system|CNS]] [[effect:depression]]. The sole documented [[glossary:fatality]] involving LSA-containing seeds involved co-ingestion of ethanol and THC{{cite|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017|anchor=9bc9e955}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. '''CYP2D6 inhibitors (fluoxetine, paroxetine, bupropion):''' May increase ergine [[glossary:plasma-concentration|plasma levels]] and effect duration via reduced [[glossary:metabolism|hepatic metabolism]]{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=074b9dc8}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. ===Contraindications=== '''Cardiovascular disease:''' Ergot alkaloid [[effect:vasoconstriction]] risk is a class effect applicable to all ergoline-containing preparations. Individuals with coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, or Raynaud's phenomenon face elevated ischemia risk. '''Pregnancy:''' Ergonovine is a documented uterotonic agent. Morning glory seeds contain ergonovine as a constituent alkaloid; ingestion during [[glossary:pregnancy]] carries risk of uterine contraction and miscarriage{{cite|doi=10.1055/a-0577-8049|anchor=40e38e53}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. '''Personal or family history of psychosis:''' Risk of acute psychotic episode is extrapolated from the serotonergic [[substance_class:psychoactive/psychedelic]] class. '''Concurrent serotonergic medications:''' Serotonin toxicity risk as described in the Drug interactions subsection above. '''CYP2D6 poor metabolizers:''' May experience prolonged and more intense effects at standard doses{{cite|doi=10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5|anchor=c305f825}}{{flag|additional-citations-needed}}. '''Hepatic impairment:''' Reduced CYP-mediated [[glossary:clearance]] may prolong exposure. {{flag|inferred}}

Morning glory plants and seeds (''Ipomoea tricolor'') are [[glossary:unscheduled|not scheduled]] under any United Nations convention — neither the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 [[glossary:convention-on-psychotropic-substances]], nor the 1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=203ec20e}}. The isolated alkaloid ergine (d-lysergic acid amide) is separately scheduled in some jurisdictions while the plant itself remains legal in most. This creates a jurisdiction-specific legal landscape in which [[glossary:possession]] of seeds is typically lawful but extraction of alkaloids is not.

Jurisdiction	Classification	Key provisions
United States (federal)	Plant/seeds legal; ergine Schedule III (CSA, 1970)	Possession and sale of ''I. tricolor'' plants and seeds is lawful. Isolated ergine (LSA) is Schedule III — moderate abuse potential, lower physical dependence liability relative to Schedule I/II. Commercial extraction is explicitly illegal; home extraction occupies a legal gray area.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=95e3edbc}}
Arizona (US state)	Restricted	All ''Ipomoea'' species classified as noxious weeds; possession may constitute a misdemeanor.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=28d84772}}
Louisiana (US state)	Restricted for consumption	Illegal when intended for human consumption (effective August 8, 2005); legal for aesthetic, landscaping, or decorative purposes.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=a8a712b9}}
Canada	Legal (plants and seeds)	No restrictions on possession of morning glory plants or seeds.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=98f40140}}
United Kingdom	Seeds legal; extracted LSA controlled	Seeds may be legally possessed. Extracted LSA is a controlled substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act.{{cite|name=drugwise-mg|type=web|author=DrugWise|year=2020|title=Morning Glory|anchor=4a813125}}
Italy	Controlled narcotic	Morning glory seeds classified as controlled narcotic drugs.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=63771d46}}
Most EU member states	Legal (plants and seeds)	Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, and most other member states impose no restrictions on plants or seeds.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=d7b08733}}
Australia	Plants legal; import prohibited	Plants and seeds legal to possess and cultivate domestically. Import and export of ''I. violacea'', ''I. tricolor'', and ''I. hederacea'' plants and seeds prohibited under the Customs Act. Most Australian states restrict consumption of LSA-containing seeds under state legislation.{{cite|name=erowid-mg-law|type=web|author=Erowid|year=2016|title=Morning Glory: Legal Status by Country|anchor=fbfe3612}}

{{Info}}All legal status information above derives from sources last updated in 2016–2020. Regulatory changes may have occurred since these dates. Readers should verify current legal status in their jurisdiction before relying on these classifications.{{/Info}} ===Analog and treaty considerations=== Ergine is not listed in UN international drug schedules. The scheduling of ergine as [[glossary:schedule-iii]] in the United States applies only to the isolated compound; the [[glossary:federal-analogue-act]] (21 U.S.C. § 813) could theoretically apply to related [[substance_class:chemical/lysergamide|lysergamides]] found in morning glory seeds if [[glossary:human-consumption|intended for human consumption]], though [[glossary:prosecution]] under this provision for [[glossary:plant-material]] is not documented in available case law. {{flag|citation-needed}}