generation run 2026-05-14
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32 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
| # | source | query | seen | kept | rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PubMed | Mandragora officinarum alkaloids pharmacology | 3 | 3 | All directly relevant to Mandragora pharmacology and alkaloid profile |
| 2 | PubChem | hyoscyamine | 1 | — | — |
| 3 | OpenAlex | Mandragora officinarum ethnobotany history | 10 | 4 | Directly relevant to Mandragora botany, history, and ethnobotany |
| 4 | OpenAlex | Mandragora officinarum alkaloids tropane solanaceae phytochemistry | 10 | 5 | All relevant to Mandragora alkaloid chemistry, safety, and ethnobotany |
| 5 | PubChem | atropine | 1 | — | — |
| 6 | WebSearch | Mandragora officinarum POWO Plants of the World Online taxonomy accepted species synonyms | 10 | — | — |
| 7 | PubMed | anticholinergic syndrome physostigmine treatment emergency | 10 | 3 | Relevant to scopolamine toxicology and safety - primary alkaloid in Mandragora |
| 8 | Plants of the World Online (POWO) | Mandragora officinarum taxonomy | 1 | 1 | — |
| 9 | PubMed | scopolamine abuse recreational drug intoxication | 6 | 3 | Relevant to Mandragora safety, intoxication profile, treatment |
| 10 | PubChem | scopolamine | 1 | — | — |
| 11 | PubMed | Mandragora officinarum toxicity poisoning case report | 2 | 2 | Both directly relevant to Mandragora toxicity and poisoning |
| 12 | PubMed · absence | Mandragora mandrake tropane alkaloids scopolamine hyoscyamine | 0 | — | — |
| 13 | PubMed | Mandragora autumnalis fruit flavonoids isolation pharmacological | 1 | — | — |
| 14 | OpenAlex | Mandragora witches sabbath medieval European history | 3 | — | — |
| 15 | PubMed | PMID 31128700 and 37830795 article fetch | 2 | — | — |
| 16 | PubMed | substances isolated Mandragora species phytochemistry review alkaloids | 1 | 1 | Foundational phytochemistry review for Mandragora |
| 17 | WebSearch | Mandragora officinarum legal status Europe United States scheduled controlled substance | 10 | — | — |
| 18 | WebSearch | Mandragora officinarum alkaloid concentration scopolamine hyoscyamine root leaf mg/g percent | 10 | — | — |
| 19 | PubMed | Mandragora autumnalis distribution phytochemical pharmacological bioactivities | 1 | — | — |
| 20 | PMC | Mandragora officinarum poisoning case report Crete | 1 | — | — |
| 21 | PubMed | Mandragora officinarum poisoning two cases clinical report | 1 | — | — |
| 22 | WebSearch | Mandragora traditional oral dose lethal toxic historical record | 10 | — | — |
| 23 | ClinicalTrials.gov · absence | Mandragora mandrake scopolamine anticholinergic | 0 | — | — |
| 24 | Erowid | Mandragora legal status | 1 | — | — |
| 25 | PubMed | PMID 33535944 and 20580923 article fetch | 2 | — | — |
| 26 | WebSearch | Mandragora withanolides coumarins phytochemistry constituents non-alkaloid | 10 | — | — |
| 27 | OpenAlex | Mandragora officinarum pharmacological analgesic narcotic sedative anesthetic review | 8 | — | — |
| 28 | WebSearch | Mandragora witches ointment flying sensation pharmacology historical use recreational | 10 | — | — |
| 29 | PubMed | anticholinergic drugs transdermal absorption skin pharmacokinetics belladonna alkaloid | 8 | — | — |
| 30 | multiple | Verify all alkaloid claims across Schlesinger 2019, Piatti 2025, Monadi 2021 | 3 | — | — |
| 31 | WebSearch | Mandragora officinarum legal status UK Germany Australia Israel | 10 | — | — |
| 32 | PubMed | comprehensive review ethnopharmacology phytochemistry pharmacology toxicology Mandragora genus | 2 | — | — |
53 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety15 · 12 ok
Acute Mandragora poisoning produces the classic anticholinergic toxidrome:supported
Anticholinergic drugs based on tropane alkaloids including atropine and scopolamine are competitive antagonists of acetylcholine muscarinic receptors. Review of history, pharmacology, clinical use, psychotropic effects including delirium with hallucinations, altered mood, cognitive deficits. acschemneuro.8b00615
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
A separate case documented accidental poisoning after ingestion of M. officinarum berries believed to be aphrodisiac, with diagnostic confirmation by analytical toxicology.supported
Case report of accidental poisoning after ingesting Mandragora officinarum berries believed to be aphrodisiac. j.jemermed.2011.03.023
Pathology revealed cerebral and pulmonary edemasupported
Cerebral and lung edema at autopsy. s00414-021-02583-2
Misidentification as food plants: Documented cause of clinical poisoning — berries and leaves mistaken for borage, spinach, or other leafy vegetablessupported
Two cases from the same Greek family in Crete who ate mandrake mistaken for borage. 1757-1626-2-9331
Commercial mislabeling: North American products sold as "mandrake" may contain Podophyllum peltatum (podophyllotoxin, a cytotoxic lignan) instead of Mandragora officinarum. The two plants have radically different toxicological profiles and require different clinical management.supported
Case of mandrake poisoning with mistaken identity - Podophyllum peltatum confused with Mandragora officinarum. Reviews distinction between the two plants. pmid:9308513
The deliriant syndrome produced by anticholinergic toxicity is characterized by global cognitive disorganization, agitated confusion, vivid hallucinations indistinguishable from reality, and complete or partial amnesia for the episodesupported
psychotropic effects including delirium with hallucinations, altered mood, cognitive deficits. acschemneuro.8b00615
The experiential character is consistently described as frightening, confusing, and dysphoricsupported
contemporary recreational use minimal due to toxicity and undesirable effects. journal.pone.0247688
Contemporary recreational use is extremely rare, and a survey of hallucinogen users in Slovenia found that knowledge of anticholinergic Solanaceae had been largely lost — attributed to the severe toxicity and characteristically unpleasant nature of the experience.supported
Knowledge largely lost; contemporary recreational use minimal due to toxicity and undesirable effects. journal.pone.0247688
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Cardiac disease: Supraventricular tachycardia with pulse rates exceeding 170 bpm has been documented in Mandragora poisoningsupported
tachycardia (190/170 bpm), supraventricular tachycardia. 1757-1626-2-9331
A case of severe scopolamine toxicity via transdermal patch was documented in a 66-year-old patient.supported
Case of scopolamine toxicity in 66yo female via transdermal patch near skin breakdown. Signs: mydriasis, tachycardia, delayed emergence. Treated with physostigmine. usz086
Pregnancy: Scopolamine crosses the placentasupported
Crosses placenta. pmid:16175141
Hepatic impairment: Scopolamine undergoes extensive hepatic CYP3A4 metabolismsupported
CYP3A involvement (oxidative demethylation). pmid:16175141
alkaloid-profile8 · 6 ok
A 2025 HPLC-DAD study comparing four Solanaceae found no detectable hyoscyamine or scopolamine in their M. officinarum accessions, while Atropa belladonna yielded hyoscyamine 1,466–5,117 mg/kg dry weight and scopolamine 140–1,743 mg/kg dry weight.supported
Atropa belladonna: hyoscyamine 1466–5117 mg/kg DW, scopolamine 140–1743 mg/kg DW... H. niger and M. officinarum: did not contain any trace of hyoscyamine or scopolamine. 14786419.2023.2269595
Mandragora species belong to the tropane alkaloid-producing lineage of the Solanaceaesupported
Poisonous plants from Solanaceae family (Hyoscyamus niger, Datura, Atropa belladonna, Scopolia lurida, Mandragora officinarum, Duboisia) and Erythroxylaceae (Erythroxylum coca) are rich sources of tropane alkaloids. s13659-022-00357-w
Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Over 80 distinct substances have been identified from all parts of the genus.supported
Over 80 substances identified in different species of the genus Mandragora from all plant parts. pmid:16137728
A critical species-level divergence governs the alkaloid profile of Mandragora:supported
M. officinarum and M. turcomanica lack anisodamine and scopolamine but display up to 10-fold higher hyoscyamine levels compared with M. autumnalis. j.plantsci.2019.03.013
Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Withanolides: Mandragorolide A and B were the first withanolides isolated from the genus Mandragora (Jordanian M. officinarum origin), alongside larnaxolide A, withanolide B, datura lactone 2, withanicandrin, and salpichrolide C.supported
Two new withanolides (mandragorolide A and B) isolated from MeOH extract of whole plant M. officinarum (Jordanian origin), plus 5 known withanolides. First report of withanolides from genus Mandragora. j.fitote.2010.05.013
Coumarins: Five coumarins have been identified from M. autumnalis roots, leaves, and unripe fruits, including umbelliferone and scopoletin.partially supported
coumarins (umbelliferone, scopoletin)... isolated. 1381612827666210203143445
history7 · 4 ok
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Pharmaceutical interest in Mandragora specifically declined as synthetic anticholinergics became available; a survey of hallucinogen users in Slovenia found that knowledge of anticholinergic Solanaceae has been largely lost, attributed to their severe toxicity and characteristically unpleasant effects.supported
Survey of knowledge of anticholinergic Solanaceae among hallucinogen users in Slovenia. Knowledge largely lost; contemporary recreational use minimal due to toxicity and undesirable effects. journal.pone.0247688
The plant appears as "dudaim" in the Hebrew Bible (Genesis 30:14–16), where it is associated with fertility and aphrodisiac use — one of only five plants mentioned directly as medicinal in the biblical textsupported
Notes that Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) is one of only five plants mentioned directly as medicinal in the Bible. s13002-019-0338-8
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The 13th-century physician Teodorico Borgognoni is identified as a forerunner of modern anesthesia whose formulary included such preparations.supported
Investigation of 13th century anesthetic preparations by Teodorico Borgognoni, which included narcotic plants as botanical ingredients. life13091913
Traditional uses documented across the Mediterranean basin, Europe, North Africa, and Himalayan regions include treatment of insomnia, dysuria, hemorrhoids, rheumatic pain, toothache, melancholia, and depressionsupported
Found throughout Mediterranean basin, Europe, North Africa, Himalayan regions. Traditional uses: insomnia, dysuria, hemorrhoids, rheumatic pain, toothache, melancholia. 1381612827666210203143445
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
neuroscience6 · 4 ok
The dominant alkaloids in Mandragora — hyoscyamine, atropine, and (in M. autumnalis) scopolamine — are competitive antagonists at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M₁–M₅)supported
Anticholinergic drugs based on tropane alkaloids including atropine and scopolamine are competitive antagonists of acetylcholine muscarinic receptors. acschemneuro.8b00615
The dominant alkaloids in Mandragora — hyoscyamine, atropine, and (in M. autumnalis) scopolamine — are competitive antagonists at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M₁–M₅)supported
These compounds possess the anticholinergic properties as they could block the neurotransmitter acetylcholine action in the central and peripheral nervous system by binding at either muscarinic and/or nicotinic receptors. s13659-022-00357-w
At supratherapeutic doses, central muscarinic blockade produces a characteristic deliriant syndrome — qualitatively distinct from classic psychedelic hallucinogenssupported
psychotropic effects including delirium with hallucinations, altered mood, cognitive deficits. acschemneuro.8b00615
Scopolamine (transdermal patch): Cmax approximately 100 pg/mL (range 11–240 pg/mL) at approximately 8 hours post-application; steady-state plasma concentrations maintained at 56–245 pg/mL over 72 hours.partially supported
transdermal Cmax ~100 pg/mL at 8h. pmid:16175141
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
preparations6 · 5 ok
Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Onset: Estimated 30–60 minutes, consistent with oral anticholinergic pharmacokinetics derived from pharmaceutical scopolamine datasupported
Tmax ~0.5h oral pmid:16175141
In clinical case reports, two adults consumed berries mistaken for borage and developed nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, dry mouth, headache, instability in walking, vomiting, flushed skin, reactive mydriasis, and supraventricular tachycardia with pulse rates of 190 and 170 bpmsupported
Symptoms: nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, dry mouth, headache, mydriasis, tachycardia (190/170 bpm), supraventricular tachycardia. 1757-1626-2-9331
A separate case documented accidental ingestion of berries believed to be aphrodisiac, with analytical toxicology confirmationsupported
Case report of accidental poisoning after ingesting Mandragora officinarum berries believed to be aphrodisiac. j.jemermed.2011.03.023
Transdermal absorption of tropane alkaloids through skin is pharmacologically validatedsupported
Transdermal pharmacokinetics of scopolamine from commercial patch. Describes drug delivery, skin permeation, systemic absorption kinetics. acs.molpharmaceut.1c00238
Commercial transdermal scopolamine patches achieve Tmax at approximately 8 hourssupported
transdermal Cmax ~100 pg/mL at 8h. pmid:16175141
summary6 · 6 ok
One of the oldest documented medicinal plants in the Western tradition, mandrake appears as "dudaim" in the Hebrew Bible (Genesis 30:14–16) and was formally described by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum (1753)partially supported
Notes that Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) is one of only five plants mentioned directly as medicinal in the Bible. s13002-019-0338-8
Dioscorides recorded its use as a surgical anesthetic in the 1st century AD, and tropane alkaloid-containing Solanaceae featured in medieval European anesthetic formulariespartially supported
Investigation of 13th century anesthetic preparations by Teodorico Borgognoni, which included narcotic plants as botanical ingredients. life13091913
The genus contains three pharmacologically significant species with divergent alkaloid profiles: M. officinarum produces high levels of hyoscyamine but lacks scopolamine entirely, while M. autumnalis contains both alkaloids due to a functional hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase enzymesupported
M. officinarum and M. turcomanica lack anisodamine and scopolamine but display up to 10-fold higher hyoscyamine levels compared with M. autumnalis. MoH6H from M. officinarum is functionally inactive due to a single G to T mutation at nucleotide 663; MaH6H from M. autumnalis is functionally active. j.plantsci.2019.03.013
Central muscarinic blockade at supratherapeutic doses produces a characteristic deliriant syndrome — disoriented delirium with vivid but fragmented hallucinations, complete amnesia, and inability to distinguish hallucinated content from reality — qualitatively distinct from serotonergic psychedelicssupported
psychotropic effects including delirium with hallucinations, altered mood, cognitive deficits. acschemneuro.8b00615
No safe recreational dose has been established, and the dominant real-world harm pathway is accidental consumption of berries or leaves mistaken for edible plants such as boragesupported
Two cases from the same Greek family in Crete who ate mandrake mistaken for borage. 1757-1626-2-9331
No physical dependence syndrome has been documented for anticholinergic agents, and compulsive use is unlikely given the characteristically dysphoric experiencesupported
contemporary recreational use minimal due to toxicity and undesirable effects. journal.pone.0247688
legal-status3 · 1 ok
Claim in legal-status — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Forensic or clinical confirmation requires specific LC-MS/MS methodologysupported
Reviews analytical methodologies for NPS of natural origin including Mandragora officinarum in plant material and biological matrices. j.jpba.2019.112945
Claim in legal-status — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
botanical-overview2 · 1 ok
Claim in botanical-overview — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Two adults in Crete were hospitalized after consuming Mandragora berries they had identified as boragesupported
Two cases from the same Greek family in Crete who ate mandrake mistaken for borage... Hospitalized ~1 week. 1757-1626-2-9331