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Psychedex

1Provenance card

the boundary, as counts

Sources

4935 with DOI

8 strong · 35 moderate · 6 weak

Compilations

12026-05-07T15:08:40.113Z

pipeline-v5 · prompt hash not recorded — run predates 2026-09

Decisions

38last ruled 2026-10-02

0 awaiting a ruling

Issued documents

72026-10-19T20:32:11.324Z

notice · info card · emergency

Searches

190 with no results

queries and counts on the build

Claims checked

19039 supported

39 supported · 151 not

Correspondence

0received

consent field ships in Phase 4

Edges

511

derivations recorded for this entity

Complete over 49 sources, 1 compilation, and 38 decisions.Not here: the private journal (never).Working material — drafts, discards, unsupported claims — is listed below and readable on the working page.Cite: psychedex.org/substances/harmine/archive

2Build

one panel per compilation run

generation run 2026-05-07

81 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/52066a91…

research

citationsRegistryrecordresearchOutputworking

draft

articleDraftworking

audit

articleAuditedworking

verify

verificationResultworking

simplify

articleSimplifiedworking

publish

runMetarecordrunSummaryrecord

Selection

results seen92
selected by the model38
consumed as sources49

Verification

claims checked190
supported35
partially supported4
not supported0
inconclusive151
  • record
  • seen / partial
  • working

The model's own caveats

  • psychoactive_class_mismatch
  • standalone_effects_uncharacterized

Reproduce

inputs
49 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan
not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model
pipeline-v5
streams
none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
19 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
19 searches for this run
#sourcequeryseenkeptrationale
1OpenAlexharmine beta-carboline alkaloid pharmacology104Top-cited papers directly relevant to harmine pharmacology and ayahuasca brew
2PubMedharmine MAO-A monoamine oxidase inhibition reversible Ki selectivity33Critical quantitative data on harmine MAO-A inhibition potency
3PubMedharmine pharmacology receptor binding MAO inhibitor102Selected articles specifically addressing harmine's mechanism at DYRK1A and neurological targets
4PubMedharmine DYRK1A inhibitor beta cell proliferation diabetes103Key papers establishing harmine's role as DYRK1A inhibitor for diabetes therapy
5PubMedharmine antidepressant neurogenesis44Antidepressant mechanism data
6PubMedharmine pharmacokinetics bioavailability metabolism humans103Human pharmacokinetic data for harmine
7PubChemharmine11Complete chemical identity verified via PubChem API
8PubMedharmine subjective effects psychedelic hallucinogenic humans dose63Human subjective effects data
9PubMedget_pubmed_article 6587171, 12660312, 24347928, 2356999041Verification of landmark papers
10WebSearchharmine banisterine telepathine history discovery 1847 1912 naming101Discovery and naming history for article
11WebFetchACS Lab harmine guide - legal status, toxicity, dose, effects13Toxicity data confirmation
12WebFetchPMC6353393 - Banisteriopsis caapi Parkinson's disease historical review12Historical clinical use data for harmine
13PubMedharmine metabolism CYP2D6 CYP1A2 liver microsomal oxidation11Critical CYP metabolism data for drug interactions and interindividual variability
14WebFetchsyrianrue.org/legal/ - legal status by jurisdiction11Comprehensive legal status data for major jurisdictions
15OpenAlexayahuasca safety adverse effects serotonin syndrome tyramine interaction62Safety data for ayahuasca/harmine context
16PubMed5-HT2A serotonin receptor beta-carboline binding harmine hallucinogenic215-HT2A receptor binding data for harmine class
17ClinicalTrials.govayahuasca harmine depression anxiety11Clinical trial registry confirmation
18WebSearchharmine legal status scheduling DEA United States controlled substance 2026101Legal status confirmation for US jurisdiction
19PubMedharmine food tobacco dietary exposure beta-carboline endogenous11Beta-carboline endogenous status relevant to classification
190 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
pharmacology56 · 9 ok

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • The functional significance of harmine's MAO-A inhibition was definitively established by McKenna, Towers, and Abbott, who demonstrated that β-carbolines in Banisteriopsis caapi — principally harmine — enable the oral psychoactivity of dmt in the ayahuasca brew by preventing first-pass MAO-A metabolism in the gut wall and liversupported

    B. caapi contains harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine while admixtures contain DMT. Beta-carbolines are reversible MAO inhibitors. pmid:6587171

  • This mechanism has been replicated and quantitatively modeled in subsequent pharmacokinetic studies.supported

    Double-blind placebo-controlled trial with 18 volunteers. pmid:12660312

  • This mechanism has been replicated and quantitatively modeled in subsequent pharmacokinetic studies.supported

    PBPK models for DMT and harmine in rats and humans. Harmine inhibits DMT metabolism via MAO-A. kfaf118

  • This mechanism has been replicated and quantitatively modeled in subsequent pharmacokinetic studies.supported

    Systematic review of 16 papers on pharmacological interactions in ayahuasca. Primary mechanism is MAO-A inhibition by beta-carbolines protecting oral DMT from deamination. 1516-4446-2020-0884

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Grella et al. examined 15 β-carbolines at rat 5-ht2a and 5-ht2c receptors, finding affinities ranging from ~100 nM to >10,000 nM across the seriessupported

    Harmaline Ki at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors: 100 nM to >10,000 nM range depending on structure. pmid:9649961

  • Neurogenesis: Morales-García et al. demonstrated that harmine stimulates neural stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation from adult mouse subventricular and subgranular zones in vitro.supported

    Harmine, tetrahydroharmine, and harmaline from B. caapi all stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro; neural stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation in mouse brain neurospheres. s41598-017-05407-9

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Riba et al. conducted the seminal double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmacokinetic study of ayahuasca in 18 healthy volunteerssupported

    Double-blind placebo-controlled trial with 18 volunteers. pmid:12660312

  • Egger et al. conducted a single-blind, randomized, factorial dose-finding study in 16 healthy participants receiving buccal DMT (0–120 mg) plus harmine (0–180 mg)supported

    16 healthy participants, single-blind factorial design. j.biopha.2025.117908

  • Bidirectional pharmacokinetic interactions were observed: harmine reduced DMT metabolism while DMT altered harmine pharmacokinetics. Äbelö et al. developed a population PK/PD model from the same cohort, finding substantial interindividual variability in clearance and bioavailability; a sigmoidal Emax model described dose-dependent psychedelic intensity.partially supported

    Harmine markedly enhanced DMT bioavailability and prolonged absorption. Sigmoidal Emax PK/PD model. j.biopha.2025.118329

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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safety46 · 14 ok

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Mueller et al. noted that traditional ayahuasca use is "often accompanied by distressing effects like nausea, vomiting, and intense hallucinations, possibly due to complex PK/PD interactions and lack of dose standardization".supported

    Traditional use accompanied by nausea/vomiting and intense hallucinations due to complex PK/PD interactions and lack of dose standardization. pyaf001

  • Riba et al. documented a statistically significant increase in diastolic blood pressure (+9 mmHg at 75 minutes) at the high ayahuasca dose in a placebo-controlled studysupported

    Diastolic BP increased 9 mmHg at high dose. pmid:12660312

  • In the ayahuasca context (harmine + dmt), high doses can produce overwhelming visionary experiences, confusion, and anxietysupported

    Traditional use accompanied by nausea/vomiting and intense hallucinations due to complex PK/PD interactions and lack of dose standardization. pyaf001

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Ribeiro et al. modeled harmine–SSRI interactions using PBPK approaches and found that fluoxetine and paroxetine (potent CYP2D6 inhibitors) substantially increase harmine systemic exposure, compounding the serotonergic risk through both pharmacokinetic (elevated harmine) and pharmacodynamic (concurrent serotonergic load) mechanismssupported

    PBPK models to predict SSRI (fluoxetine, paroxetine as CYP2D6 inhibitors) coadministration impact on DMT and harmine systemic exposure. Relevant to serotonin syndrome risk and CYP-mediated interactions. fmolb.2026.1768402

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Ruffell et al. concluded that available pharmacological interaction data for ayahuasca combinations remain "insufficient to determine synergistic risk".supported

    Synergistic vs additive interactions remain unclear. 1516-4446-2020-0884

  • Harmine dramatically potentiates the effects of orally administered tryptamines (DMT, 5-meo-dmt, psilocybin) by inhibiting their MAO-A-mediated first-pass-metabolismpartially supported

    B. caapi contains harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine while admixtures contain DMT. Beta-carbolines are reversible MAO inhibitors. pmid:6587171

  • Harmine dramatically potentiates the effects of orally administered tryptamines (DMT, 5-meo-dmt, psilocybin) by inhibiting their MAO-A-mediated first-pass-metabolismpartially supported

    Doses 0.6 and 0.85 mg DMT/kg. Predominantly peripheral site of action for harmine. pmid:12660312

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • CYP2D6 inhibitors (fluoxetine, paroxetine, quinidine) and CYP2D6 poor metabolizer genotype reduce harmine clearance, increasing systemic exposure.supported

    CYP2D6 (50%) and CYP1A2 (20%) are major isozymes for harmaline O-demethylation to harmalol in human liver microsomes. CYP2D6 polymorphism affects harmaline pharmacology and toxicology. pmid:12649384

  • CYP2D6 inhibitors (fluoxetine, paroxetine, quinidine) and CYP2D6 poor metabolizer genotype reduce harmine clearance, increasing systemic exposure.supported

    PBPK models to predict SSRI (fluoxetine, paroxetine as CYP2D6 inhibitors) coadministration impact on DMT and harmine systemic exposure. fmolb.2026.1768402

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • A washout period appropriate to the SSRI's half-life is required before harmine administration.supported

    PBPK models to predict SSRI (fluoxetine, paroxetine as CYP2D6 inhibitors) coadministration impact on DMT and harmine systemic exposure. Relevant to serotonin syndrome risk and CYP-mediated interactions. fmolb.2026.1768402

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Unpredictable potentiation renders this combination dangerous without careful dosing protocols.partially supported

    Quantitative analysis confirmed MAOI activity is additive not synergistic. pmid:6587171

  • Cardiovascular instability: Dose-dependent blood pressure elevation (+9 mmHg diastolic documented in controlled study) contraindicates use in uncontrolled hypertension or significant cardiovascular disease.supported

    Diastolic BP increased 9 mmHg at high dose. pmid:12660312

  • Hepatic impairment: Reduced CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 hepatic capacity may substantially increase harmine exposure.supported

    CYP2D6 (50%) and CYP1A2 (20%) are major isozymes for harmaline O-demethylation to harmalol in human liver microsomes. pmid:12649384

  • This represents a relative contraindication requiring dose adjustment.supported

    CYP2D6 polymorphism affects harmaline pharmacology and toxicology. pmid:12649384

summary22 · 4 ok

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Occurring naturally in Peganum harmala and Banisteriopsis caapi, harmine serves as the principal pharmacological enabler of oral dmt activity in ayahuascasupported

    B. caapi contains harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine while admixtures contain DMT. Beta-carbolines are reversible MAO inhibitors. pmid:6587171

  • In combination with DMT via buccal administration, total subjective effects last 4–5 hours.supported

    Effects lasted 4-5h. Favorable safety profile. j.biopha.2025.117908

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • McKenna, Towers, and Abbott established its central role in ayahuasca pharmacology in 1984, demonstrating that MAO-A inhibition prevents first-pass-metabolism of co-ingested DMTsupported

