generation run 2026-05-11
75 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/e75cb683…Selection
Verification
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- seen / partial
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The model's own caveats
- sparse_evidence
- structural_inference
Reproduce
- inputs
- 18 source keys (listed under Sources)
- plan
- not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
- model
- pipeline-v5
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- none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
17 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
| # | source | query | seen | kept | rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | WebSearch | desoxypipradrol 2-DPMP legal status scheduling US DEA Australia Canada | 10 | 2 | Legal status not available in academic databases |
| 2 | WebSearch | pipradrol Ciba pharmaceutical 1950s synthesis narcolepsy ADHD history methylphenidate | 10 | 1 | Historical context not available via PubMed |
| 3 | ClinicalTrials.gov · absence | desoxypipradrol | 0 | — | Confirmed no registered trials |
| 4 | PubMed | desoxypipradrol 2-DPMP serum blood concentration driving | 1 | 0 | Already captured |
| 5 | WebSearch | desoxypipradrol 2-DPMP stereochemistry R S isomer active enantiomer chirality | 10 | 1 | Stereochemistry data not available in PubMed |
| 6 | PubMed | 2-benzhydrylpiperidine stimulant dopamine | 1 | 1 | DAT binding profile characterization |
| 7 | PubMed | desoxypipradrol pharmacology | 15 | 10 | Core pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical literature for the substance |
| 8 | PubChem | desoxypipradrol | 1 | 1 | Confirmed chemical identity data for brief verification |
| 9 | OpenAlex | desoxypipradrol ivory wave legal high toxicity UK | 10 | 1 | Murray 2012 confirmed for clinical toxidrome data |
| 10 | OpenAlex | desoxypipradrol 2-DPMP dopamine transporter inhibitor | 10 | 5 | Broader landscape context and additional case report |
| 11 | Crossref/DOI | DOI verification batch 1 | 4 | 1 | Verification of key citations |
| 12 | WebSearch | desoxypipradrol 2-DPMP legal status scheduling US DEA Australia Canada | 10 | 2 | Legal status not in academic databases |
| 13 | WebSearch | desoxypipradrol 2-DPMP stereochemistry R S isomer active enantiomer chirality | 10 | 1 | Stereochemistry data on enantiomers |
| 14 | WebSearch | desoxypipradrol CAS 519-74-4 melting point solubility physical properties | 10 | 1 | Physical properties not available in academic databases |
| 15 | WebSearch | desoxypipradrol EMCDDA early warning system 2010 2011 report Europe | 10 | 1 | Regulatory history context |
| 16 | PubMed | research chemicals legal highs pipradrol derivatives case review 2012 | 1 | 1 | Key review paper summarizing pipradrol class pharmacology and toxicology |
| 17 | OpenAlex | MDPV desoxypipradrol cathinone DAT selectivity abuse potential comparison | 7 | 1 | Addictive neuropharmacology context |
82 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety27 · 21 ok
Tachycardia was documented in 65% of Edinburgh cases and tachypnoea in 76%supported
tachycardia (65%), tachypnoea (76%) 15563650.2011.647992
Rhabdomyolysis is the most consistently documented severe adverse effect, occurring in 96% of the 34-patient Edinburgh case seriessupported
rhabdomyolysis (96%)... 34 emergency attendances in Edinburgh due to 'ivory wave' toxicity. 15563650.2011.647992
Claim in safety — not_supportednot supportedworking →
Psychosis may persist for days after last use.supported
Prolonged psychiatric symptoms key feature. 15563650.2011.647992
Psychosis may persist for days after last use.supported
auditory and visual hallucinations, incoherent speech... Symptoms lasted 7 days. 2013040
Three deaths involving desoxypipradrol were reported in the UK in August 2010supported
First three deaths involving 2-DPMP in August 2010. j.pnpbp.2012.05.021
Finnish forensic data identified 2-DPMP in 5 autopsy cases, with the compound thought to contribute to death in 2; polydrug co-ingestion was present in the majoritysupported
Found in 5 autopsy cases (0.05%), thought to contribute to death in 2. Most cases also had amphetamine and/or benzodiazepines. j.forsciint.2012.12.021
German forensic data co-detected 2-DPMP with synthetic opioids in respiratory-insufficient comatose patientssupported
3 severe cyclopropylfentanyl intoxication cases. In 2 cases, desoxypipradrol was co-detected alongside opioids in blood/urine toxicology. 15563650.2018.1554187
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
In published post-mortem data, desoxypipradrol is rarely the sole cause of death — polydrug use is consistently present.supported
Found in 5 autopsy cases, thought to contribute to death in 2. Most cases also had amphetamine and/or benzodiazepines. j.forsciint.2012.12.021
Hallucinations (auditory and visual) occurred in 50% of Edinburgh cluster cases, paranoia in 21%supported
hallucinations (50%)... paranoia (21%) 15563650.2011.647992
The French case report documented hallucinations and incoherent speech persisting for days.supported
auditory and visual hallucinations, incoherent speech... Symptoms lasted 7 days. 2013040
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Unlike cocaine or amphetamine psychosis, which typically resolves within hours to a day of cessation, desoxypipradrol-associated psychosis can persist for 3–7 dayssupported
Symptoms lasted 7 days. 2013040
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Rodent models confirm reinforcing properties: conditioned place preference was established at 1 mg/kg i.p. in mice, and intravenous self-administration was maintained at 0.1 mg/kg/infusionsupported
At 1 mg/kg i.p., mice showed significant preference in drug-paired compartment in CPP. At 0.1 mg/kg/infusion i.v., significantly higher active lever responses in SA test. j.neulet.2019.04.037
Dopamine release in synaptosomes increased in a dose-dependent manner.supported
Dopamine increased in dose-dependent manner in synaptosomes. j.neulet.2019.04.037
The pharmacological profile predicts high abuse liability based on multiple converging indicators: (1) highly selective DAT/NET inhibition — a cocaine-like rather than MDMA-like profile; (2) absence of TAAR1 agonism, removing a natural brake on dopaminergic drive; (3) 10-fold greater potency than cocaine at DAT; (4) greater magnitude and duration of dopamine efflux enhancement compared to cocainesupported
Potent and selective catecholamine transporter blockers without substrate releasing properties. 2-DPMP was a 10-fold more potent DAT blocker than cocaine. None lacked serotonergic activity and TAAR1 binding. Pharmacological profile predicts high abuse liability. j.bcp.2014.01.024
The pharmacological profile predicts high abuse liability based on multiple converging indicators: (1) highly selective DAT/NET inhibition — a cocaine-like rather than MDMA-like profile; (2) absence of TAAR1 agonism, removing a natural brake on dopaminergic drive; (3) 10-fold greater potency than cocaine at DAT; (4) greater magnitude and duration of dopamine efflux enhancement compared to cocainesupported
Desoxypipradrol caused sevenfold increase in peak dopamine levels (vs threefold for cocaine) and increased dopamine re-uptake half-life 15-fold (vs fivefold for cocaine) at 10 µM. 0269881111430733
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
However, when combined with serotonergic substances (MDMA, mephedrone, other serotonin-releasing NPS), the interaction can produce serotonin syndrome through a compound mechanism: the co-ingestant releases serotonin while desoxypipradrol's NET blockade reduces norepinephrine-mediated serotonin clearance in certain brain regionspartially supported
Synergistic serotonergic effects may cause serotonergic syndrome via 5-HT2A/1A receptor stimulation. s-0042-107537
Rhabdomyolysis cases involving 2-DPMP co-ingested with serotonergic NPS have been attributed to synergistic 5-HT₂A/5-HT₁A receptor stimulation.supported
Reports cases of rhabdomyolysis in patients after consumption of desoxypipradrol in combination with other NPS. Synergistic serotonergic effects may cause serotonergic syndrome via 5-HT2A/1A receptor stimulation. s-0042-107537
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Desoxypipradrol was co-detected with synthetic opioids (including cyclopropylfentanyl) in respiratory-insufficient comatose patients in German forensic datasupported
3 severe cyclopropylfentanyl intoxication cases. In 2 cases, desoxypipradrol was co-detected alongside opioids in blood/urine toxicology. 15563650.2018.1554187
Co-detection of desoxypipradrol with amphetamine was documented in Finnish DUID casessupported
Most cases also had amphetamine and/or benzodiazepines. j.forsciint.2012.12.021
Desoxypipradrol produces psychosis in 50% of the documented clinical population at intoxicating doses; sustained dopaminergic stimulation lasting days represents an extreme precipitant in predisposed individuals.supported
hallucinations (50%)... Prolonged psychiatric symptoms key feature. 15563650.2011.647992
Renal impairment: Relative contraindication given the 96% rhabdomyolysis rate documented in clinical casessupported
rhabdomyolysis (96%) 15563650.2011.647992
pharmacology12 · 9 ok
Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that desoxypipradrol induces an outward-facing DAT conformation consistent with a cocaine-type inhibitor mechanismsupported
Molecular dynamics simulations show 2-DPMP leads to outward-facing DAT conformation (cocaine-type effect). fphar.2020.00806
Desoxypipradrol is a potent and selective catecholamine reuptake inhibitor — specifically a blocker of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) with no meaningful serotonin transporter (SERT) activity and no monoamine-releasing (substrate) propertiessupported
2-DPMP and D2PM were potent and selective catecholamine transporter blockers without substrate releasing properties... None lacked serotonergic activity and TAAR1 binding. j.bcp.2014.01.024
This mechanism is cocaine-like rather than amphetamine-like: the compound stabilizes the transporter in an outward-facing conformation (blocking reuptake) rather than inducing transporter reversal (promoting release).supported
Molecular dynamics simulations show 2-DPMP leads to outward-facing DAT conformation (cocaine-type effect). fphar.2020.00806
In HEK293 cells expressing human DAT, NET, and SERT, desoxypipradrol is equipotent to methylphenidate at DAT and NET, approximately 10-fold more potent than cocaine at DAT, and displays no inhibition of SERTsupported
2-DPMP was an equally potent DAT/NET inhibitor compared to methylphenidate. 2-DPMP was a 10-fold more potent DAT blocker than cocaine. None lacked serotonergic activity and TAAR1 binding. j.bcp.2014.01.024
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The absence of TAAR1 agonism is pharmacologically significant: TAAR1 activation is associated with reduced dopaminergic neurotransmission and lower abuse potential, and its absence in desoxypipradrol's profile predicts elevated abuse liability relative to compounds with partial TAAR1 activity.supported
None lacked serotonergic activity and TAAR1 binding. Pharmacological profile predicts high abuse liability. j.bcp.2014.01.024
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
A French case report documented plasma concentrations following ingestion of approximately 250 mg (a massive overdose): plasma levels were 136 µg/L at day 3 post-ingestion and 93 µg/L at day 4, with urine concentration of 4,805 µg/L at day 4supported
32-year-old man consumed 250 mg desoxypipradrol... Plasma concentration: 136 μg/L at admission (day 3), 93 μg/L at day 4; urine concentration 4805 μg/L at day 4. 2013040
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Clinical presentations consistently feature multi-day symptom courses: the Edinburgh case series documented psychiatric symptoms lasting several days, and the French case report documented a 7-day symptom course after a single large dose.supported
Prolonged psychiatric symptoms key feature. 15563650.2011.647992
Clinical presentations consistently feature multi-day symptom courses: the Edinburgh case series documented psychiatric symptoms lasting several days, and the French case report documented a 7-day symptom course after a single large dose.supported
Symptoms lasted 7 days. 2013040
The presence of detectable plasma concentrations at day 3–4 post-ingestion in the French case is consistent with a long elimination half-life, but formal characterization is absent.supported
Plasma concentration: 136 μg/L at admission (day 3), 93 μg/L at day 4. 2013040
clinical-evidence8 · 7 ok
A single individual consumed approximately 250 mg of desoxypipradrol purchased online — a dose substantially exceeding the reported recreational range of 10–20 mgsupported
32-year-old man consumed 250 mg desoxypipradrol purchased online... Article notes recreational doses reported as 10-20 mg. 2013040
Three deaths involving 2-DPMP were reported in the UK in August 2010, believed to be the first fatalities attributable to this compoundsupported
First three deaths involving 2-DPMP in August 2010. j.pnpbp.2012.05.021
The only published reference to recreational dose ranges describes oral doses of approximately 10–20 mgsupported
Article notes recreational doses reported as 10-20 mg. 2013040
The largest clinical case series documented 34 emergency department attendances in Edinburgh, Scotland, during summer 2010, associated with "Ivory Wave" products confirmed to contain desoxypipradrolsupported
34 emergency attendances in Edinburgh due to 'ivory wave' toxicity Jul-Aug 2010. 'Ivory wave' powder found to contain desoxypipradrol. 15563650.2011.647992
Prolonged psychiatric symptoms were described as a key feature, persisting for several days beyond initial presentationsupported
Prolonged psychiatric symptoms key feature. 15563650.2011.647992
Active plasma concentrations persisted through day 4; the full symptom course resolved over 7 days.supported
Plasma concentration: 136 μg/L at admission (day 3), 93 μg/L at day 4... Symptoms lasted 7 days. 2013040
German forensic studies detected 2-DPMP alongside synthetic opioids in co-intoxication casessupported
In 2 cases, desoxypipradrol was co-detected alongside opioids in blood/urine toxicology. 15563650.2018.1554187
Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
history8 · 3 ok
Three deaths involving 2-DPMP were reported in the UK in August 2010, believed to be the first fatalities attributable to this compoundsupported
First three deaths involving 2-DPMP in August 2010. j.pnpbp.2012.05.021
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The compound was sold predominantly under the brand name "Ivory Wave" — a product name that had previously been associated with mephedrone-containing preparations, causing substantial confusion about the active ingredient in circulation.partially supported
'Ivory wave' powder found to contain desoxypipradrol. 15563650.2011.647992
The clinical presentations were notable for their severity and duration: rhabdomyolysis in 96% of cases, tachycardia in 65%, hallucinations in 50%, and psychiatric symptoms persisting for several days.supported
tachycardia (65%)... rhabdomyolysis (96%)... hallucinations (50%)... Prolonged psychiatric symptoms key feature. 15563650.2011.647992
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
summary8 · 6 ok
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
In transfected human cell assays, desoxypipradrol is equipotent to methylphenidate at the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters and approximately 10-fold more potent than cocaine at the dopamine transporter, with no measurable affinity at serotonin transporters, monoaminergic receptors, or trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1)supported
2-DPMP was an equally potent DAT/NET inhibitor compared to methylphenidate. 2-DPMP was a 10-fold more potent DAT blocker than cocaine. None lacked serotonergic activity and TAAR1 binding. j.bcp.2014.01.024
Ex vivo voltammetry in rat nucleus accumbens demonstrates a 7-fold increase in peak dopamine efflux and a 15-fold prolongation of dopamine reuptake half-life at 10 µM — substantially exceeding cocaine at the same concentration.supported
Desoxypipradrol caused sevenfold increase in peak dopamine levels (vs threefold for cocaine) and increased dopamine re-uptake half-life 15-fold (vs fivefold for cocaine) at 10 µM. 0269881111430733
The subjective experience is dominated by intense, sustained stimulation with pronounced wakefulness, appetite suppression, and — at higher doses or with prolonged use — agitation, paranoia, hallucinations, and frank psychosis persisting for dayssupported
agitation (62%), hallucinations (50%), insomnia (32%), paranoia (21%). Prolonged psychiatric symptoms key feature. 15563650.2011.647992
Rhabdomyolysis occurred in 96% of a 34-patient emergency department case series, representing the most distinctive acute toxicity findingsupported
rhabdomyolysis (96%)... 34 emergency attendances in Edinburgh due to 'ivory wave' toxicity. 15563650.2011.647992
Rodent models confirm reinforcing properties consistent with high abuse liability, and the pharmacological profile — selective DAT/NET inhibition without TAAR1 agonism — predicts dependence risk exceeding that of cocainesupported
At 1 mg/kg i.p., mice showed significant preference in drug-paired compartment in CPP. At 0.1 mg/kg/infusion i.v., significantly higher active lever responses in SA test. j.neulet.2019.04.037
Rodent models confirm reinforcing properties consistent with high abuse liability, and the pharmacological profile — selective DAT/NET inhibition without TAAR1 agonism — predicts dependence risk exceeding that of cocainesupported
Pharmacological profile predicts high abuse liability. 2-DPMP was a 10-fold more potent DAT blocker than cocaine. None lacked serotonergic activity and TAAR1 binding. j.bcp.2014.01.024
comparative-pharmacology6 · 4 ok
However, desoxypipradrol is approximately 10-fold more potent than cocaine at the dopamine transporter in transfected human cell assays.supported
2-DPMP was a 10-fold more potent DAT blocker than cocaine. j.bcp.2014.01.024
In transfected cell assays, the two compounds are equipotent at DAT and NETsupported
2-DPMP was an equally potent DAT/NET inhibitor compared to methylphenidate. j.bcp.2014.01.024
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Desoxypipradrol and cocaine share a cocaine-type DAT binding mechanism — both stabilize the transporter in an outward-facing conformation and function as pure reuptake inhibitors without substrate-releasing propertiessupported
Molecular dynamics simulations show 2-DPMP leads to outward-facing DAT conformation (cocaine-type effect). fphar.2020.00806
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Neither compound has serotonergic activity or TAAR1 binding.supported
None lacked serotonergic activity and TAAR1 binding. j.bcp.2014.01.024
neuroscience5 · 5 ok
In vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats confirms dose-dependent increases in extracellular dopamine in both nucleus accumbens shell and dorsal striatum following intravenous desoxypipradrol administrationsupported
Dose-dependent increases in extracellular dopamine in accumbens-shell and striatum in vivo. fphar.2020.00806
Ex vivo voltammetry in nucleus accumbens core slices demonstrates that desoxypipradrol produces a 7-fold increase in peak dopamine efflux — more than double cocaine's effect at the same concentration — and a 15-fold prolongation of dopamine reuptake half-life.supported
Desoxypipradrol caused sevenfold increase in peak dopamine levels (vs threefold for cocaine) and increased dopamine re-uptake half-life 15-fold (vs fivefold for cocaine) at 10 µM. 0269881111430733
This magnitude and duration of dopamine accumulation in the nucleus accumbens provides the neurobiological substrate for the compound's reinforcing properties, confirmed behaviourally by conditioned place preference and intravenous self-administration in mice.supported
At 1 mg/kg i.p., mice showed significant preference in drug-paired compartment in CPP. At 0.1 mg/kg/infusion i.v., significantly higher active lever responses in SA test. j.neulet.2019.04.037
DAT inhibition in the dorsal striatum (IC₅₀ = 621 nM) would be expected to modulate motor function and habit-related circuitssupported
IC50 values for 2-DPMP at rat striatum DAT: 6.21×10⁻⁷ M (dorsal striatum). fphar.2020.00806
The extremely prolonged duration of transporter occupancy means these circuits remain potentiated for days rather than hours, distinguishing desoxypipradrol's neural impact from shorter-acting stimulants and potentially explaining the multi-day psychosis, sustained insomnia, and persistent agitation documented in clinical case series.supported
agitation (62%)... insomnia (32%)... hallucinations (50%)... Prolonged psychiatric symptoms key feature. 15563650.2011.647992
receptor-pharmacology5 · 5 ok
The compound functions as a pure reuptake inhibitor at both targets — it blocks substrate translocation without serving as a transporter substrate itself, distinguishing it mechanistically from amphetamine-class releasers.supported
2-DPMP and D2PM were potent and selective catecholamine transporter blockers without substrate releasing properties. j.bcp.2014.01.024
In rat striatal tissue measured by quantitative autoradiography using [¹²⁵I]RTI-121 (a selective DAT radioligand), the following IC₅₀ values were obtained:supported
IC50 values for 2-DPMP at rat striatum DAT: 5.65×10⁻⁷ M (accumbens shell) and 6.21×10⁻⁷ M (dorsal striatum). fphar.2020.00806
Desoxypipradrol has no meaningful affinity at the following targets (tested in HEK293 cells):supported
None lacked serotonergic activity and TAAR1 binding. j.bcp.2014.01.024
TAAR1 agonism normally provides a brake on dopaminergic neurotransmission; its absence removes this regulatory mechanism.supported
None lacked serotonergic activity and TAAR1 binding. Pharmacological profile predicts high abuse liability. j.bcp.2014.01.024
Desoxypipradrol derivatives display a cocaine-type (not benztropine-type) binding profile.supported
Derivatives of desoxypipradrol (2-benzhydrylpiperidine) exhibited a cocaine-like binding profile with respect to DAT mutation. j.1471-4159.2008.05667.x
chemistry2 · 0 ok
pharmacokinetic-detail1 · 0 ok
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →