generation run 2026-05-11
69 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/0d2b8da0…Selection
Verification
- record
- seen / partial
- working
The model's own caveats
- sparse_evidence
- structural_inference
Reproduce
- inputs
- 26 source keys (listed under Sources)
- plan
- not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
- model
- pipeline-v5
- streams
- none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
22 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
| # | source | query | seen | kept | rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | OpenAlex | N-ethylpentylone NEP cathinone forensic toxicology death | 10 | 5 | Selected papers with direct relevance to NEP toxicology, metabolism, or clinical effects |
| 2 | PubMed | N-ethylpentylone NEP synthetic cathinone toxicology case report | 1 | 1 | Relevant case report mentioning NEP co-detection, though NEP was not primary cause |
| 3 | PubChem | ephylone | 1 | 1 | Primary chemical identity verification for ephylone |
| 4 | PubMed | N-ethylpentylone ephylone pharmacology monoamine transporter | 1 | 1 | Primary pharmacology paper - essential for mechanism of action and clinical presentation |
| 5 | OpenAlex | ephylone bk-EBDP synthetic cathinone | 5 | 5 | All 5 directly relevant to ephylone/NEP pharmacology, toxicology, and case reports |
| 6 | PubMed · absence | ephylone bk-EBDP cathinone pharmacology | 0 | — | — |
| 7 | WebSearch | ephylone N-ethylpentylone Australia Groovin the Moo festival scheduled | 10 | 2 | Australian context and harm reduction data |
| 8 | ECDD Repository | N-ethylnorpentylone ECDD WHO scheduling | 1 | 1 | Authoritative WHO scheduling status |
| 9 | WebSearch | ephylone N-ethylpentylone bk-EBDP legal status scheduled controlled substance US UK EU 2024 2025 | 10 | 3 | Primary legal documents for US scheduling |
| 10 | WebSearch | N-ethylpentylone ephylone 1960s pharmaceutical history synthesis discovery | 10 | 2 | Historical context for Boehringer Ingelheim patent |
| 11 | OpenAlex | N-ethylpentylone overdose death hyperthermia rhabdomyolysis organ failure case report | 6 | 2 | Systematic review directly covering NEP neurotoxicity and clinical adverse events |
| 12 | PubChem API (REST) | CID 57359308 chemical properties | 1 | 1 | Complete chemical identity verification |
| 13 | Multiple | Pharmacological class verification: reuptake inhibitor vs. releaser | 5 | 3 | Critical contradiction: seed data says 'releasing agent' but published evidence shows reuptake inhibitor |
| 14 | PubMed | Baumann MH synthetic cathinone transporter pharmacology dopamine serotonin | 10 | 5 | Key pharmacology papers providing context for NEP mechanism, abuse liability, and metabolite pharmacology |
| 15 | WebSearch | Australia N-ethylpentylone ephylone scheduling TGA | 10 | — | — |
| 16 | Research output compilation | Compile all findings into structured research output | 22 | 1 | Comprehensive research handoff for generation agent |
| 17 | OpenAlex | cathinone pyrovalerone MDPV cocaine-like DAT selectivity dependence abuse potential structure | 6 | 3 | Landmark pharmacology classification papers essential for contextualizing NEP mechanism |
| 18 | WebSearch | ephylone Boehringer Ingelheim 1967 patent CAS number | 10 | 1 | Historical synthesis patent for ephylone discovery |
| 19 | Multiple published sources | Verify ephylone pharmacological class reuptake inhibitor vs releaser | 5 | 3 | Critical contradiction resolved: seed data pharmacological class is wrong |
| 20 | PubChem REST API | CID 57359308 full chemical properties | 1 | 1 | Complete chemical identity for empty seed data fields |
| 21 | OpenAlex | N-ethylpentylone NEP drug market ecstasy MDMA adulterant seizure | 1 | — | — |
| 22 | ClinicalTrials.gov · absence | ephylone N-ethylpentylone cathinone | 0 | — | — |
87 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety28 · 23 ok
Clinical intoxication cases presented with blood levels of 7–170 ng/mLsupported
Circulating concentrations of N-ethylnorpentylone ranged from 7 to 170 ng/mL in clinical cases. dta.2502
In a single-case report, peripheral blood concentration at death was 10.6 μg/mL (10,600 ng/mL) with urine concentration of 17.6 μg/mLsupported
Blood concentration 10.6 µg/mL in peripheral blood, 17.6 µg/mL in urine. s11419-019-00483-0
A larger forensic series (Miami-Dade, 2016–2018, n = 72 quantitated cases) found postmortem blood concentrations of 0.01–2.7 mg/L (mean 0.312 mg/L, median 0.137 mg/L)supported
Iliac blood concentrations averaged 0.312 mg/L with a median of 0.137 mg/L (n=72). Postmortem case samples ranged from 0.01 mg/L to 2.7 mg/L. bkaa194
Documented adverse events across multiple published sources include:supported
Clinical features: tachycardia (6/9), agitation (6/9), confusion (6/9), mydriasis (5/9), hallucinations (4/9), acidosis (3/9), elevated creatine kinase (3/9). 15563650.2021.1909730
Documented adverse events across multiple published sources include:supported
the associated symptoms included palpitations, tachycardia, agitation, hallucinations, coma and death. dta.2502
Documented adverse events across multiple published sources include:supported
N-ethylpentylone (NEP, ephylone, bk-EBDP) was the most prevalent synthetic cathinone detected by the Miami-Dade Medical Examiner Toxicology Laboratory from 2016-2018. bkaa194
Documented adverse events across multiple published sources include:supported
Adverse effects of synthetic cathinones include encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic toxidromes, excited delirium syndrome, and serotonin syndrome. ijms24076230
Both postmortem case series and clinical reports identify this as a characteristic toxicity phenotypesupported
N-ethylpentylone (NEP, ephylone, bk-EBDP) was the most prevalent synthetic cathinone detected by the Miami-Dade Medical Examiner Toxicology Laboratory from 2016-2018. bkaa194
Both postmortem case series and clinical reports identify this as a characteristic toxicity phenotypesupported
the associated symptoms included palpitations, tachycardia, agitation, hallucinations, coma and death. dta.2502
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
In mouse models, males show greater vulnerability to hyperthermic effects than females.supported
NEP-treated males showed locomotor sensitization and higher hyperthermia after repeated administration. bph.16506
Clinical case reports document hallucinations in 44% of UK emergency department presentations (4/9 cases) and agitation and confusion as the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms (67% each)supported
tachycardia (6/9), agitation (6/9), confusion (6/9), mydriasis (5/9), hallucinations (4/9), acidosis (3/9), elevated creatine kinase (3/9). 15563650.2021.1909730
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Stimulant psychosis: paranoia, delusions, and hallucinations secondary to excessive dopaminergic stimulationsupported
Pyrovalerone cathinones (inhibitors): highly addictive, prolonged stimulation, insomnia, agitation, psychosis. smw.2015.14043
Post-use depression: monoamine depletion during withdrawal (documented in mice as decreased serotonin and noradrenaline in striatum and prefrontal cortex)supported
Repeated NEP induced hyperthermia and depressive-like symptoms, associated with decreased serotonin and noradrenaline levels in striatum and PFC. jnc.15542
Increased aggressiveness: documented during withdrawal in mouse modelspartially supported
Acute NEP (1-10 mg/kg i.p.) induced anxiolytic effects, aggressive behaviour, and social exploration deficits in male OF1 mice. jnc.15542
ΔFosB elevation: Chronic ephylone exposure produces a long-term, robust increase in ΔFosB levels in the striatum of male mice — a molecular marker strongly associated with the transition from recreational to compulsive drug seeking.supported
Long-term increase in ΔFosB in striatum after chronic exposure indicates high dependence risk. jnc.15542
Conditioned place preference: In a zebrafish CPP model, ephylone showed the highest abuse liability among methylenedioxy cathinones tested (ephylone > eutylone > pentylone), required 6 extinction sessions versus 3 for pentylone, and was the only compound whose CPP could be reinstated 14 days post-extinction.supported