    B. caapi contains harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine while admixtures contain DMT. Beta-carbolines are reversible MAO inhibitors. pmid:6587171

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • In the ayahuasca context, the combination produces perceptual modifications, positive mood shifts, enhanced introspection, and vivid visual imagery — though DMT rather than harmine drives the primary CNS phenomenologysupported

    Subjective effects peaked 1.5-2h. Predominantly peripheral site of action for harmine. pmid:12660312

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

neuroscience20 · 4 ok

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  • Riba et al. used SPECT neuroimaging to demonstrate that ayahuasca (containing harmine and dmt) produces increased activation in frontal and paralimbic regions during the acute intoxication state, with enhanced introspective attention, altered somatic perceptions, and intense emotional and visual imagery.supported

    Ayahuasca (containing harmaline) produces increased frontal and paralimbic brain activation as measured by neuroimaging. s00213-006-0358-7

  • Morales-García et al. demonstrated that harmine stimulates proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neural stem cells from adult mouse subventricular and subgranular zones in vitrosupported

    Harmine, tetrahydroharmine, and harmaline from B. caapi all stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro; neural stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation in mouse brain neurospheres. s41598-017-05407-9

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Frecska et al. reviewed evidence that the sigma-1-receptor — activated by DMT in the ayahuasca context — mediates anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects via regulation of calcium signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stresssupported

    Review covering beta-carboline and tryptamine pharmacology, serotonergic and sigma-1 receptor effects, anti-inflammatory properties via Sig-1R. fphar.2016.00035

  • What is harmine's contribution to the therapeutic efficacy of ayahuasca? Ayahuasca's antidepressant effects cannot be attributed to DMT alone, given harmine's independent neurogenic, anti-inflammatory, and astrocytic-restorative propertiessupported

    Harmine, tetrahydroharmine, and harmaline from B. caapi all stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro. Suggests neuroplasticity as mechanism of antidepressant effects. s41598-017-05407-9

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

clinical-evidence11 · 3 ok

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Palhano-Fontes et al. conducted the first randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a psychedelic in treatment-resistant depression.supported

    First controlled trial of a psychedelic in treatment-resistant depression. s0033291718001356

  • Perkins et al. conducted a Phase 1 study of encapsulated dmt+harmala alkaloid preparations (including harmine) in healthy volunteerssupported

    Phase 1. 9 volunteers, 17 dosing sessions. s41598-025-25767-x

  • Egger et al. documented a favorable safety profile for buccal DMT+harmine in 16 healthy participants across six dose combinations, with dose-dependent subjective effects lasting 4–5 hours.supported

    16 healthy participants, single-blind factorial design. Effects lasted 4-5h. Favorable safety profile. j.biopha.2025.117908

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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comparative-pharmacology7 · 2 ok

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Data from Kim et al., Grella et al., Li et al., and Ruffell et al..supported

    Harmaline Ki at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors: 100 nM to >10,000 nM range depending on structure. pmid:9649961

  • Data from Kim et al., Grella et al., Li et al., and Ruffell et al..supported

    Systematic review of 16 papers on pharmacological interactions in ayahuasca. 1516-4446-2020-0884

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

history7 · 1 ok

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • McKenna, Towers, and Abbott published the foundational analysis in 1984, demonstrating that harmine and other β-carbolines in B. caapi enable oral dmt psychoactivity by inhibiting first-pass mao-a metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract and liversupported

    B. caapi contains harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine while admixtures contain DMT. Beta-carbolines are reversible MAO inhibitors. pmid:6587171

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

chemistry5 · 0 ok

  • Claim in chemistry — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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pharmacokinetic-detail5 · 2 ok

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Äbelö et al. developed a population PK/PD model from the Egger et al. cohort, demonstrating that harmine markedly enhances DMT bioavailability by prolonging absorptionsupported

    Harmine markedly enhanced DMT bioavailability and prolonged absorption. Peak DMT Cmax 33 ng/mL, harmine Cmax 49 ng/mL. Sigmoidal Emax PK/PD model. j.biopha.2025.118329

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Ribeiro et al. modeled pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between harmine and SSRIs using PBPK approachessupported

    PBPK models to predict SSRI (fluoxetine, paroxetine as CYP2D6 inhibitors) coadministration impact on DMT and harmine systemic exposure. fmolb.2026.1768402

receptor-pharmacology5 · 0 ok

  • Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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alkaloid-profile4 · 0 ok

  • Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

botanical-overview2 · 0 ok

  • Claim in botanical-overview — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in botanical-overview — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

3Sources

49 consumed · sorted by year · feeds = sections resting on it

Sources 1 to 30
yearsourcetierstatusfeeds
2026Harmine and its derivatives: A promising multi-target therapeutic avenue for Alzheimer's diseaseShen X, Dong X, Nao J · Neurosciencedoi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.03.006moderateconsumed2 sections
2026Predicting drug-drug interactions between ayahuasca alkaloids and SSRIs using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelingRibeiro GSG, Paranhos BAPB, Dörr F, et al. · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciencesdoi:10.3389/fmolb.2026.1768402strongconsumed2 sections
2025Acute experiences and persisting psychological effects of DMT-harmala alkaloid combination: phase 1 studyPerkins D, Halman A, Urokohara A, Palumbo J, Low M, Ruffell S, et al. · Scientific Reportsdoi:10.1038/s41598-025-25767-xmoderateconsumed1 section
2025Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of N,N-dimethyltryptamine, harmine, and their interactions from ayahuasca in rats and humansWittayakarn N, Tan YM, Choomalaiwong P, et al. · Toxicological Sciencesdoi:10.1093/toxsci/kfaf118moderateconsumed1 section
2025Examining the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmine in healthy volunteers: a factorial dose-escalation studyEgger K, Jareño Redondo J, Müller J, et al. · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapydoi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.117908strongconsumed4 sections
2025Harmine alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting CSF3-mediated MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathwayZhai Y, Chen K, Xu Z, Chen X, Tong J, He Y, et al. · Respiratory Researchdoi:10.1186/s12931-025-03196-8moderateconsumed2 sections
2025Harmine exerts anticancer effects through the ROS/p38 axis to induce autophagy and apoptosis in osteosarcomaYu L, Bi K, Gu J, Yu Z, Li S, Chen Y · Bioorganic Chemistrydoi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108557moderateconsumed2 sections
2025Harmine Selectively Drives Human Beta Cell Differentiation and Function Via Protein Kinase A PathwaysWang P, Kumar K, Lambertini L, Liu H, Wood O, et al. · bioRxivdoi:10.64898/2025.12.07.692818moderateconsumed2 sections
2025Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of co-administered N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmine in healthy subjectsÄbelö A, Smallridge JW, von Rotz R, et al. · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapydoi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118329strongconsumed2 sections
2024Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of beta-carboline-cinnamic acid derivatives as DYRK1A inhibitors in the treatment of diabetesGuan L, Li A, Song P, Su W, Zhang S, Chen J, et al. · Bioorganic Chemistrydoi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107676moderateconsumed1 section
2024Harmine - CAS 442-51-3 physical propertiesSanta Cruz Biotechnology / ACS Molecule of the Weekurl:bb0a0a2a635589c1weakconsumedcited only
2024Harmine - PubChem Compound CID 5280953PubChem/NCBIurl:bfcbc2d03b901883weakconsumedcited only
2024Harmine and exendin-4 combination therapy safely expands human β cell mass in vivoRosselot C, Li Y, Wang P, Alvarsson A, Beliard K, et al. · Science Translational Medicinedoi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adg3456moderateconsumed2 sections
2024Harmine Guide: Effects, Benefits, Risks, and LegalityACS Laboratoryurl:2d0e6133176efef4weakconsumedcited only
2024Legal Status of Syrian Rue and Harmala AlkaloidsSyrianRue.orgurl:aae81d4c99820197weakconsumedcited only
2024Peganum harmala seed extract attenuates anxiety and depression in rats via BDNF/TrkB signaling pathwayTekşen Y, Gündüz MK, Berikten D, Özatik FY, Aydın HE · Metabolic Brain Diseasedoi:10.1007/s11011-024-01416-6moderateconsumed1 section
2024Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an innovative psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine/harmine formulation in healthy participants: a randomized controlled trialMueller MJ, Aicher HD, Dornbierer DA, et al. · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1093/ijnp/pyaf001strongconsumed1 section
2023Telepathine naming history - Ayahuasca Timeline / PlantaformaVariousurl:4791d70a7218c55fweakconsumedcited only
2022Inhibition of Dyrk1A Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation via the TLR4/NF-κB P65 Signaling PathwayJu C, Wang Y, Zang C, Liu H, Yuan F, et al. · Inflammationdoi:10.1007/s10753-022-01699-wmoderateconsumed2 sections
2022Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition by Plant-Derived β-Carbolines; Implications for the Psychopharmacology of Tobacco and AyahuascaBerlowitz I, Egger K, Cumming P · Frontiers in Pharmacologydoi:10.3389/fphar.2022.886408moderateconsumed1 section
2021Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of harmine derivatives as potent GSK-3β/DYRK1A dual inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's diseaseLiu W, Liu X, Tian L, Gao Y, Liu W, Chen H, et al. · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistrydoi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113554moderateconsumed2 sections
2021Risk assessment of ayahuasca use in a religious context: self-reported risk factors and adverse effectsDurante I, Dos Santos RG, Bouso JC, Hallak JE · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatrydoi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0913moderateconsumed1 section
2020The pharmacological interaction of compounds in ayahuasca: a systematic reviewRuffell S, Netzband N, Bird C, Young AH, Juruena MF · Revista brasileira de psiquiatriadoi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0884strongconsumed4 sections
2019Banisteriopsis caapi - A Forgotten Potential Therapy for Parkinson's Disease?Herraiz T et al. · Frontiers in Neuroscienceurl:adc877e272efb098weakconsumedcited only
2019Harmine induces anticancer activity in breast cancer cells via targeting TAZDing Y, He J, Huang J, Yu T, Shi X, Zhang T, et al. · International Journal of Oncologydoi:10.3892/ijo.2019.4777moderateconsumed1 section
2019Pre-clinical investigations of β-carboline alkaloids as antidepressant agents: A systematic reviewFerraz CAA, de Oliveira Júnior RG, Picot L, da Silva Almeida JRG, Nunes XP · Fitoterapiadoi:10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104196strongconsumedcited only
2018Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trialPalhano-Fontes F, Barreto D, Onias H, Andrade KC, Novaes MM, et al. · Psychological Medicinedoi:10.1017/s0033291718001356strongconsumed1 section
2017Exposure Characteristics of the Analogous Beta-Carboline Alkaloids Harmaline and Harmine Based on the Efflux Transporter of Multidrug Resistance Protein 2Li S, Zhang Y, Deng G, Wang Y, Qi S, Cheng X, Ma Y, Xie Y, Wang C · Frontiers in Pharmacologydoi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00541moderateconsumed4 sections
2017Harmine produces antidepressant-like effects via restoration of astrocytic functionsLiu F, Wu J, Gong Y, Wang P, Zhu L, et al. · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatrydoi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.012moderateconsumed2 sections
2017The alkaloids of Banisteriopsis caapi, the plant source of the Amazonian hallucinogen Ayahuasca, stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitroMorales-Garcia JA, de la Fuente Revenga M, Alonso-Gil S, et al. · Scientific Reportsdoi:10.1038/s41598-017-05407-9moderateconsumed2 sections
Show all 49 sources — 19 more
Sources 31 to 49
yearsourcetierstatusfeeds
