generation run 2026-05-11
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20 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
| # | source | query | seen | kept | rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PubChem | CID 71420 | 1 | 0 | Discarded — wrong compound |
| 2 | PubMed | mCPP serotonergic agonist OCD obsessive-compulsive disorder challenge test | 10 | 7 | Clinical studies documenting mCPP human psychopharmacology, anxiety, OCD exacerbation, depersonalization |
| 3 | PubMed | mCPP 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine pharmacology serotonin receptor | 15 | 8 | All directly relevant to mCPP pharmacology, effects, forensics, or abuse patterns |
| 4 | OpenAlex | meta-chlorophenylpiperazine mCPP serotonin receptor pharmacology | 10 | 3 | Selected designer drugs review and 5-HT2C mechanism papers as directly relevant |
| 5 | PubChem | 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid | 1 | 0 | Discarded — herbicide, not psychoactive substance. Confirms critical systematic name error in brief. |
| 6 | PubChem | meta-chlorophenylpiperazine | 1 | 1 | This is the correct identity for psychoactive mCPP. The brief's CID 7153 and systematic name '2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid' are the herbicide mecoprop — a critical data error. |
| 7 | PubMed | mCPP chlorophenylpiperazine toxicity overdose case report | 2 | 1 | Direct toxicity/intoxication data |
| 8 | ClinicalTrials.gov | meta-chlorophenylpiperazine mCPP | 2 | 2 | Both trials use mCPP as pharmacological probe |
| 9 | PubMed | m-chlorophenylpiperazine pharmacokinetics trazodone metabolite | 12 | 7 | Direct pharmacokinetic and metabolic data for mCPP |
| 10 | PubMed | meta-chlorophenylpiperazine psychopharmacology human effects | 15 | 15 | Human studies directly relevant to subjective effects, neuroendocrine pharmacodynamics, and clinical use of mCPP |
| 11 | PubMed | m-chlorophenylpiperazine probe serotonin function review 1991 | 2 | 2 | Landmark comprehensive review of mCPP pharmacology; alcohol craving relevance |
| 12 | ClinicalTrials.gov | meta-chlorophenylpiperazine mCPP | 2 | 2 | All mCPP trials identified; none active as of 2026 |
| 13 | PubMed | mCPP SERT substrate serotonin release non-neurotoxic | 4 | 4 | Key neurotoxicity and serotonin transporter mechanism data |
| 14 | WebSearch | mCPP m-chlorophenylpiperazine legal status scheduling UK EU US controlled | 10 | 0 | Legal status data |
| 15 | PubMed | mCPP human challenge anxiety neuroendocrine cortisol prolactin | 12 | 9 | Human pharmacodynamic and neuroendocrine challenge data directly relevant |
| 16 | WebSearch | mCPP meta-chlorophenylpiperazine receptor binding affinity Ki 5-HT2C SERT alpha-2 pharmacology | 10 | 1 | Critical receptor affinity data confirming pharmacological class |
| 17 | PsychonautWiki | mCPP dose duration history effects | 1 | 2 | Cross-reference for dose/duration data; matches existing DB values |
| 18 | PubMed | mCPP alcohol interaction ethanol mCPP body temperature | 3 | 2 | Overdose case with alcohol context; 5-HT2C pharmacology reference |
| 19 | WebSearch | mCPP meta-chlorophenylpiperazine history discovery synthesis first report | 10 | 0 | Historical data |
| 20 | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology | mCPP 5-HT2C binding affinity Ki pKi | 1 | 1 | Authoritative pharmacology database entry for receptor binding data |
105 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety35 · 29 ok
CYP2D6-mediated bioactivation of mCPP produces a reactive quinone imine intermediatesupported
mCPP, a major circulating metabolite, is bioactivated by CYP2D6 to a quinone imine intermediate. dmd.107.019471
Gaillard and colleagues reported the death of a 20-year-old male cocaine user with pre-existing allergic asthma who ingested approximately 20 mg of mCPP in a tablet sold as ecstasy (stamped with a "smiling sun" logo)supported
A 20-year-old asthmatic cocaine addict died after ingesting ~20mg mCPP in a tablet sold as ecstasy. j.1556-4029.2012.02254.x
A female patient ingested three tablets sold as ecstasy, achieving a plasma mCPP concentration of 320 ng/mL — approximately 6 times the upper range of trazodone-derived therapeutic levels (26–108 ng/mL)supported
female ingested three multi-coloured tablets... Plasma mCPP 320 ng/mL (6x therapeutic trazodone levels). ftd.0b013e318170a879
Baumann and colleagues demonstrated that repeated mCPP administration in rats produces large acute serotonin elevations (>5-fold over baseline) but does not cause long-term serotonin depletion at two-week follow-up, in direct contrast to fenfluramine and d-fenfluraminesupported