NEP showed highest abuse liability: NEP>eutylone>pentylone. NEP required 6 sessions for extinction vs 4 for eutylone and 3 for pentylone. Only NEP CPP could be reinstated at 14 days post-extinction. life14070820
Self-administration: Female CD1 mice self-administer ephylone, with females showing greater self-administration than males at higher doses.supported
Female mice self-administered more NEP at higher doses. bph.16506
Repeated ephylone administration followed by withdrawal produces measurable neurochemical and behavioral changes in mice:supported
Repeated NEP induced hyperthermia and depressive-like symptoms, associated with decreased serotonin and noradrenaline levels in striatum and PFC. jnc.15542
As a potent DAT and NET reuptake inhibitor with moderate SERT inhibition (IC₅₀ = 383 nM), ephylone's interaction risks cluster around two pharmacological mechanisms.supported
N-Ethylnorpentylone was a potent inhibitor at DAT (IC50=37nM), NET (IC50=105nM) and SERT (IC50=383nM) but displayed no transporter releasing activity. dta.2502
Serotonin toxicity. Combination with serotonergic drugs — including SSRIs, SNRIs, MAO inhibitors, triptans, tramadol, linezolid, and lithium — carries risk of serotonin syndrome via additive serotonergic effectssupported
Adverse effects of synthetic cathinones include... serotonin syndrome. ijms24076230
The serotonin syndrome risk for the synthetic cathinone class has been confirmed by systematic reviewsupported
Adverse effects of synthetic cathinones include... serotonin syndrome. ijms24076230
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Seizure disorders (relative) — stimulant cathinones lower seizure threshold; ephylone-specific seizure data are limited but seizures are documented in the broader cathinone classsupported
Adverse effects of synthetic cathinones include encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic toxidromes. ijms24076230
Hepatic impairment (relative) — ephylone undergoes hepatic metabolism via multiple CYP-mediated pathways; impaired metabolism may increase exposure and toxicity risksupported
Metabolism of 9 methylenedioxy cathinones including N-ethylpentylone studied using pooled human liver microsomes. Key pathways: N-dealkylation, beta-ketone reduction, demethylenation+O-methylation, aliphatic hydroxylation, glucuronide conjugation. 2224-6614.3543
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
neuroscience11 · 9 ok
Withdrawal following repeated ephylone administration produces measurable monoamine depletion: decreased serotonin and noradrenaline levels in both striatum and prefrontal cortex, accompanied by elevated plasma corticosteronepartially supported
Repeated NEP induced hyperthermia and depressive-like symptoms, associated with decreased serotonin and noradrenaline levels in striatum and PFC. jnc.15542
Does ephylone produce neurotoxicity? Synthetic cathinones as a class are associated with neurotoxic potential, including serotonergic terminal damage, but ephylone-specific neurotoxicity data are limited to the monoamine depletion observed during withdrawal in mice. Whether this reflects reversible neuroadaptation or permanent terminal damage is unknown.supported
Adverse effects of synthetic cathinones include encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic toxidromes, excited delirium syndrome, and serotonin syndrome. ijms24076230
Does ephylone produce neurotoxicity? Synthetic cathinones as a class are associated with neurotoxic potential, including serotonergic terminal damage, but ephylone-specific neurotoxicity data are limited to the monoamine depletion observed during withdrawal in mice. Whether this reflects reversible neuroadaptation or permanent terminal damage is unknown.supported
Repeated NEP induced hyperthermia and depressive-like symptoms, associated with decreased serotonin and noradrenaline levels in striatum and PFC. jnc.15542
The predominant DAT inhibition (IC₅₀ = 37 nM) drives activation of the mesolimbic reward pathway — the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) projection — which underlies the compound's reinforcing and euphorigenic properties.supported
DAT selectivity over SERT strongly predicts reinforcing effectiveness in rats. Higher DAT/SERT ratio = higher abuse potential. s41386-018-0209-3
Chronic exposure produces robust elevation of ΔFosB in the striatum of male mice. ΔFosB is a truncated splice variant of the FosB transcription factor that accumulates with repeated drug exposure and persists for weeks after cessationsupported
Long-term increase in ΔFosB in striatum after chronic exposure indicates high dependence risk. jnc.15542
Sex differences in ephylone's neural effects have been documented: female CD1 mice show greater self-administration behavior at higher doses, while males show greater vulnerability to hyperthermiasupported
NEP-treated males showed locomotor sensitization and higher hyperthermia after repeated administration... Female mice self-administered more NEP at higher doses. bph.16506
The high DAT/SERT selectivity ratio (~10:1) predicts that ephylone disproportionately activates the "wanting" (incentive motivation) system mediated by mesolimbic dopamine, relative to the "liking" (hedonic pleasure) systemsupported
DAT/SERT ratio predicts psychotropic effects and addiction potential. Pyrovalerone cathinones (inhibitors): highly addictive. smw.2015.14043
This predicts rapid development of compulsive use patterns — escalating motivation to obtain the drug despite diminishing subjective pleasure — consistent with the high abuse liability observed in animal models.supported
NEP showed highest abuse liability: NEP>eutylone>pentylone. NEP required 6 sessions for extinction... Only NEP CPP could be reinstated at 14 days post-extinction. life14070820
Claim in neuroscience — not_supportednot supportedworking →
What is the contribution of active metabolites? O-demethylenation and N-dealkylation produce metabolites that retain monoaminergic activity in the broader methylenedioxy cathinone class. The pharmacological profile and CNS penetration of ephylone's specific metabolites have not been characterized.supported
Enzymatic N-demethylation or O-demethylenation gives pharmacologically active metabolites of 3,4-methylenedioxy cathinones. Specific metabolites of methylone and MDPV interact with monoaminergic systems. 0269881119844185
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
pharmacology11 · 10 ok
This distinction has been established through rat brain synaptosomal uptake and release assays:supported
N-Ethylnorpentylone was a potent inhibitor at DAT (IC50=37nM), NET (IC50=105nM) and SERT (IC50=383nM) but displayed no transporter releasing activity. dta.2502
No transporter-mediated releasing activity was detected at any of the three monoamine transporterssupported
N-Ethylnorpentylone was a potent inhibitor at DAT (IC50=37nM), NET (IC50=105nM) and SERT (IC50=383nM) but displayed no transporter releasing activity. dta.2502
This places ephylone firmly in the pyrovalerone-type category of synthetic cathinones — potent, DAT-selective reuptake inhibitors — rather than the MDMA-like releaser categorysupported
Pyrovalerone/MDPV: highly potent, selective DAT/NET inhibitors, no releasing activity. MDMA-like cathinones (methylone, ethylone, butylone, mephedrone): 5-HT releasers. j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x
This places ephylone firmly in the pyrovalerone-type category of synthetic cathinones — potent, DAT-selective reuptake inhibitors — rather than the MDMA-like releaser categorysupported
Ring-substituted cathinones are transporter substrates (releasers); pyrrolidine-containing cathinones (MDPV) are potent transporter inhibitors. 164_2018_178
The approximately 10-fold selectivity for DAT over SERT (IC₅₀ ratio 37:383 nM) is a strong predictor of reinforcing effectiveness and abuse potentialsupported
DAT selectivity over SERT strongly predicts reinforcing effectiveness in rats. Higher DAT/SERT ratio = higher abuse potential. s41386-018-0209-3
Compounds with high DAT/SERT selectivity ratios are associated with prolonged stimulation, insomnia, agitation, and psychotic symptoms.supported
Pyrovalerone cathinones (inhibitors): highly addictive, prolonged stimulation, insomnia, agitation, psychosis. smw.2015.14043
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
In vitro metabolism studies using human liver microsomes have identified four principal metabolic pathways: N-dealkylation, β-ketone reduction, O-demethylenation (opening of the methylenedioxy ring), and glucuronide conjugationsupported
Key pathways: N-dealkylation, beta-ketone reduction (M2), demethylenation+O-methylation (M3-5), aliphatic hydroxylation, glucuronide conjugation. 2224-6614.3543
Four metabolites were also identified qualitatively in a fatal intoxication casesupported
Four metabolites identified qualitatively. s11419-019-00483-0
Metabolites of the methylenedioxy cathinone class, generated via N-dealkylation and O-demethylenation, can interact differentially with monoaminergic systems, potentially contributing to the extended duration of effects.supported
Enzymatic N-demethylation or O-demethylenation gives pharmacologically active metabolites of 3,4-methylenedioxy cathinones. Specific metabolites of methylone and MDPV interact with monoaminergic systems. 0269881119844185
Blood-brain barrier penetration has been studied for a panel of 13 cathinones including ephylone in Sprague-Dawley rats (3 mg/kg i.p.), with transport appearing carrier-mediated, analogous to cocainesupported
13 selected cathinones analyzed in telencephalon tissue from Sprague-Dawley rats intraperitoneally dosed at 3 mg/kg... Transport of cathinones is a carrier-mediated process, similar to cocaine transport across the BBB. adb.12979
summary8 · 8 ok
Ephylone (N-ethylpentylone, bk-EBDP; systematic name 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(ethylamino)pentan-1-one) is a synthetic cathinone and substituted methylenedioxy phenethylamine that functions as a potent monoamine reuptake inhibitor with preferential affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT IC₅₀ = 37 nM), the norepinephrine transporter (NET IC₅₀ = 105 nM), and the serotonin transporter (SERT IC₅₀ = 383 nM)supported
N-Ethylnorpentylone was a potent inhibitor at DAT (IC50=37nM), NET (IC50=105nM) and SERT (IC50=383nM) but displayed no transporter releasing activity. dta.2502
Ephylone produces no transporter substrate (releasing) activity — it operates exclusively as a reuptake inhibitor at all three monoamine transporterssupported
N-Ethylnorpentylone was a potent inhibitor at DAT (IC50=37nM), NET (IC50=105nM) and SERT (IC50=383nM) but displayed no transporter releasing activity. dta.2502
The approximately 10-fold DAT-over-SERT selectivity places ephylone in the pyrovalerone-type pharmacological category alongside MDPV and cocaine, predicting high reinforcing effectiveness and abuse liability.supported
DAT selectivity over SERT strongly predicts reinforcing effectiveness in rats. Higher DAT/SERT ratio = higher abuse potential. s41386-018-0209-3
The approximately 10-fold DAT-over-SERT selectivity places ephylone in the pyrovalerone-type pharmacological category alongside MDPV and cocaine, predicting high reinforcing effectiveness and abuse liability.supported
DAT/SERT ratio predicts psychotropic effects and addiction potential. Pyrovalerone cathinones (inhibitors): highly addictive, prolonged stimulation, insomnia, agitation, psychosis. smw.2015.14043
Postmortem blood concentrations span 0.01–10.6 mg/L, suggesting a steep concentration-toxicity curvesupported
Blood concentration 10.6 µg/mL in peripheral blood, 17.6 µg/mL in urine. s11419-019-00483-0
Postmortem blood concentrations span 0.01–10.6 mg/L, suggesting a steep concentration-toxicity curvesupported
Postmortem case samples ranged from 0.01 mg/L to 2.7 mg/L. bkaa194
Animal models indicate high dependence potential, with robust ΔFosB elevation in the striatum and conditioned place preference that persists through extinction and reinstates after prolonged abstinencesupported
Long-term increase in ΔFosB in striatum after chronic exposure indicates high dependence risk. jnc.15542