2016Ayahuasca enhances creative divergent thinking while decreasing conventional convergent thinkingKuypers KPC, Riba J, de la Fuente Revenga M, Barker SA, Theunissen EL, et al. · Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1007/s00213-016-4377-8moderateconsumed1 section
2016Inhibition of DYRK1A Stimulates Human β-Cell ProliferationDirice E, Walpita D, Vetere A, Meier BC, Kahraman S, et al. · Diabetesdoi:10.2337/db15-1127moderateconsumed2 sections
2016Inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B in Psychiatry and NeurologyFinberg JPM, Rabey JM · Frontiers in Pharmacologydoi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00340moderateconsumed4 sections
2016The Therapeutic Potentials of Ayahuasca: Possible Effects against Various Diseases of CivilizationFrecska E, Bokor P, Winkelman M · Frontiers in Pharmacologydoi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00035moderateconsumed1 section
2015A high-throughput chemical screen reveals that harmine-mediated inhibition of DYRK1A increases human pancreatic beta cell replicationWang P, Alvarez-Perez JC, Felsenfeld DP, Liu H, Sivendran S, et al. · Nature Medicinedoi:10.1038/nm.3820moderateconsumed4 sections
2015Antidepressant effects of a single dose of ayahuasca in patients with recurrent depression: a preliminary reportOsório FL, Sanches RF, Macedo LR, Santos RG, et al. · Revista brasileira de psiquiatriadoi:10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1496moderateconsumedcited only
2015The psychedelic state induced by ayahuasca modulates the activity and connectivity of the default mode networkPalhano-Fontes F, Andrade KC, Tofoli LF, et al. · PLoS ONEdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118143moderateconsumedcited only
2013Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Peganum harmala and its main alkaloidsMoloudizargari M, Mikaili P, Aghajanshakeri S, Asghari MH, Shayegh J · Pharmacognosy Reviewsdoi:10.4103/0973-7847.120524moderateconsumed2 sections
2012A review on medicinal importance, pharmacological activity and bioanalytical aspects of beta-carboline alkaloid HarminePatel K, Gadewar M, Tripathi R, Prasad SK, Patel DK · Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicinedoi:10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60116-6moderateconsumedcited only
2007The selectivity of protein kinase inhibitors: a further updateBain J, Plater L, Elliott M, Shpiro N, Hastie CJ, et al. · Biochemical Journaldoi:10.1042/bj20070797moderateconsumed2 sections
2006Increased frontal and paralimbic activation following ayahuasca, the pan-amazonian inebriantRiba J, Romero S, Grasa E, Mena E, Carrio I · Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1007/s00213-006-0358-7moderateconsumed1 section
2004Exposure to beta-carbolines norharman and harmanPfau W, Skog K · Journal of Chromatography Bpmid:15036003moderateconsumed1 section
2003Contribution of individual cytochrome P450 isozymes to the O-demethylation of the psychotropic beta-carboline alkaloids harmaline and harmineYu AM, Idle JR, Krausz KW, Kupfer A, Gonzalez FJ · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeuticspmid:12649384moderateconsumed4 sections
2003Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokineticsRiba J, Valle M, Urbano G, Yritia M, Morte A, Barbanoj MJ · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeuticspmid:12660312strongconsumed4 sections
1998Investigation of hallucinogenic and related beta-carbolinesGrella B, Dukat M, Young R, Teitler M, Herrick-Davis K, Gauthier CB, Glennon RA · Drug and Alcohol Dependencepmid:9649961moderateconsumed3 sections
1997Inhibition of monoamine oxidase A by beta-carboline derivativesKim H, Sablin SO, Ramsay RR · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysicspmid:8990278moderateconsumed5 sections
1993Beta-carbolines (harman/norharman) are increased in heroin dependent patientsStohler R, Rommelspacher H, Ladewig D, Dammann G · Therapeutische Umschaupmid:8475471moderateconsumed2 sections
1991[3H]harman binding experiments: a reversible and selective radioligand for monoamine oxidase subtype A in the CNS of the ratMay T, Rommelspacher H, Pawlik M · Journal of Neurochemistrypmid:1988552moderateconsumed1 section
1984Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants: tryptamine and beta-carboline constituents of ayahuascaMcKenna DJ, Towers GH, Abbott F · Journal of Ethnopharmacologypmid:6587171moderateconsumed5 sections

4Docket

one filing per activity — decisions, correspondence, reports

  1. 0012026-05-07revisionRevision 1

    Initial LLM generation (v5 pipeline, wiki, prose phase)

    psx:substance/harmine/version/1
  2. 0022026-06-04proposal32 value proposals approved together

    one review action inferred from a shared reviewer and instant — the graph records one activity per proposal

    32 items in this filing

    • contraindication · psychiatric
    • contraindication · other
    • contraindication · cardiovascular
    • contraindication · hepatic
    • contraindication · metabolic
    • contraindication · pregnancy_breastfeeding
    • contraindication · other
    • contraindication · other
    • dose_tier · threshold
    • dose_tier · light
    • dose_tier · common
    • dose_tier · strong
    • dose_tier · heavy
    • timeline · oral · onset
    • timeline · oral · come_up
    • timeline · oral · peak
    • timeline · oral · resolution
    • timeline · oral · afterglow
    • toxicity
    • dependence · full
    • withdrawal
    • tolerance
    • dosage · oral
    • dosage · buccal
    • duration · oral · onset
    • duration · oral · come_up
    • duration · oral · peak
    • duration · oral · offset
    • duration · oral · total
    • duration · oral · aftereffects
    • duration · buccal · total
    psx:substance/harmine/proposal/contraindication/627da5a5-e531-4600-8310-874bcb1fcc1d
  3. 0032026-06-04publicationPublication — backfill
    psx:substance/harmine/pub/b209bc8c-849d-47dd-b33b-d74a026c4285
  4. 0042026-10-02rulingRuling — psx:substance/harmine/proposal/article_section_proposals/2522972b-d55c-4c2d-93dc-ee20d9f5341eUnity
    psx:substance/harmine/ruling/harm-reduction-headings/2522972b-d55c-4c2d-93dc-ee20d9f5341e
  5. 0052026-10-02rulingRuling — psx:substance/harmine/proposal/article_section_proposals/5df172a3-a7c7-4289-b18d-5a246952b4ecUnity
    psx:substance/harmine/ruling/harm-reduction-headings/5df172a3-a7c7-4289-b18d-5a246952b4ec
  6. 0062026-10-02revisionr1.a1

    no edit summary recorded

    psx:substance/harmine/version/2
  7. 0072026-10-02publicationPublication — publish
    psx:substance/harmine/pub/aead511a-3c92-4723-9afb-c61ad61718d2

5Issued documents

what the notice, info card and emergency page said, by hash

Issued documents
documentcontent hashissuedfrom versionsuperseded
emergencyc15c760aabf6f0fcf5b6fc6b…2026-10-19 20:32Revision 2current
info_cardcb209e30345d15593516cc2c…2026-10-19 20:32Revision 2current
info_cardd1b0e99a8712ddb64ade2cf8…2026-10-02 13:08Revision 2superseded2026-10-19
notice04e8654ff61b7653efac59bd…2026-10-02 13:08Revision 2current
emergency3f0909c25c714d225b4bb3e3…2026-09-04 04:30Revision 1superseded2026-10-19
info_cardee1f04b2654bebad49f20608…2026-09-04 04:30Revision 1superseded2026-10-02
notice83624b07509633a15e84b554…2026-09-04 04:30Revision 1superseded2026-10-02