mCPP is a SERT substrate producing >5-fold elevations in extracellular 5-HT but does NOT cause long-term serotonin depletion 2 weeks after dosing (unlike fenfluramine/d-fenfluramine). npp.2013.331
Gobbi and colleagues confirmed that mCPP, as a non-neurotoxic SERT substrate, produces substantially lower synaptosome-level serotonin release than neurotoxic compounds such as MDMA or para-chloroamphetaminesupported
in synaptosomes induce much lower release than pCA and MDMA. mCPP is non-neurotoxic SERT substrate. pmid:12354291
mCPP's combined 5-HT receptor agonism and serotonin-releasing activity create significant pharmacological potential for serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic agentssupported
risks of psychiatric disorders and serotonin syndrome must be taken into account. pmid:17348609
Kast argued that chronic mCPP generation from trazodone poses ongoing serotonergic risk that may be clinically underappreciated.supported
Clinically significant levels of m-CPP are generated in patients using trazodone for sleep and present 24h a day with potentially serious ill effects. 15622970902836022
Patients receiving therapeutic doses of trazodone, nefazodone, or etoperidone are continuously exposed to mCPP as an active metabolite via CYP3A4-mediated N-dealkylationsupported
Trazodone, nefazodone, and etoperidone are classified as atypical antidepressants belonging to the phenylpiperazine class. These antidepressants are primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 into m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP). 03602532.2025.2465482
Kast estimated that clinically significant mCPP levels persist 24 hours per day in trazodone-treated patients and argued that the documented adverse effects may outweigh the benefits of trazodone given the availability of safer alternativessupported
Clinically significant levels of m-CPP are generated in patients using trazodone for sleep and present 24h a day with potentially serious ill effects. 15622970902836022
False-positive urine MDMA testing in trazodone patients is a documented forensic complication.supported
mCPP causes false-positive results on the urine EMIT test for MDMA. Significant crossreactivity of trazodone and mCPP on the Ecstasy EMIT II assay. pmid:21073812
Anxiety is the most consistently documented psychological effect of mCPP and represents a genuine clinical risk rather than merely an unpleasant side effectsupported
Various behavioral effects depending on population. pmid:1663792
In clinical challenge studies at doses of 0.08–0.5 mg/kg (oral and IV), mCPP reliably induces panic-like states, acute dysphoria, and depersonalization in both healthy volunteers and psychiatric patientssupported
mCPP induced depersonalization significantly more than placebo. Correlation between depersonalization and increase in panic. pmid:8570768
OCD patients experience acute symptom exacerbation at challenge doses.supported
Obsessive-compulsive symptoms increased markedly after mCPP. pmid:3036259
Individuals with pre-existing anxiety disorders, OCD, borderline personality disorder, or psychotic spectrum disorders are at heightened risk of severe psychological distress following mCPP exposuresupported
risks of psychiatric disorders and serotonin syndrome must be taken into account. pmid:17348609
Depersonalization occurs significantly more frequently than with placebo across multiple clinical populations, correlating with panic induction but dissociable from baseline anxiety or depression severity.supported
mCPP induced depersonalization significantly more than placebo. Correlation between depersonalization and increase in panic, but not anxiety, sadness, depression, or drowsiness. pmid:8570768
The compound does not exhibit reinforcing properties in standard animal or human paradigmssupported
mCPP does not exhibit reinforcing effects. pmid:17348609
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The MDMA interaction is documented clinically: prior MDMA use alters mCPP neuroendocrine responses, initially blunting and later enhancing them, consistent with MDMA-induced serotonergic neurotoxicitysupported
MDMA users showed altered neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to mCPP, suggesting functional consequences of MDMA-induced serotonin neurotoxic effects. pmid:10591869
The MDMA interaction is documented clinically: prior MDMA use alters mCPP neuroendocrine responses, initially blunting and later enhancing them, consistent with MDMA-induced serotonergic neurotoxicitysupported
Monkeys 2 weeks after MDMA: non-significant reduction in prolactin response to mCPP. Monkeys 3.5 years after MDMA: significantly increased prolactin responses. pmid:11842446
Cocaine inhibits CYP2D6, reducing mCPP hydroxylation and elevating plasma concentrationssupported
co-consumed cocaine and diltiazem as potential CYP2D6 inhibitors. pmid:17574934
A forensic case documented mCPP as an adulterant of cocaine, highlighting real-world exposure scenarios where both compounds are present simultaneouslysupported
Case describing unequivocal proof of mCPP intake. co-consumed cocaine and diltiazem as potential CYP2D6 inhibitors. pmid:17574934
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Patients receiving trazodone, nefazodone, or etoperidone are already generating mCPP via CYP3A4 metabolismsupported
Trazodone, nefazodone, and etoperidone...are primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 into m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP). 03602532.2025.2465482
Kast estimated that trazodone-treated patients maintain clinically significant mCPP levels continuously.supported
Clinically significant levels of m-CPP are generated in patients using trazodone for sleep and present 24h a day. 15622970902836022
Alcohol was present (0.7 g/L) in the only documented non-fatal mCPP overdose casesupported
Also had amphetamine, benzoylecgonine, alcohol (0.7 g/L). ftd.0b013e318170a879
The single documented mCPP fatality occurred in a patient with pre-existing allergic asthma who ingested approximately 20 mg (oral)supported
A 20-year-old asthmatic cocaine addict died after ingesting ~20mg mCPP in a tablet sold as ecstasy. j.1556-4029.2012.02254.x
Pre-existing anxiety disorders, OCD, borderline personality disorder, and psychotic spectrum disorders increase the risk of severe psychological distress following mCPP exposure. mCPP reliably exacerbates OCD symptoms and induces depersonalization in vulnerable populationssupported
risks of psychiatric disorders and serotonin syndrome must be taken into account. pmid:17348609
Pre-existing anxiety disorders, OCD, borderline personality disorder, and psychotic spectrum disorders increase the risk of severe psychological distress following mCPP exposure. mCPP reliably exacerbates OCD symptoms and induces depersonalization in vulnerable populationssupported
OCD patients became significantly more anxious, depressed, and dysphoric after mCPP. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms increased markedly after mCPP. pmid:3036259
Pre-existing anxiety disorders, OCD, borderline personality disorder, and psychotic spectrum disorders increase the risk of severe psychological distress following mCPP exposure. mCPP reliably exacerbates OCD symptoms and induces depersonalization in vulnerable populationssupported
mCPP induced depersonalization significantly more than placebo. pmid:8570768
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Individuals with CYP2D6 poor metabolizer genotype or those taking CYP2D6 inhibitors will achieve substantially higher mCPP plasma concentrations from the same dose, increasing all dose-dependent riskssupported
mCPP/hydroxy-mCPP ratio indicated CYP2D6 metabolism; co-consumed cocaine and diltiazem as potential CYP2D6 inhibitors. pmid:17574934
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
mCPP produces mild elevations in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart ratesupported
BP, heart rate, and temperature mildly elevated. pmid:12496949
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
pharmacology18 · 15 ok
mCPP is a multi-target serotonergic compound whose primary pharmacological action is partial agonism at the 5-HT₂C receptorsupported
mCPP is a safe, reliable, direct 5-HT agonist. pmid:1663792
mCPP is a multi-target serotonergic compound whose primary pharmacological action is partial agonism at the 5-HT₂C receptorsupported
Confirms primary role for 5-HT2C receptor (not 5-HT2A or 5-HT2B) in mCPP-induced hypolocomotion. pmid:11856898
This has been established through multiple antagonist studies: the selective 5-HT₂C antagonist SB-242084 blocks mCPP-induced hypolocomotion in animal models, ritanserin (a 5-HT₂/₁C antagonist) attenuates mCPP-induced anxiety and prolactin release in humans, and metergoline (a non-selective 5-HT antagonist) fully blocks both behavioral and neuroendocrine effects in OCD patients.supported
m-CPP hypolocomotion not attenuated by 5-HT2A antagonists (MDL 100,907, ketanserin) or 5-HT2B antagonists. Reversed by selective 5-HT2C antagonist SB 242084. pmid:11856898
This has been established through multiple antagonist studies: the selective 5-HT₂C antagonist SB-242084 blocks mCPP-induced hypolocomotion in animal models, ritanserin (a 5-HT₂/₁C antagonist) attenuates mCPP-induced anxiety and prolactin release in humans, and metergoline (a non-selective 5-HT antagonist) fully blocks both behavioral and neuroendocrine effects in OCD patients.supported
