generation run 2026-05-14
82 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/ef13f8b0…Selection
Verification
- record
- seen / partial
- working
The model's own caveats
3 further caveats recorded as free text — readable on the working page
Reproduce
- inputs
- 28 source keys (listed under Sources)
- plan
- not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
- model
- pipeline-v5
- streams
- none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
24 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
| # | source | query | seen | kept | rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PubChem | atropine | 1 | 1 | Atropine is the racemate of hyoscyamine; relevant to pharmacology |
| 2 | PubMed | Hyoscyamus niger scopolamine hyoscyamine tropane alkaloids concentration | 13 | 4 | Ahmadpour provides H. niger-specific alkaloid concentrations; Hashimoto is key for biosynthesis |
| 3 | PubChem | scopolamine | 1 | 1 | Chemical identity verification for primary alkaloid |
| 4 | OpenAlex | Hyoscyamus niger phytochemistry pharmacology | 15 | 3 | EFSA opinion and Swiss poisoning data are strong sources for safety section |
| 5 | PubMed | henbane Hyoscyamus niger anticholinergic poisoning delirium hallucination | 1 | 1 | Key clinical toxicology reference for H. niger specifically |
| 6 | PubMed | scopolamine pharmacokinetics bioavailability half-life human | 8 | 3 | These provide pharmacokinetic data for the primary alkaloid scopolamine |
| 7 | PubMed | Hyoscyamus niger review pharmacology alkaloids | 4 | 2 | Both highly relevant: Shim covers pharmacology/mechanism; Fatur & Kreft covers intoxication data for H. niger specifically |
| 8 | PubChem | hyoscyamine | 1 | 1 | Chemical identity verification for primary alkaloid |
| 9 | PMC - PubMed Central | Hyoscyamus niger alkaloid content toxic dose | 1 | 3 | Key quantitative data source for alkaloid content and dosing |
| 10 | Hyoscyamus niger history ancient Rome Vikings beer brewing | 10 | 3 | Historical/ethnobotanical use documentation for history section | |
| 11 | Hyoscyamus niger legal status Europe UK Germany France scheduled controlled | 10 | 1 | Legal status data not findable via API tools | |
| 12 | USDA Forest Service | Hyoscyamus niger history traditional use | 1 | 3 | Authoritative USDA ethnobotany source on traditional uses |
| 13 | Erowid | Hyoscyamus niger legal status | 1 | 2 | Primary legal status source for H. niger |
| 14 | POWO - Plants of the World Online | Hyoscyamus niger taxonomy | 1 | 1 | Authoritative taxonomy database - provides accepted binomial and distribution |
| 15 | PubMed | scopolamine anticholinergic tolerance dependence withdrawal | 1 | 0 | No relevant results - gap noted for dependence data |
| 16 | Multiple | Alkaloid content comparison across H. niger plant sources | 4 | 3 | Synthesizes alkaloid quantification data across multiple H. niger studies |
| 17 | WebSearch | Hyoscyamus niger Australia legal status | 10 | 1 | Australian legal status not clearly determinable from available sources |
| 18 | DOI verification - Crossref | DOI 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.005 and 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3386 | 2 | 2 | DOI verification for key safety references |
| 19 | PubMed | Henbane chewing PMID 979798 | 1 | 1 | Only documented case report of deliberate H. niger consumption for psychoactive effect |
| 20 | PubMed | scopolamine detection urine hair PMID 37030199 | 1 | 1 | Documents detection windows for scopolamine in biological specimens |
| 21 | Multiple primary sources cross-reference | Synthesis of H. niger safety, dose, and toxicology data | 8 | 6 | Core safety and toxicology data synthesis |
| 22 | PMC/PubMed | Teodorico Borgognoni anesthetic preparations medieval henbane PMID 37763316 | 1 | 1 | Historical documentation of H. niger in medieval medical practice |
| 23 | OpenAlex | Hyoscyamus niger henbane history traditional medicine ethnobotany | 10 | 3 | Ethnobotany and historical documentation sources |
| 24 | WebSearch | Hyoscyamus niger noxious weed invasive status US states Canada | 10 | 1 | Legal status distinction between noxious weed and controlled substance |
78 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety33 · 17 ok
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
A retrospective analysis of 815 anticholinergic toxidrome patients found physostigmine associated with a lower intubation rate (1.9% vs 8.4%).supported
Retrospective analysis of 815 anticholinergic toxidrome patients; physostigmine associated with lower intubation rate (1.9% vs 8.4%). s13181-014-0452-x
H. niger is a highly toxic plant; all parts — leaves, seeds, and roots — contain pharmacologically active tropane alkaloids.supported
Black henbane (BH) or Hyoscyamus niger... Clinical manifestations of acute BH poisoning are very wide which include mydriasis, tachycardia, arrhythmia, agitation, convulsion and coma... pmid:25386392
H. niger is a highly toxic plant; all parts — leaves, seeds, and roots — contain pharmacologically active tropane alkaloids.supported
Poisonous plants from Solanaceae family (Hyoscyamus niger...) are rich sources of tropane alkaloids. s13659-022-00357-w
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) established a group Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) of 0.016 µg/kg body weight (sum of hyoscyamine and scopolamine, assuming equal potency) based on decreased heart rate in a human volunteer study.supported
Group ARfD of 0.016 µg/kg body weight established based on decreased heart rate in human volunteer study. j.efsa.2013.3386
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
At severe doses: arrhythmia, convulsions, and coma.supported
Clinical manifestations of acute BH poisoning are very wide which include... arrhythmia, agitation, convulsion and coma... pmid:25386392
The Swiss Toxicology Information Center documented 3 severe H. niger poisoning cases with anticholinergic syndrome among 152 total severe plant poisoning cases over a 29-year period (1966–1994) — compared with 42 cases for Atropa belladonna and 17 for Datura stramoniumsupported
H. niger: 3 cases with anticholinergic syndrome among 152 severe plant poisoning cases in 29 years. Also documented: Atropa belladonna 42 cases, Datura stramonium 17 cases. pmid:8711457
A European review of anticholinergic Solanaceae intoxications (1966–2018) found that H. niger poisonings primarily result from the plant being mistaken for edible species; intentional use for psychoactive effect was substantially less common than for Daturasupported
Datura stramonium, Atropa belladonna, Hyoscyamus niger, and Scopolia carniolica... H. niger was found to be largely ingested when mistaken for other plants. j.toxicon.2020.02.005
In Australia, a 1976 case report of deliberate henbane flower chewing noted "more widespread use of this plant among the drug-taking community," suggesting unreported cases.supported
Case of deliberate chewing of henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) flowers to produce euphoria resulting in poisoning. Indicates use among drug-taking community in Australia. pmid:979798
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Elderly: Heightened anticholinergic sensitivity with significantly elevated risk of delirium; long-term anticholinergic exposure is associated with increased dementia risksupported
Long-term anticholinergic exposure linked to dementia and neurodegenerative disease risk; mechanisms including vascular and neuroinflammatory pathways reviewed. jnc.15244
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The primary psychoactive effect of H. niger at doses achievable from plant material is delirium — an agitated, non-lucid state characterized by hallucinations and confusion that is not voluntarily controllablesupported
Clinical manifestations of acute BH poisoning are very wide which include... auditory, visual or tactile hallucinations, confusion, disorientation, delirium, aggressiveness, and combative behavior. pmid:25386392
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The following medication categories carry established anticholinergic properties that are additive with H. niger alkaloids:supported
Overview of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interactions; CYP enzyme induction/inhibition; additive and antagonistic effects. fphar.2012.00069
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
A randomized trial found physostigmine superior to lorazepam for treatment of antimuscarinic toxidrome, and a prospective study from a regional poison center confirmed its superiority over non-antidote therapysupported
Prospective investigation of physostigmine vs non-antidote therapy for antimuscarinic delirium in a regional poison center. 15563650.2018.1485154
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Elderly: Age-related increase in anticholinergic sensitivity; long-term exposure associated with dementia risksupported
Long-term anticholinergic exposure linked to dementia and neurodegenerative disease risk; mechanisms including vascular and neuroinflammatory pathways reviewed. jnc.15244
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
LC-MS/MS can detect both alkaloids in serum (limit of detection 0.02 ng/mL) and urine (170–670 ng/mL in clinical poisoning cases)supported
LC/MS/MS method for hyoscyamine and scopolamine in serum/urine. Detection limit 0.02 ng/mL. In Datura poisoning cases: serum 0.45-3.5 ng/mL; urine 170-670 ng/mL. pmid:18787311
In a drug-facilitated sexual assault case, scopolamine was detected in urine at 41 µg/L at 18 hours post-exposure, and in hair at 0.37 pg/mg at 5 weeks post-exposure; blood was negative at 18 hourssupported
Scopolamine detected in urine at 41 µg/L (18h post-exposure) and in hair at 0.37 pg/mg (5 weeks post-exposure) in DFSA case. Blood negative at 18h. j.forsciint.2023.111678
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Management: (1) supportive care as the mainstay; (2) activated charcoal if ingestion was recent and airway is protected — not ipecac; (3) benzodiazepines for agitation and seizure prevention; (4) physostigmine for severe anticholinergic delirium; (5) active temperature management for hyperthermia; (6) cardiac monitoring for arrhythmiasupported
Physostigmine vs lorazepam comparison for antimuscarinic delirium and agitation treatment in clinical trial. 15563650.2020.1854281
Management: (1) supportive care as the mainstay; (2) activated charcoal if ingestion was recent and airway is protected — not ipecac; (3) benzodiazepines for agitation and seizure prevention; (4) physostigmine for severe anticholinergic delirium; (5) active temperature management for hyperthermia; (6) cardiac monitoring for arrhythmiasupported
Prospective investigation of physostigmine vs non-antidote therapy for antimuscarinic delirium in a regional poison center. 15563650.2018.1485154
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
alkaloid-profile12 · 7 ok
HPLC-DAD analysis of H. niger roots under optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction yielded hyoscyamine at 164.72 µg/g dry weight and scopolamine at 209.23 µg/g dry weight, confirming that scopolamine exceeds hyoscyamine in root tissuesupported
The optimal extraction yielded hyoscyamine 164.72 µg/g dry weight and scopolamine 209.23 µg/g dry weight from H. niger roots. j.heliyon.2024.e38856
Wild-type hairy root cultures produced hyoscyamine at approximately 54 µg/g dry weight as a baseline reference.supported
Wild-type H. niger hairy roots baseline data: hyoscyamine ~54 µg/g. s41598-018-36156-y
Three minor tropane alkaloids have been confirmed in H. niger. Anisodamine has been identified by HPLC. Cuscohygrine occurs primarily in roots, reaching 26.5 mg/g dry weight in hairy root bioreactor cultures. Apoatropine is present in whole-plant preparationssupported
Scopolamine, hyoscyamine and cuscohygrine concentrations were highest in the bubble-column reactor (5.3, 1.6 and 26.5 mg/g dry wt, respectively). Also detected: anisodamine. s10529-013-1426-9
Three minor tropane alkaloids have been confirmed in H. niger. Anisodamine has been identified by HPLC. Cuscohygrine occurs primarily in roots, reaching 26.5 mg/g dry weight in hairy root bioreactor cultures. Apoatropine is present in whole-plant preparationssupported
Anisodamine and scopolamine are both found in H. niger. HnArAT3 gene involved in phenyllactic acid branch of TA biosynthetic pathway. pmid:29911833
Three minor tropane alkaloids have been confirmed in H. niger. Anisodamine has been identified by HPLC. Cuscohygrine occurs primarily in roots, reaching 26.5 mg/g dry weight in hairy root bioreactor cultures. Apoatropine is present in whole-plant preparationssupported
Scopolamine, hyoscyamine and cuscohygrine concentrations were highest in the bubble-column reactor (5.3, 1.6 and 26.5 mg/g dry wt, respectively). Also detected: anisodamine. s10529-013-1426-9
Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The terminal step is catalyzed by hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase (H6H), a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase first purified and characterized from H. niger root culturessupported
Hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase, a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of l-hyoscyamine to 6 beta-hydroxyhyoscyamine in the biosynthetic pathway leading to scopolamine. pmid:3569262
Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The complete biosynthetic pathway from amino acid precursors to scopolamine has been reconstructed in yeast, confirming each enzymatic step.supported
Complete biosynthesis of hyoscyamine and scopolamine reconstructed in yeast; full pathway from amino acids to final alkaloids established. s41586-020-2650-9
preparations11 · 3 ok
For reference, pharmaceutical transdermal scopolamine patches deliver 0.5 mg over 72 hours from a 1.5 mg reservoir.supported
TTS-patch delivers 0.5 mg over 72h. pmid:16175141
Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
One documented case of deliberate henbane flower chewing in an adult resulted in acute anticholinergic poisoning.supported
Case of deliberate chewing of henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) flowers to produce euphoria resulting in poisoning. pmid:979798
Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Contamination of commercial herbal teas by H. niger seeds has been documented as a food safety concernsupported
Routes of intentional and unintentional tropane alkaloid poisoning reviewed. Concentrations highest in roots and seeds. qas2013.0314
Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
neuroscience10 · 4 ok
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Hyoscyamine and scopolamine are competitive, non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonists, blocking the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at M1, M2, and M3 receptor subtypes in both the central and peripheral nervous system.supported
These compounds possess the anticholinergic properties as they could block the neurotransmitter acetylcholine action in the central and peripheral nervous system by binding at either muscarinic and/or nicotinic receptors. s13659-022-00357-w
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Scopolamine (oral): Bioavailability 3–27%, highly variable between individualssupported
Oral bioavailability 3-27%. pmid:16175141
Tmax approximately 0.5 hourssupported
The maximum drug concentration occurs approximately 0.5 hours after oral administration. pmid:16175141
Plasma half-life 4.5 ± 1.7 hourssupported
After IV, elimination half-life 4.5±1.7 hr. pmid:2762223
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
summary7 · 3 ok
It is classified as a deliriant — its pharmacology is driven by the tropane alkaloids scopolamine and hyoscyamine, which produce anticholinergic toxidrome at doses readily achievable from crude plant materialsupported
Poisonous plants from Solanaceae family (Hyoscyamus niger...) are rich sources of tropane alkaloids. These compounds possess the anticholinergic properties as they could block the neurotransmitter acetylcholine action in the central and peripheral nervous system. s13659-022-00357-w
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Oral bioavailability of purified scopolamine ranges from 3–27% with a plasma half-life of approximately 4.5 hours; no pharmacokinetic data exist for crude plant preparations.partially supported
After IV, elimination half-life 4.5±1.7 hr. Oral bioavailability variable, range 10.7-48.2%. pmid:2762223
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, is the specific antidote for severe anticholinergic toxidromesupported
Physostigmine vs lorazepam comparison for antimuscarinic delirium and agitation treatment in clinical trial. 15563650.2020.1854281
history3 · 2 ok
Teodorico Borgognoni (1205–1296) included narcotic plants — likely including henbane — in his anesthetic preparations documented in Cyrurgia seu filia principissupported
Medieval anesthetic preparations including narcotic plants; Teodorico Borgognoni (13th century) used henbane-containing preparations as anesthetics. life13091913
Contemporary ethnobotanical surveys document continued traditional medicinal use of H. niger in Morocco among High Atlas Tashelhit-speaking communitiessupported
Ethnomedicinal survey documenting traditional plant use including Hyoscyamus niger in High Atlas Moroccan communities. j.jep.2016.05.009
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
botanical-overview2 · 2 ok
Some cultivation for pharmaceutical alkaloid production has been documented, though commercial-scale tropane alkaloid production has largely shifted to hybrid Duboisia cropssupported
Commercial-scale alkaloid production from Duboisia hybrid crops; tissue-specific distribution of hyoscyamine, scopolamine and precursors. pcx165
Morphological distinctiveness reduces the risk of deliberate product adulteration, but accidental misidentification with edible umbellifers, beets, and garden herbs has been documented in poisoning literaturesupported
H. niger was found to be largely ingested when mistaken for other plants. j.toxicon.2020.02.005