generation run 2026-04-25
52 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/de2296e1…Selection
Verification
- record
- seen / partial
- working
The model's own caveats
none raised on this run
Reproduce
- inputs
- 24 source keys (listed under Sources)
- plan
- not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
- model
- pipeline-v5
- streams
- none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
26 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
| # | source | query | seen | kept | rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PubMed | DOB 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine pharmacology receptor binding | 1 | 1 | Key binding affinity data for DOB itself; documents 5-HT2 selectivity |
| 2 | PubMed | DOB fatal nonfatal overdose 2005 toxicology case report | 1 | 1 | Only published case report of DOB-confirmed overdose/fatality; critical safety data |
| 3 | PubMed | DOB hallucinogen Glennon serotonin 5-HT2 drug discrimination | 2 | 2 | Critical binding data and enantioselectivity data for DOB |
| 4 | WebSearch + WebFetch | DOB 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine PIHKAL Shulgin synthesis discovery history | 5 | 2 | Historical and legal data not available in academic databases |
| 5 | OpenAlex | DOB brolamfetamine psychedelic phenethylamine pharmacology | 2 | 1 | Systematic review covering DOx class including DOB physicochemical properties |
| 6 | OpenAlex | DOx hallucinogen 5-HT2A agonist serotonin receptor pharmacology | 10 | 5 | High-citation landmark papers relevant to DOB receptor pharmacology and analytical identification |
| 7 | PubChem · absence | DOB brolamfetamine | 0 | 0 | Initial name failed; switched to full IUPAC name |
| 8 | PubChem | 1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine | 1 | 1 | Primary chemical identity verification; confirms all seed data fields |
| 9 | ClinicalTrials.gov · absence | DOB brolamfetamine 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy amphetamine | 0 | 0 | No registered trials - expected for Schedule I substance |
| 10 | PubMed | DOM DOB hallucinogen amphetamine phenethylamine structure activity relationship | 6 | 3 | In vivo pharmacology, stereochemical activity, and SAR data |
| 11 | PubMed | DOB DOM hallucinogen drug discrimination serotonin 1986 | 3 | 1 | Documents 5-HT2-mediated drug discrimination for DOx class |
| 12 | PubMed | 2,5-dimethoxy motif phenethylamine 5-HT2A agonist head twitch | 1 | 1 | Directly investigates DOB structure-activity relationship; shows 2,5-dimethoxy motif important for in vivo potency |
| 13 | WebSearch | DOB DEA Schedule I date scheduling 21 CFR Federal Register | 5 | 1 | Critical regulatory history: scheduling date and Federal Register citation |
| 14 | WebSearch | DOB UK Misuse of Drugs Act Class A | 2 | 1 | UK legal status documentation |
| 15 | WebSearch | DOB brolamfetamine Canada Australia legal status scheduling | 3 | 1 | International legal status documentation |
| 16 | PubMed | Halberstadt NBOMe hallucinogen pharmacology toxicology 2017 | 1 | 1 | Reviews DOx class toxicity including vasoconstriction; directly relevant to DOB safety profile |
| 17 | PubMed | phenylalkylamine FLY DragonFly DOB hallucinogen benzodifuran | 1 | 1 | Only in vivo quantitative potency data for DOB available in PubMed literature |
| 18 | PubMed | fetch PMID 26841800 (Nichols 2016 Pharmacological Reviews) | 1 | 1 | Authoritative canonical review of psychedelic pharmacology |
| 19 | OpenAlex | Halberstadt Geyer 5-HT2A head twitch serotonin mouse DOI DOB | 5 | 2 | Bonson 1996 relevant to SSRI-DOB interaction mechanism; Halberstadt 2019 already selected |
| 20 | PubMed + OpenAlex · absence | Glennon evidence role 5-HT2 receptors mechanism hallucinogens 1984 | 0 | 0 | Foundational paper not found; will note as unverifiable reference in output |
| 21 | OpenAlex citation graph | Cunningham 2022 Ariadne referenced works | 1 | 1 | Historical benchmark paper: first human pharmacology study of DOx-class compound |
| 22 | WebFetch | IUPHAR ligand 155 (DOB) | 1 | 1 | Confirmation of chemical identity from authoritative pharmacology database |
| 23 | Multiple sources · absence | DOB SMILES structure | 0 | 0 | SMILES flagged as unconfirmed; InChIKey confirmed as primary identifier |
| 24 | OpenAlex | Shulgin phenethylamine PIHKAL DOB synthesis human effects | 4 | 1 | Most relevant new discovery: comprehensive DOx class review by Glennon |
| 25 | PubMed | fetch PMID 15590110 (2C-B metabolism Carmo 2005) | 1 | 1 | Only close structural analog with published human hepatocyte metabolism data |
| 26 | PubMed | fetch PMID 38898956 (Glennon & Dukat 2024 DOx review) | 1 | 1 | Definitive authoritative review by the leading DOx researcher; 307 references; critical for historical accuracy |
64 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety13 · 8 ok
The sole source of human toxicity data is a single confirmed overdose case report.supported
GC-MS confirmed DOB in gastric and urine samples. First DOB documentation in Czech Republic. pmid:15979834
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The mechanistically related compound Bromo-DragonFLY has been specifically associated with fatal arterial vasospasm and limb ischemiasupported
Pharmacological, chemical, toxicological overview of Bromo-DragonFLY (DOB-DFLY analog). Associated with acute intoxications and fatalities. pmid:21592070
DOB and other DOx compounds can be identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS with characteristic product ions at m/z 178.0994, 163.0754, 147.0804, and 135.0810supported
Common DOx fragment ions at m/z 178.0994, 163.0754, 147.0804, 135.0810. dta.2171
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
As a potent 5-HT₂A agonist, DOB shares the class-wide psychological risks documented for serotonergic psychedelics: acute anxiety, panic, paranoia, disorganized thought, and transient psychotic symptoms, particularly at higher doses or in unprepared contextssupported
Comprehensive review: psychedelics are agonists or partial agonists at brain 5-HT2A receptors... Generally physiologically safe, no dependence. Reviews rodent models, neuroimaging, clinical research. pr.115.011478
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Chronic administration of SSRIs downregulates 5-HT₂A receptors and attenuates the subjective effects of serotonergic hallucinogens, producing functional cross-tolerance.supported
Chronic SSRI administration attenuates subjective LSD effects, likely via 5-HT2A receptor downregulation. 0893-133x(95)00145-4
Serotonergic psychedelics as a class are not considered habit-forming and do not produce compulsive use patterns or withdrawal syndromessupported
Generally physiologically safe, no dependence. pr.115.011478
Chronic SSRI/SNRI use downregulates 5-HT₂A receptors and may significantly attenuate or abolish DOB's psychedelic effectssupported
Chronic SSRI administration attenuates subjective LSD effects, likely via 5-HT2A receptor downregulation. 0893-133x(95)00145-4
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Seizure disorders: Convulsions documented in the fatal overdose case.supported
One died 6 days later (serum 19 ng/mL) of convulsions and metabolic acidosis. pmid:15979834
pharmacology11 · 10 ok
The racemate binds with Kᵢ = 0.79 nM at [³H]DOB-labeled central 5-HT₂ receptors, while the active R-(−) enantiomer achieves Kᵢ = 0.2 nM at 5-HT₂Asupported
DOB itself Ki = 0.79 nM at [3H]DOB-labeled central 5-HT2 serotonin receptors. pmid:3211969
The racemate binds with Kᵢ = 0.79 nM at [³H]DOB-labeled central 5-HT₂ receptors, while the active R-(−) enantiomer achieves Kᵢ = 0.2 nM at 5-HT₂Asupported
R(-)-DOB Ki = 0.2 nM at 5-HT2A. pmid:15537358
R-(−)-DOB functions as a partial agonist with approximately 50% efficacy relative to serotonin in a 5-HT₂A-mediated calcium mobilization assay.supported
R(-)-DOB behaved as partial agonist (~50% efficacy) in 5-HT2-mediated calcium mobilization assay. pmid:15537358
Structure-activity relationships for biased agonism at 5-HT₂A have been characterized across the phenylalkylamine classsupported
Biased agonism analysis of phenylalkylamine 5-HT2A agonists; DOB included; beta-arrestin2 vs miniGαq recruitment. acschemneuro.3c00267
The behavioral consequences of DOB's hallucinogenic action — validated by the mouse head-twitch response (HTR), the standard rodent proxy for serotonergic hallucinogen activity — are abolished by selective 5-HT₂A antagonists, confirming receptor-level mediation.supported
DOB ED50 = 0.75 μmol/kg in mouse head-twitch response (HTR) assay. HTR is 5-HT2A receptor-mediated. j.neuropharm.2018.10.037
In the chronic spinal dog behavioral model, DOB was classified as "predominantly LSD-like with some amphetamine-like activity," exhibiting cross-tolerance to lsd while retaining a partial amphetamine-like pharmacological signature.partially supported
DOB predominantly LSD-like with some amphetamine-like activity in chronic spinal dog model. pmid:272982
No published human pharmacokinetic data exist for DOB. All pharmacokinetic characterization derives from: (a) a single confirmed overdose case report, (b) structural analog inference from 2c-b metabolism data, and (c) self-report documentation.supported
Two men ingested DOB; one survived (serum 13 ng/mL), one died 6 days later (serum 19 ng/mL) of convulsions and metabolic acidosis. First DOB documentation in Czech Republic. pmid:15979834
No published human pharmacokinetic data exist for DOB. All pharmacokinetic characterization derives from: (a) a single confirmed overdose case report, (b) structural analog inference from 2c-b metabolism data, and (c) self-report documentation.supported
2C-B (alpha-desMe analog of DOB) metabolized by hepatocytes from 6 species. pmid:15590110
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
In the only published confirmed overdose, serum DOB concentrations on hospital admission were 13 ng/mL (non-fatal subject, 113 kg body weight) and 19 ng/mL (fatal subject, 65 kg), with unknown ingestion times.supported
One survived (serum 13 ng/mL), one died 6 days later (serum 19 ng/mL) of convulsions and metabolic acidosis. pmid:15979834
Metabolic pathway inference relies on hepatocyte studies of 2c-b (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine), the alpha-desmethyl analog of DOB:supported
2C-B (alpha-desMe analog of DOB) metabolized by hepatocytes from 6 species. pmid:15590110
receptor-pharmacology9 · 9 ok
The [³H]DOB radioligand labels 5-HT₂ receptors in an agonist high-affinity state, yielding 10–100-fold higher affinities for agonist compounds compared to the antagonist radioligand [³H]ketanserinsupported
[3H]DOB as a radioligand gave 10-100-fold higher affinities than [3H]ketanserin for agonist-state sites. pmid:3350047
Drug affinities at [¹²⁵I]-R-(−)-DOI-labeled sites show high correlation with [⁷⁷Br]-R-(−)-DOB-labeled sites (r = 0.93, p < 0.01), confirming these radioligands label overlapping 5-HT₂A binding populations.supported
Correlation between drug affinities for 125I-DOI-labeled sites and 77Br-R(-)-DOB-labeled sites (r=0.93). Defined 5-HT2A binding site subtype. pmid:2795135
The desmethyl compound additionally binds 5-HT₁A, 5-HT₁B, and 5-HT₁C receptors with significant affinity, while DOB's alpha-methyl group confers selectivity for the 5-HT₂ subtypesupported
DOB is more selective than its desmethyl derivative for 5-HT2 receptors. pmid:3211969
A significant correlation exists between drug potencies at (R)-(−)-[⁷⁷Br]DOB-labeled sites and human hallucinogenic potencies across a series of phenylalkylamine and indolealkylamine compounds (r = 0.89, p < 0.01).supported
Significant correlation with human hallucinogenic potency (r=0.89). pmid:3173334
However, broad receptor profiling through the NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) indicates phenylalkylamines interact with up to 42 of 49 tested receptor sites, suggesting DOB-class compounds are less selective than traditional binding studies imply.supported
Phenylalkylamines interact with 42 of 49 sites. Diversity of receptor interaction underlies qualitative diversity. journal.pone.0009019
R-(−)-DOB behaves as a partial agonist at 5-HT₂A with approximately 50% maximal efficacy in calcium mobilization. 5-HT₂A activation engages dual signaling cascades — Gq/G₁₁-mediated phospholipase C activation and β-arrestin2 recruitment — and structure-activity relationships for biased agonism across these pathways have been mapped for the phenylalkylamine class.supported
R(-)-DOB behaved as partial agonist (~50% efficacy) in 5-HT2-mediated calcium mobilization assay. pmid:15537358
R-(−)-DOB behaves as a partial agonist at 5-HT₂A with approximately 50% maximal efficacy in calcium mobilization. 5-HT₂A activation engages dual signaling cascades — Gq/G₁₁-mediated phospholipase C activation and β-arrestin2 recruitment — and structure-activity relationships for biased agonism across these pathways have been mapped for the phenylalkylamine class.supported
Biased agonism analysis of phenylalkylamine 5-HT2A agonists; DOB included; beta-arrestin2 vs miniGαq recruitment. acschemneuro.3c00267
The benzodifuran-constrained analog Bromo-DragonFLY achieves higher potency (ED₅₀ = 0.20 μmol/kg)supported
Bromo-DragonFLY (DOB-DFLY) had higher potency (ED50=0.20 μmol/kg). j.neuropharm.2018.10.037
In locus coeruleus electrophysiology, the potency rank order is (−)-DOB > DOM > (+)-DOB; the inactive positional isomer SL-7161 produced no effect on LC unit activity, supporting pharmacological specificity.supported
Rank order of potency in locus coeruleus: (-)-DOB > DOM > (+)-DOB. Inactive positional isomer SL-7161 did not affect LC activity. pmid:3816969
summary7 · 6 ok
Its tritiated and brominated radioligand forms ([³H]DOB and [⁷⁷Br]DOB) have been instrumental in characterizing the 5-HT₂A receptor binding site and establishing the correlation between receptor affinity and human hallucinogenic potencysupported
(R)-(-)-[77Br]DOB labeled sites in rat cortical membranes with KD = 0.60 nM; significant correlation with human hallucinogenic potency (r=0.89). pmid:3173334
DOB acts as a partial agonist at 5-HT₂A receptors with subnanomolar affinity (Kᵢ = 0.2 nM for the active R-(−) enantiomer; ~50% efficacy in calcium mobilization assays). 5-HT₂A activation drives both Gq/G₁₁-mediated signaling and β-arrestin2 recruitment, and the 2,5-dimethoxy motif is critical for in vivo potency beyond its contribution to receptor binding alone.supported
R(-)-DOB Ki = 0.2 nM at 5-HT2A. R(-)-DOB behaved as partial agonist (~50% efficacy) in 5-HT2-mediated calcium mobilization assay. pmid:15537358
DOB acts as a partial agonist at 5-HT₂A receptors with subnanomolar affinity (Kᵢ = 0.2 nM for the active R-(−) enantiomer; ~50% efficacy in calcium mobilization assays). 5-HT₂A activation drives both Gq/G₁₁-mediated signaling and β-arrestin2 recruitment, and the 2,5-dimethoxy motif is critical for in vivo potency beyond its contribution to receptor binding alone.supported
Biased agonism analysis of phenylalkylamine 5-HT2A agonists; DOB included; beta-arrestin2 vs miniGαq recruitment. acschemneuro.3c00267
DOB acts as a partial agonist at 5-HT₂A receptors with subnanomolar affinity (Kᵢ = 0.2 nM for the active R-(−) enantiomer; ~50% efficacy in calcium mobilization assays). 5-HT₂A activation drives both Gq/G₁₁-mediated signaling and β-arrestin2 recruitment, and the 2,5-dimethoxy motif is critical for in vivo potency beyond its contribution to receptor binding alone.supported
2,5-dimethoxy motif removal modestly reduces binding but significantly reduces HTR in vivo. acschemneuro.0c00129
DOB produces predominantly LSD-like hallucinogenic effects with an amphetamine-like stimulant componentsupported
DOB predominantly LSD-like with some amphetamine-like activity in chronic spinal dog model. pmid:272982
The safety margin is extremely narrow: active doses (1–3 mg) lie in close proximity to toxic doses, and one confirmed fatality (serum DOB 19 ng/mL) has been documented at an unknown ingested dosesupported
One died 6 days later (serum 19 ng/mL) of convulsions and metabolic acidosis. pmid:15979834
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
chemistry6 · 5 ok
The alpha-methyl group distinguishes DOB from 2C-B and confers both increased 5-HT₂ selectivity and the metabolic resistance typical of amphetamines.supported
DOB is more selective than its desmethyl derivative for 5-HT2 receptors. pmid:3211969
The 2,5-dimethoxy substitution pattern is critical: removing either methoxy group from the DOB scaffold modestly reduces 5-HT₂A binding affinity in vitro but profoundly attenuates the head-twitch response in vivo, indicating the dimethoxy motif plays a mechanistic role beyond simple receptor binding.supported
2,5-dimethoxy motif removal modestly reduces binding but significantly reduces HTR in vivo. acschemneuro.0c00129
The R-(−) enantiomer is the pharmacologically active form (eutomer), with Kᵢ = 0.2 nM at 5-HT₂A — approximately 4-fold higher affinity than the racemate (Kᵢ = 0.79 nM)supported
R(-)-DOB Ki = 0.2 nM at 5-HT2A. pmid:15537358
The R-(−) enantiomer is the pharmacologically active form (eutomer), with Kᵢ = 0.2 nM at 5-HT₂A — approximately 4-fold higher affinity than the racemate (Kᵢ = 0.79 nM)supported
DOB itself Ki = 0.79 nM at [3H]DOB-labeled central 5-HT2 serotonin receptors. pmid:3211969
The S-(+) enantiomer is significantly less potent, as demonstrated in locus coeruleus electrophysiology where the potency rank order is (−)-DOB > dom > (+)-DOBsupported
Rank order of potency in locus coeruleus: (-)-DOB > DOM > (+)-DOB. pmid:3816969
Claim in chemistry — not_supportednot supportedworking →
comparative-pharmacology6 · 6 ok
This conformational constraint increases in vivo potency (ED₅₀ = 0.20 vs 0.75 μmol/kg in mouse HTR) but also dramatically increases toxicity risk, with documented fatalities from arterial vasospasm and limb ischemiasupported
DOB ED50 = 0.75 μmol/kg in mouse head-twitch response (HTR) assay. Bromo-DragonFLY (DOB-DFLY) had higher potency (ED50=0.20 μmol/kg). j.neuropharm.2018.10.037
This conformational constraint increases in vivo potency (ED₅₀ = 0.20 vs 0.75 μmol/kg in mouse HTR) but also dramatically increases toxicity risk, with documented fatalities from arterial vasospasm and limb ischemiasupported
Pharmacological, chemical, toxicological overview of Bromo-DragonFLY (DOB-DFLY analog). Associated with acute intoxications and fatalities. pmid:21592070
The parent compound dom (4-methyl) was the first DOx compound studied in controlled human trialssupported
First controlled human study of DOM (STP), a close DOx analog. science.158.3801.669
In locus coeruleus electrophysiology, (−)-DOB is more potent than DOM, which is in turn more potent than (+)-DOB.supported
Rank order of potency in locus coeruleus: (-)-DOB > DOM > (+)-DOB. pmid:3816969
Selectivity: DOB shows higher 5-HT₂ selectivity; 2C-B additionally binds 5-HT₁A, 5-HT₁B, and 5-HT₁C receptors with significant affinitysupported
DOB is more selective than its desmethyl derivative for 5-HT2 receptors. pmid:3211969
DOB-labeled and DOI-labeled radioligand sites show high correlation (r = 0.93, p < 0.01), confirming that [³H]DOB and [¹²⁵I]DOI label the same 5-HT₂A binding populationsupported
Correlation between drug affinities for 125I-DOI-labeled sites and 77Br-R(-)-DOB-labeled sites (r=0.93). Defined 5-HT2A binding site subtype. pmid:2795135
history6 · 5 ok
The parent class entered the scientific literature through the identification of dom (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, "STP") by Snyder, Faillace, and Hollister in 1967, who demonstrated it was approximately 100 times more potent than mescaline as a hallucinogen in controlled human trials.supported
First controlled human study of DOM (STP), a close DOx analog. ~100x more potent than mescaline in humans. science.158.3801.669
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Radiolabeled forms — [³H]DOB and (R)-(−)-[⁷⁷Br]DOB — became standard radioligands for characterizing serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor binding sites in brain tissuesupported
(R)-(-)-[77Br]DOB labeled sites in rat cortical membranes with KD = 0.60 nM. pmid:3173334
Radiolabeled forms — [³H]DOB and (R)-(−)-[⁷⁷Br]DOB — became standard radioligands for characterizing serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor binding sites in brain tissuesupported
[3H]DOB as a radioligand gave 10-100-fold higher affinities than [3H]ketanserin for agonist-state sites. pmid:3350047
Peroutka and colleagues demonstrated in 1988 that drug potencies at (R)-(−)-[⁷⁷Br]DOB-labeled sites correlated significantly with human hallucinogenic potencies (r = 0.89, p < 0.01), a finding that helped establish 5-HT₂A agonism as the primary mechanism of psychedelic actionsupported
Significant correlation with human hallucinogenic potency (r=0.89). pmid:3173334
This radioligand work continues to inform structure-activity studies in the DOx class.supported
Comprehensive historical and pharmacological review of the DOx class... Reviews synthesis history, SAR, 5-HT2 receptor agonism, behavioral pharmacology, development as research tools. acsptsci.4c00157
neuroscience3 · 2 ok
5-HT₂A receptors are densely expressed on layer V pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex — the cellular trigger for psychedelic-state inductionsupported
Psychedelics are agonists or partial agonists at brain 5-HT2A receptors on apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells layer V. pr.115.011478
DOB's partial agonist profile (~50% efficacy) may produce a quantitatively different pattern of network disruption compared to higher-efficacy agonists, though this hypothesis has not been testedsupported
R(-)-DOB behaved as partial agonist (~50% efficacy) in 5-HT2-mediated calcium mobilization assay. pmid:15537358
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
pharmacokinetic-detail2 · 2 ok
The sole quantitative human data derive from the Balíková 2005 overdose case report:supported
Two men ingested DOB; one survived (serum 13 ng/mL), one died 6 days later (serum 19 ng/mL). First DOB documentation in Czech Republic. pmid:15979834
All metabolic data for DOB are inferred from 2C-B (the alpha-desmethyl analog) studied in hepatocytes of six species including humansupported
2C-B (alpha-desMe analog of DOB) metabolized by hepatocytes from 6 species. Large inter-individual human differences. pmid:15590110
clinical-evidence1 · 1 ok
One confirmed overdose case report involving two patients who ingested an unknown quantity of DOB sold as an "LSD-like" designer drug. This case established serum concentration–outcome associations (13 ng/mL non-fatal; 19 ng/mL fatal) but provides no controlled pharmacological data.supported
Two men ingested DOB; one survived (serum 13 ng/mL), one died 6 days later (serum 19 ng/mL) of convulsions and metabolic acidosis. pmid:15979834