Ritanserin attenuated mCPP-induced anxiety and prolactin, completely antagonized cortisol elevations. pmid:1754635
This has been established through multiple antagonist studies: the selective 5-HT₂C antagonist SB-242084 blocks mCPP-induced hypolocomotion in animal models, ritanserin (a 5-HT₂/₁C antagonist) attenuates mCPP-induced anxiety and prolactin release in humans, and metergoline (a non-selective 5-HT antagonist) fully blocks both behavioral and neuroendocrine effects in OCD patients.supported
Metergoline blocked mCPP-induced anxiety and OCD symptom exacerbation, confirming serotonergic mediation of mCPP effects including OCD symptom elicitation. pmid:2018816
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Beyond direct receptor agonism, mCPP functions as a serotonin transporter (SERT) substrate, inducing transporter-mediated serotonin efflux — a mechanism shared with MDMA and fenfluramine but pharmacologically distinct from classical reuptake inhibitionsupported
mCPP confirmed as a SERT substrate releasing 5-HT from rat brain synaptosomes. mCPP included alongside fenfluramine, MDMA, 5-HT in dose-response assays for serotonin releasing activity. syn.20804
Beyond direct receptor agonism, mCPP functions as a serotonin transporter (SERT) substrate, inducing transporter-mediated serotonin efflux — a mechanism shared with MDMA and fenfluramine but pharmacologically distinct from classical reuptake inhibitionsupported
mCPP is a SERT substrate producing >5-fold elevations in extracellular 5-HT. npp.2013.331
This serotonin-releasing activity contributes to the compound's overall serotonergic load but, critically, does not produce the long-term serotonin depletion characteristic of neurotoxic releasing agents.supported
mCPP is a SERT substrate producing >5-fold elevations in extracellular 5-HT but does NOT cause long-term serotonin depletion 2 weeks after dosing (unlike fenfluramine/d-fenfluramine). npp.2013.331
This serotonin-releasing activity contributes to the compound's overall serotonergic load but, critically, does not produce the long-term serotonin depletion characteristic of neurotoxic releasing agents.supported
mCPP is non-neurotoxic SERT substrate. pmid:12354291
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
mCPP's anxiogenic effects in humans are mediated via 5-HT₂C receptor activation, consistent with its established efficacy as an anxiogenic probe in healthy volunteers and psychiatric patients.supported
Reviews in vitro and in vivo properties in animals, normal human subjects, and psychiatric patients. mCPP is a safe, reliable, direct 5-HT agonist. pmid:1663792
The only dedicated human pharmacokinetic study of mCPP was conducted by Feuchtl and colleagues, who administered the compound both intravenously and orally to healthy male volunteerssupported
Pharmacokinetics of m-chlorophenylpiperazine after intravenous and oral administration in healthy male volunteers. pmid:15467976
mCPP is metabolized primarily by CYP2D6 via ring hydroxylation to form para-hydroxy-mCPP (p-OH-mCPP) as the principal metabolitesupported
mCPP/hydroxy-mCPP ratio indicated CYP2D6 metabolism. pmid:17574934
CYP2D6 also bioactivates mCPP to a reactive quinone imine intermediate, raising theoretical hepatotoxicity concernssupported
mCPP, a major circulating metabolite, is bioactivated by CYP2D6 to a quinone imine intermediate. dmd.107.019471
When mCPP is generated as a metabolite of trazodone, the parent compound is converted via CYP3A4-mediated N-dealkylationsupported
These antidepressants are primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 into m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP). 03602532.2025.2465482
CYP2D6 polymorphisms (poor metabolizer vs. extensive metabolizer phenotype) and co-administered CYP2D6 inhibitors (cocaine, diltiazem, paroxetine, fluoxetine) significantly alter mCPP plasma exposure.supported
mCPP/hydroxy-mCPP ratio indicated CYP2D6 metabolism; co-consumed cocaine and diltiazem as potential CYP2D6 inhibitors. pmid:17574934
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
summary14 · 12 ok
Recreational users consistently report few positive subjective effects, and the compound does not support self-administration in standard preclinical modelssupported
mCPP does not exhibit reinforcing effects. pmid:17348609
The experiential profile is dominated by anxiety, dysphoria, and depersonalization, with minimal hedonic potentialsupported
Various behavioral effects depending on population. pmid:1663792
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Wicker Jr. at the University of Florida as a candidate antihistamine, mCPP became the most extensively used pharmacological probe of serotonin function in psychiatry by the early 1990s, with applications spanning obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, eating disorders, and seasonal affective disordersupported
mCPP is the most extensively used probe of serotonin function in psychiatry. Reviews in vitro and in vivo properties in animals, normal human subjects, and psychiatric patients. pmid:1663792
The compound appeared on European recreational drug markets around 2004, frequently sold as MDMAsupported
Metachlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) is a psychoactive substance that appeared in 2004 on the black market of illicit substances in Europe and France. pmid:17348609
It is also generated continuously as the primary active metabolite of the antidepressant trazodone via CYP3A4-mediated N-dealkylation.supported
These antidepressants are primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 into m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP). 03602532.2025.2465482
mCPP binds 5-HT₂C with approximately 10-fold selectivity over 5-HT₂A (Ki ≈ 32.1 nM at 5-HT₂A) and functions as a serotonin transporter substrate, inducing transporter-mediated 5-HT efflux rather than classical reuptake inhibitionpartially supported
mCPP is a SERT substrate producing >5-fold elevations in extracellular 5-HT but does NOT cause long-term serotonin depletion 2 weeks after dosing. npp.2013.331
mCPP binds 5-HT₂C with approximately 10-fold selectivity over 5-HT₂A (Ki ≈ 32.1 nM at 5-HT₂A) and functions as a serotonin transporter substrate, inducing transporter-mediated 5-HT efflux rather than classical reuptake inhibitionpartially supported
mCPP is non-neurotoxic SERT substrate. pmid:12354291
Blocking studies using ritanserin, metergoline, and the selective 5-HT₂C antagonist SB-242084 confirm that behavioral, neuroendocrine, and anxiogenic effects are primarily 5-HT₂C-mediated.supported
Ritanserin attenuated mCPP-induced anxiety and prolactin, completely antagonized cortisol elevations. Confirms 5-HT1c/5-HT2 receptor role. pmid:1754635
Blocking studies using ritanserin, metergoline, and the selective 5-HT₂C antagonist SB-242084 confirm that behavioral, neuroendocrine, and anxiogenic effects are primarily 5-HT₂C-mediated.supported
Metergoline blocked mCPP-induced anxiety and OCD symptom exacerbation, confirming serotonergic mediation of mCPP effects including OCD symptom elicitation. pmid:2018816
Blocking studies using ritanserin, metergoline, and the selective 5-HT₂C antagonist SB-242084 confirm that behavioral, neuroendocrine, and anxiogenic effects are primarily 5-HT₂C-mediated.supported
Reversed by selective 5-HT2C antagonist SB 242084. Confirms primary role for 5-HT2C receptor (not 5-HT2A or 5-HT2B) in mCPP-induced hypolocomotion. pmid:11856898
Despite its serotonin-releasing activity, mCPP is classified as non-neurotoxic — unlike MDMA and fenfluramine, it does not cause long-term serotonin depletionsupported
mCPP is a SERT substrate producing >5-fold elevations in extracellular 5-HT but does NOT cause long-term serotonin depletion 2 weeks after dosing (unlike fenfluramine/d-fenfluramine). npp.2013.331
One fatality has been documented: a 20-year-old asthmatic male who died following cardiorespiratory arrest after ingesting approximately 20 mgsupported
A 20-year-old asthmatic cocaine addict died after ingesting ~20mg mCPP in a tablet sold as ecstasy. Severe asthma attack evolved into fatal cardiorespiratory arrest. j.1556-4029.2012.02254.x
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
clinical-evidence8 · 7 ok
Thomas and colleagues demonstrated in two controlled studies that mCPP (0.5 mg/kg oral) reduced palatable food consumption and BOLD fMRI responses to food images in healthy female volunteers via 5-HT₂C-mediated mechanismssupported
Brain 5-HT2C receptors form part of a neural network that controls eating behaviour. 5-HT2C receptor agonists decrease food intake by activating proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. s00213-017-4764-9
Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The most comprehensive review, by Kahn and Wetzler in 1991, synthesized evidence from dozens of challenge studies across multiple psychiatric conditions.supported
Reviews in vitro and in vivo properties in animals, normal human subjects, and psychiatric patients. pmid:1663792
Pigott and colleagues demonstrated that metergoline fully blocked mCPP's behavioral and neuroendocrine effects in OCD patients, confirming serotonergic mediationsupported
Metergoline blocked mCPP-induced anxiety and OCD symptom exacerbation, confirming serotonergic mediation of mCPP effects including OCD symptom elicitation. pmid:2018816
mCPP challenge produced significant increases in alcohol craving in recently detoxified alcoholics, contributing to understanding of serotonergic mechanisms in relapsesupported
When challenged with mCPP, alcoholics report increases in craving and desire for alcohol. Serotonergic system manipulation linked to alcohol craving. pmid:1845592
MDMA users demonstrated altered neuroendocrine responses to mCPP — initially blunted and later enhanced — providing evidence of MDMA-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity.supported
Monkeys 2 weeks after MDMA: non-significant reduction in prolactin response to mCPP. Monkeys 3.5 years after MDMA: significantly increased prolactin responses. pmid:11842446
Across study populations, mCPP consistently produces dose-dependent elevations of ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, and growth hormonesupported
IV mCPP augmented prolactin, cortisol and growth hormone release. pmid:12496949
mCPP produces mild elevations in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate at IV challenge dosessupported
BP, heart rate, and temperature mildly elevated. pmid:12496949
neuroscience7 · 5 ok
fMRI studies demonstrate that mCPP (0.5 mg/kg oral) reduces BOLD responses to food images in reward-associated brain regions in healthy womensupported
The 5-HT2C receptor agonist meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) reduces palatable food consumption and BOLD fMRI responses to food images in healthy female volunteers. s00213-017-4764-9
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
IV mCPP (0.08 mg/kg) produces a biphasic thermoregulatory response: initial hypothermia (−0.04°C at 12 minutes) followed by progressive hyperthermia (+0.17°C at 90 minutes), with concurrent elevation of plasma norepinephrinesupported
IV m-CPP (0.08 mg/kg) produced biphasic temperature changes: initial hypothermia (-0.04°C at 12 min) followed by hyperthermia (+0.17°C at 90 min). Also increased plasma norepinephrine. pmid:8597522
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Unlike classical stimulants that potentiate dopaminergic reward pathways, mCPP produces minimal mesolimbic dopamine activation, consistent with its low reinforcing potential and the absence of self-administration behavior.supported
mCPP does not exhibit reinforcing effects. pmid:17348609
mCPP's anxiogenic effects represent one of the most reliably induced pharmacological anxiety states in human research, mediated by 5-HT₂C receptors in amygdala and prefrontal circuitssupported
mCPP is a safe, reliable, direct 5-HT agonist. Various behavioral effects depending on population. pmid:1663792
The mechanism of non-neurotoxicity — lower SERT-mediated ionic currents relative to neurotoxic substrates — has been characterized at the synaptosome level.supported
in synaptosomes induce much lower release than pCA and MDMA. mCPP is non-neurotoxic SERT substrate. pmid:12354291
history6 · 6 ok
Kahn and Wetzler described mCPP in 1991 as "the most extensively used probe of serotonin function in psychiatry", and through the period from approximately 1985 to 2005, the compound was administered to thousands of research participants across studies of OCD, major depression, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, seasonal affective disorder, alcoholism, and cocaine dependence.supported
mCPP is the most extensively used probe of serotonin function in psychiatry. Reviews in vitro and in vivo properties in animals, normal human subjects, and psychiatric patients. pmid:1663792
Scientific interest emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when mCPP was initially employed in veterinary medicine and subsequently recognized as a useful tool for probing central serotonin function in animal and then human paradigms.supported
mCPP, which was initially employed in veterinary medicine but has gained widespread use as a recreational drug globally. 03602532.2025.2465482
The utility of mCPP as a probe rested on its relatively selective 5-HT₂C agonism, which produced measurable neuroendocrine responses — elevations of cortisol, prolactin, ACTH, and growth hormone — that served as biomarkers for central serotonergic sensitivitysupported
Causes consistent dose-dependent elevation of ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin. pmid:1663792
It was widely distributed in tablets sold as MDMA (ecstasy), a misidentification facilitated by its piperazine-class stimulant properties and its appearance in pressed pill form indistinguishable from ecstasy tabletssupported
its initial misidentification as an MDMA substitute facilitated its unregulated distribution worldwide. 03602532.2025.2465482
It was widely distributed in tablets sold as MDMA (ecstasy), a misidentification facilitated by its piperazine-class stimulant properties and its appearance in pressed pill form indistinguishable from ecstasy tabletssupported
mCPP is emerging as an illicit recreational drug or MDMA/cocaine adulterant. pmid:21073812
As of the 2006 French review by Lecompte and colleagues, mCPP was not subject to any international regulation under the UN Conventions, and no subsequent UN scheduling has been identified.supported
Not subject to any international regulation as of 2006. pmid:17348609
pharmacokinetic-detail6 · 3 ok
In the documented overdose case, plasma mCPP reached 320 ng/mL — approximately 6 times the upper therapeutic range.supported
Plasma mCPP 320 ng/mL (6x therapeutic trazodone levels). ftd.0b013e318170a879
All human PK data derive from Feuchtl and colleagues' study in healthy male volunteers — the only dedicated human pharmacokinetic investigation of mCPP.supported
Pharmacokinetics of m-chlorophenylpiperazine after intravenous and oral administration in healthy male volunteers. pmid:15467976
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
CYP2D6 additionally catalyzes bioactivation of mCPP to a reactive quinone imine intermediate — a glutathione-trapped species whose formation has been documented in vitro but has not been linked to clinical hepatotoxicitysupported
Several new glutathione adducts of trazodone identified in human liver microsomal incubations. mCPP, a major circulating metabolite, is bioactivated by CYP2D6 to a quinone imine intermediate. dmd.107.019471
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
comparative-pharmacology5 · 2 ok
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — not_supportednot supportedworking →
Neurotoxicity: MDMA causes long-term serotonin depletion via high SERT-mediated ionic currents. mCPP does not — it induces lower SERT-mediated currents and is classified as non-neurotoxic.supported
in synaptosomes induce much lower release than pCA and MDMA. mCPP is non-neurotoxic SERT substrate. pmid:12354291
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
MDMA users show altered neuroendocrine responses to mCPP challenge — initially blunted and later enhancedsupported
MDMA users showed altered neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to mCPP, suggesting functional consequences of MDMA-induced serotonin neurotoxic effects. pmid:10591869
receptor-pharmacology3 · 3 ok
This selectivity has been confirmed functionally through antagonist studies — the 5-HT₂C-selective antagonist SB-242084 blocks mCPP-induced hypolocomotion, whereas 5-HT₂A- and 5-HT₂B-selective antagonists do not.supported
m-CPP hypolocomotion not attenuated by 5-HT2A antagonists (MDL 100,907, ketanserin) or 5-HT2B antagonists. Reversed by selective 5-HT2C antagonist SB 242084. pmid:11856898
The SERT substrate activity warrants distinction from classical reuptake inhibition. mCPP enters the serotonin transporter as a substrate and induces reverse transport (efflux) of serotonin from presynaptic terminals — a mechanism shared with MDMA and fenfluraminesupported
mCPP is a SERT substrate producing >5-fold elevations in extracellular 5-HT. npp.2013.331
However, mCPP induces substantially lower SERT-mediated ionic currents than neurotoxic compounds, which explains its non-neurotoxic profile despite robust acute serotonin release (>5-fold over baseline).supported
in synaptosomes induce much lower release than pCA and MDMA. mCPP is non-neurotoxic SERT substrate. pmid:12354291
legal-status2 · 2 ok
No listing under the 1961, 1971, or 1988 UN Conventions has been identifiedsupported
Not subject to any international regulation as of 2006. pmid:17348609
mCPP's cross-reactivity with the Ecstasy EMIT II immunoassay produces false-positive MDMA results in standard urine drug testingsupported
mCPP causes false-positive results on the urine EMIT test for MDMA. Significant crossreactivity of trazodone and mCPP on the Ecstasy EMIT II assay. pmid:21073812
chemistry1 · 1 ok
The phenylpiperazine class includes several compounds of pharmacological interest: 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP), another recreational piperazine; and the antidepressant metabolites generated from nefazodone and trazodone. mCPP's position within this class is defined by the meta-chloro substitution on the phenyl ring, which confers the high 5-HT₂C affinity that distinguishes it from ortho- and para-substituted analogs.supported
Trazodone, nefazodone, and etoperidone are classified as atypical antidepressants belonging to the phenylpiperazine class. 03602532.2025.2465482