Animal models indicate high dependence potential, with robust ΔFosB elevation in the striatum and conditioned place preference that persists through extinction and reinstates after prolonged abstinencesupported
NEP showed highest abuse liability: NEP>eutylone>pentylone. NEP required 6 sessions for extinction... Only NEP CPP could be reinstated at 14 days post-extinction. life14070820
comparative-pharmacology7 · 6 ok
MDMA's entactogenic character derives from massive serotonin release via transporter reversal; ephylone's serotonergic component is limited to reuptake blockade, producing a pharmacologically distinct and less reliably empathogenic experience.supported
N-Ethylnorpentylone was a potent inhibitor at DAT (IC50=37nM), NET (IC50=105nM) and SERT (IC50=383nM) but displayed no transporter releasing activity. dta.2502
MDMA's entactogenic character derives from massive serotonin release via transporter reversal; ephylone's serotonergic component is limited to reuptake blockade, producing a pharmacologically distinct and less reliably empathogenic experience.supported
MDMA-like cathinones (methylone, ethylone, butylone, mephedrone): 5-HT releasers. j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x
Ephylone's transporter pharmacology most closely resembles MDPV and α-PVP — potent DAT-selective reuptake inhibitors with no releasing activitysupported
Pyrovalerone/MDPV: highly potent, selective DAT/NET inhibitors, no releasing activity. j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x
Ephylone's transporter pharmacology most closely resembles MDPV and α-PVP — potent DAT-selective reuptake inhibitors with no releasing activitysupported
pyrrolidine-containing cathinones (MDPV) are potent transporter inhibitors. 164_2018_178
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Among methylenedioxy cathinones, comparative data from zebrafish conditioned place preference models rank abuse liability as: ephylone > eutylone > pentylonesupported
NEP showed highest abuse liability: NEP>eutylone>pentylone. life14070820
Ephylone required six extinction sessions compared to three for pentylone, and only ephylone showed reinstatement of conditioned place preference 14 days post-extinction — indicating unusually durable reward memorysupported
NEP required 6 sessions for extinction vs 4 for eutylone and 3 for pentylone. Only NEP CPP could be reinstated at 14 days post-extinction. life14070820
clinical-evidence6 · 5 ok
Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
A single-case fatal intoxication report documented peripheral blood concentration of 10.6 μg/mL (10,600 ng/mL) and urine concentration of 17.6 μg/mL.supported
Blood concentration 10.6 µg/mL in peripheral blood, 17.6 µg/mL in urine. s11419-019-00483-0
Ephylone was detected as a co-intoxicant at low concentration in a fatal case attributed to the synthetic cannabinoid ADB-FUBINACA; ephylone was not considered contributory to the death.supported
Fatal case involving ADB-FUBINACA overdose; NEP detected at low concentration as co-drug. NEP's role in fatal outcome considered improbable due to low concentration. j.legalmed.2021.102004
The largest published clinical case series comprises 9 patients presenting to UK emergency departments between 2016 and 2019 with confirmed ephylone exposure:supported
NEP detected in 9 of 893 NPS-toxicity patients at UK EDs (2016-2019), all presenting between 2016 and 2019, 8 in southern England. 15563650.2021.1909730
A separate Brazilian clinical series documented intoxication cases with blood concentrations of 7–170 ng/mL, with presentations including palpitations, tachycardia, agitation, hallucinations, coma, and death.supported
Circulating concentrations of N-ethylnorpentylone ranged from 7 to 170 ng/mL in clinical cases, and the associated symptoms included palpitations, tachycardia, agitation, hallucinations, coma and death. dta.2502
Postmortem toxicology data from the Miami-Dade County Medical Examiner (2016–2018) identified ephylone in 101 quantitated cases, making it the most prevalent synthetic cathinone at that institution during the study periodpartially supported
Iliac blood concentrations averaged 0.312 mg/L with a median of 0.137 mg/L (n=72). Postmortem case samples ranged from 0.01 mg/L to 2.7 mg/L. bkaa194
pharmacokinetic-detail6 · 6 ok
In a fatal intoxication case, four metabolites were identified qualitatively in biological specimens alongside the parent compoundsupported
Four metabolites identified qualitatively. s11419-019-00483-0
Postmortem blood concentrations from a large forensic case series (n = 72 quantitated cases, Miami-Dade Medical Examiner, 2016–2018) ranged from 0.01 to 2.7 mg/L, with a mean of 0.312 mg/L and median of 0.137 mg/Lsupported
Iliac blood concentrations averaged 0.312 mg/L with a median of 0.137 mg/L (n=72). Postmortem case samples ranged from 0.01 mg/L to 2.7 mg/L. bkaa194
Clinical (non-fatal) intoxication cases showed blood concentrations of 7–170 ng/mLsupported
Circulating concentrations of N-ethylnorpentylone ranged from 7 to 170 ng/mL in clinical cases. dta.2502
Ephylone was included in a 13-compound cathinone blood-brain barrier permeability study in Sprague-Dawley rats (3 mg/kg i.p.)supported
13 selected cathinones analyzed in telencephalon tissue from Sprague-Dawley rats intraperitoneally dosed at 3 mg/kg. adb.12979
In vitro incubation of ephylone with human liver microsomes has identified four principal biotransformation routes:supported
Metabolism of 9 methylenedioxy cathinones including N-ethylpentylone studied using pooled human liver microsomes. Key pathways: N-dealkylation, beta-ketone reduction, demethylenation+O-methylation, aliphatic hydroxylation, glucuronide conjugation. 2224-6614.3543
Metabolites generated via N-dealkylation and O-demethylenation may retain pharmacological activity at monoamine transporters, as demonstrated for the methylone metabolite classsupported
Enzymatic N-demethylation or O-demethylenation gives pharmacologically active metabolites of 3,4-methylenedioxy cathinones. Specific metabolites of methylone and MDPV interact with monoaminergic systems. 0269881119844185
receptor-pharmacology4 · 3 ok
Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The complete absence of releasing activity distinguishes ephylone from entactogenic cathinones such as methylone and mephedrone, which function as monoamine releasing agents via transporter reversalsupported
N-Ethylnorpentylone was a potent inhibitor at DAT (IC50=37nM), NET (IC50=105nM) and SERT (IC50=383nM) but displayed no transporter releasing activity. dta.2502
Ephylone's mechanism is functionally analogous to cocaine and MDPV: blockade of reuptake without substrate-mediated vesicular release.supported
Pyrovalerone/MDPV: highly potent, selective DAT/NET inhibitors, no releasing activity. j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x
The DAT/SERT IC₅₀ ratio of approximately 10:1 is a validated predictor of stimulant abuse liability in the cathinone classsupported
DAT selectivity over SERT strongly predicts reinforcing effectiveness in rats. Higher DAT/SERT ratio = higher abuse potential. s41386-018-0209-3
chemistry3 · 2 ok
It is simultaneously a methylenedioxy phenethylamine (MDxx compound) by virtue of its 3,4-methylenedioxy (benzodioxole) ring substituent, which confers partial structural resemblance to MDMA and methylonesupported
Methylenedioxy ring substitution confers MDMA-like entactogen profile. acsptsci.4c00299
The elongated α-propyl chain and N-ethyl group shift the pharmacological profile away from the MDMA-like releaser category and toward the reuptake-inhibitor profile characteristic of pyrovalerone-type cathinones.supported
Structural determinants of reuptake inhibitor vs. releaser pharmacology discussed. acsptsci.4c00299
Claim in chemistry — not_supportednot supportedworking →
history3 · 1 ok
Claim in history — not_supportednot supportedworking →
UK emergency departments identified cases between 2016 and 2019, and the compound was detected at Australian music festivals (Groovin the Moo) during pill-testing services in 2018 and 2019.supported
NEP detected in 9 of 893 NPS-toxicity patients at UK EDs (2016-2019), all presenting between 2016 and 2019, 8 in southern England. 15563650.2021.1909730
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →