generation run 2026-05-08
74 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/3b6ac8dd…Selection
Verification
- record
- seen / partial
- working
The model's own caveats
- structural_inference
- safety_data_unverified
- sparse_evidence
Reproduce
- inputs
- 27 source keys (listed under Sources)
- plan
- not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
- model
- pipeline-v5
- streams
- none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
25 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
| # | source | query | seen | kept | rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ClinicalTrials.gov · absence | desomorphine krokodil | 0 | — | No trials registered — desomorphine has no current therapeutic development |
| 2 | PubMed | krokodil desomorphine jaw osteonecrosis surgical treatment | 2 | 2 | Clinical case series on jaw osteonecrosis treatment |
| 3 | PubMed | desomorphine krokodil toxicity case report | 2 | 2 | Clinical case reports of krokodil-induced jaw osteonecrosis |
| 4 | PubMed | krokodil desomorphine Russia epidemic abuse prevalence | 6 | 2 | Key reviews on krokodil emergence and abuse trends |
| 5 | UK legislation.gov.uk | desomorphine Misuse of Drugs Act Schedule 2 | 1 | 1 | Official UK classification |
| 6 | PubMed | krokodil desomorphine United States case report emergence | 1 | 1 | Case report of fatal cardiac complications |
| 7 | DEA Diversion Control Division | desomorphine Schedule I CSCN 9055 | 1 | 1 | Confirmed US federal scheduling |
| 8 | PubMed | desomorphine pharmacology opioid receptor | 1 | 1 | Comprehensive review covering pharmacology, synthesis, and history |
| 9 | OpenAlex | desomorphine krokodil opioid | 15 | 5 | Top-cited papers on krokodil epidemiology, toxicity, and chemistry |
| 10 | PubChem | desomorphine | 1 | 1 | Primary chemical identity record — confirms formula, weight, InChIKey absent from seed data |
| 11 | WebSearch | desomorphine Canada CCSA CCENDU no confirmed reports | 5 | — | Canadian legal/epidemiological status |
| 12 | WebSearch | desomorphine discovery 1932 synthesis Lyndon Small history first synthesized | 10 | 2 | Key historical and pharmacological data |
| 13 | WebSearch | desomorphine EU Germany France scheduling narcotic 1961 Single Convention | 10 | — | International legal status |
| 14 | WebSearch | desomorphine krokodil United States 2013 Arizona reported cases confirmed toxicology | 10 | — | US epidemiology |
| 15 | OpenAlex | krokodil desomorphine toxicity tissue necrosis case report clinical | 10 | 2 | Toxicology animal study and systematic review on osteonecrosis |
| 16 | UK legislation.gov.uk | — | 1 | — | Official UK classification |
| 17 | California Poison Control System | — | 1 | — | Pharmacological data summary |
| 18 | WebSearch | desomorphine Permonid Roche 1940s trade name commercial clinical use Switzerland | 10 | 1 | Clinical history data |
| 19 | WebSearch | desomorphine DEA Schedule I CSCN 9055 | 1 | 1 | Official US scheduling |
| 20 | WebSearch | desomorphine Russia 2012 codeine prescription-only policy effect krokodil use decline | 10 | — | Key policy/epidemiology data |
| 21 | PubMed | desomorphine krokodil overview chemistry pharmacology metabolism toxicology analysis | 1 | 1 | Most comprehensive single reference for desomorphine chemistry/pharmacology overview |
| 22 | PubMed | quantitative analysis desomorphine blood urine GC-MS SPE forensic | 1 | 1 | Validated forensic analytical method; supports discussion of detection methodology |
| 23 | OpenAlex | desomorphine pharmacology receptor binding potency analgesic | 10 | — | No specific desomorphine Ki/EC50 papers in top-cited OpenAlex results |
| 24 | PubChem API | desomorphine CID 5362456 | 1 | 1 | Chemical identity verification; fills missing fields in seed data |
| 25 | ClinicalTrials.gov · absence | desomorphine krokodil | 0 | — | Confirms absence of therapeutic development pipeline |
83 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety28 · 23 ok
Dependence liability is rated very high across multiple reviewssupported
Reviews chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, toxicology of krokodil/desomorphine. j.lfs.2014.03.008
As a compound 8–10 times more potent than morphine, the therapeutic window is extremely narrowsupported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. acschemneuro.0c00262
The severe tissue damage documented with krokodil use is attributed primarily to toxic synthesis byproducts, not to pharmacological-grade desomorphinesupported
Reviews synthesis chemistry of krokodil, epidemiology, pharmacology, and toxic byproducts responsible for tissue necrosis. j.forsciint.2015.02.001
The severe tissue damage documented with krokodil use is attributed primarily to toxic synthesis byproducts, not to pharmacological-grade desomorphinesupported
Systematic review identifying krokodil as a mixture; psychoactive core is desomorphine; injectable complications include abscess, thrombophlebitis, gangrene. 10550887.2012.735570
The clandestine synthesis produces a crude mixture contaminated with red phosphorus, iodine, organic solvents, alkali residues, and heavy metals — all injected directly intravenouslysupported
Reviews synthesis chemistry of krokodil (starting materials: codeine tablets, alkali solutions, organic solvent, iodine, red phosphorus). j.forsciint.2015.02.001
Skin and soft tissue: Thrombophlebitis, abscess formation, ulceration, gangrene, and skin necrosis with green-gray discoloration — the "crocodile skin" appearance giving the drug its street name — are the most commonly reported complicationssupported
discusses production, social context, and harms including ulcerations, amputations, discolored skin. j.drugpo.2013.04.007
Skin and soft tissue: Thrombophlebitis, abscess formation, ulceration, gangrene, and skin necrosis with green-gray discoloration — the "crocodile skin" appearance giving the drug its street name — are the most commonly reported complicationssupported
First case report of krokodil cutaneous manifestations in dermatologic literature; extensive ulcerations after single use. j.jdcr.2016.02.007
Skin and soft tissue: Thrombophlebitis, abscess formation, ulceration, gangrene, and skin necrosis with green-gray discoloration — the "crocodile skin" appearance giving the drug its street name — are the most commonly reported complicationssupported
injectable complications include abscess, thrombophlebitis, gangrene. 10550887.2012.735570
Limb amputations have been documentedsupported
discusses production, social context, and harms including ulcerations, amputations, discolored skin. j.drugpo.2013.04.007
Skin necrosis has been reported after a single injection.supported
First case report of krokodil cutaneous manifestations in dermatologic literature; extensive ulcerations after single use. j.jdcr.2016.02.007
Bone: Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is the most frequently documented illicit drug-induced ONJ, with a systematic review identifying 101 cases across 30 studiessupported
Systematic review of ONJ in recreational drug users; 101 patients; desomorphine (krokodil) most common illicit drug associated with ONJ, most common site maxilla; 30 eligible studies. j.bjoms.2020.08.079
A clinical series of 40 patients demonstrated mandibular involvement in 52.5%, maxillary in 27.5%, and both jaws in 20%supported
Retrospective series of 40 krokodil-addicted patients (2009-2013) with jaw osteonecrosis; mandible 52.5%, maxilla 27.5%, both 20%; surgery main treatment. j.jcms.2014.05.005
The mechanism likely involves direct toxicity of phosphorus compounds producing chemical osteonecrosis and avascular necrosissupported
Reviews synthesis chemistry of krokodil (starting materials: ...iodine, red phosphorus), epidemiology, pharmacology, and toxic byproducts responsible for tissue necrosis. j.forsciint.2015.02.001
The mechanism likely involves direct toxicity of phosphorus compounds producing chemical osteonecrosis and avascular necrosissupported
Russian Federation case series; toxic phosphorus osteonecrosis of maxilla from desomorphine/pervitin use; surgical resection with reconstructive techniques. dj11050108
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Cardiovascular: Lethal endomyocarditis with congestive heart failure has been documented in a 39-year-old male with chronic krokodil use; desomorphine metabolites were confirmed on post-mortem toxicology.supported
First Italian case of lethal krokodil abuse; 39-year-old male died of congestive heart failure from endocarditis and myocarditis; toxicology confirmed desomorphine metabolite in urine. s12024-018-9967-9
Renal and cardiac (animal data): Repeated subcutaneous krokodil administration in Wistar rats produced elevated creatine kinase, CK-MB, and uric acid; oxidative stress in kidney and heart tissue; and cardiac congestion.supported
Animal study in Wistar rats; krokodil causes skin necrosis at injection site, cardiac and renal biomarker changes (creatine kinase, CK-MB, uric acid), oxidative stress (glutathione); cardiac congestion most relevant finding. hup.2572
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Infectious complications: Krokodil injection is associated with high rates of bacterial endocarditis, HIV transmission, and hepatitis C co-infection through shared injection equipment and non-sterile technique.supported
Review of medical complications from illicit drug use; includes krokodil/desomorphine-related tissue necrosis and infectious complications. civ689
Mortality: Deaths from chronic krokodil use have been documented in case reportssupported
First Italian case of lethal krokodil abuse; 39-year-old male died of congestive heart failure. s12024-018-9967-9
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Compulsive redosing: The short duration of action drives a cycle of intoxication and early withdrawal that occurs multiple times daily, consuming the user's time and resources in continuous drug acquisition and preparation.supported
Reviews krokodil use in Russia (100,000+ users in 2011) and Ukraine (~20,000); discusses production, social context, and harms. j.drugpo.2013.04.007
Social deterioration: The krokodil epidemic in Russia was associated with severe social marginalization, with users unable to maintain employment, housing, or social relationships.supported
Reviews krokodil use in Russia (100,000+ users in 2011) and Ukraine (~20,000); discusses production, social context, and harms. j.drugpo.2013.04.007
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Users of krokodil were documented injecting multiple times per day due to the compound's short duration, and this dosing frequency accelerates tolerance development and physical dependence beyond what is observed with longer-acting opioids.supported
Reviews krokodil use in Russia (100,000+ users in 2011) and Ukraine (~20,000); discusses production, social context, and harms. j.drugpo.2013.04.007
Dependence liability is rated very high across multiple reviewssupported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. acschemneuro.0c00262
Dependence liability is rated very high across multiple reviewssupported
Systematic review noting krokodil first reported in Russia 2003; desomorphine is the core agent; high dependence potential. 10826084.2012.669807
pharmacology15 · 14 ok
Route of administration: All published reports of krokodil/desomorphine use describe intravenous injection as the primary and near-exclusive route of administrationsupported
injectable complications include abscess, thrombophlebitis, gangrene. 10550887.2012.735570
Desomorphine is a potent full agonist at the mu-opioid receptor (MOR), with weaker agonist activity at kappa-opioid (KOR) and delta-opioid (DOR) receptorssupported
Reviews synthesis chemistry of krokodil (starting materials: codeine tablets, alkali solutions, organic solvent, iodine, red phosphorus), epidemiology, pharmacology, and toxic byproducts responsible for tissue necrosis. j.forsciint.2015.02.001
Receptor activation produces three principal downstream effects: inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (reducing intracellular cAMP), opening of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels, and closure of voltage-gated calcium channelssupported
Comprehensive review of opioid pharmacology, toxicity, and abuse potential; covers pharmacokinetics, dependence, and overdose management. jcph.1923
These mechanisms underlie the full spectrum of opioid effects: analgesia, sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression, gastrointestinal hypomotility, and miosis.supported
Comprehensive review of opioid pharmacology, toxicity, and abuse potential; covers pharmacokinetics, dependence, and overdose management. jcph.1923
Potency estimates derive from comparative analgesic assays: desomorphine is approximately 8–10 times more potent than morphine as an analgesic in animal modelssupported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. acschemneuro.0c00262
Potency estimates derive from comparative analgesic assays: desomorphine is approximately 8–10 times more potent than morphine as an analgesic in animal modelssupported
Reviews chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, toxicology of krokodil/desomorphine. j.lfs.2014.03.008
This potency advantage is attributed to the compound's increased lipophilicity: the absence of the C-6 hydroxyl group facilitates more rapid and extensive blood-brain barrier penetration than morphine.supported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. Covers structural features, pharmacological class. acschemneuro.0c00262
Onset and distribution: Desomorphine has a faster onset of action than morphine, attributed to its higher lipophilicity and more rapid blood-brain barrier penetrationsupported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. Covers structural features, pharmacological class. acschemneuro.0c00262
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The shorter half-life of desomorphine drives the pattern of frequent redosing observed among dependent krokodil users, who inject multiple times daily — contrasted with heroin users, who typically inject 1–3 times per daysupported
Reviews krokodil use in Russia (100,000+ users in 2011) and Ukraine (~20,000); discusses production, social context, and harms. j.drugpo.2013.04.007
CYP450 involvement is plausible — CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 participate in morphinan N-demethylation for related compounds — but this is inferred from class pharmacology, not substance-specific data.supported
Reviews misuse of OTC opioids including codeine; codeine can be used as substrate for clandestine synthesis of desomorphine; CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 involvement in codeine metabolism. molecules25173905
CYP450 involvement is plausible — CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 participate in morphinan N-demethylation for related compounds — but this is inferred from class pharmacology, not substance-specific data.supported
Overview of krokodil as illegal homemade desomorphine drug obtained from codeine; covers chemistry, pharmacology, metabolism, toxicology, and analytical methods. j.drugalcdep.2016.12.021
Route of administration: All published reports of krokodil/desomorphine use describe intravenous injection as the primary and near-exclusive route of administrationsupported
Reviews krokodil use in Russia (100,000+ users in 2011) and Ukraine (~20,000); discusses production, social context, and harms including ulcerations, amputations, discolored skin. j.drugpo.2013.04.007
Route of administration: All published reports of krokodil/desomorphine use describe intravenous injection as the primary and near-exclusive route of administrationsupported
Reviews synthesis chemistry of krokodil, epidemiology, pharmacology, and toxic byproducts responsible for tissue necrosis. j.forsciint.2015.02.001
Route of administration: All published reports of krokodil/desomorphine use describe intravenous injection as the primary and near-exclusive route of administrationsupported
Reviews chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, toxicology of krokodil/desomorphine; covers case reports, fatalities, analytical methods for detection in biological samples, and legal status. j.lfs.2014.03.008
history8 · 8 ok
Earlier German synthetic work by Knoll AG (patent circa 1920) preceded Small's synthesis but was not widely recognized in the English-language literature.supported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. acschemneuro.0c00262
Desomorphine was first synthesized in 1932 by the American chemist Lyndon Frederick Small and colleagues at the University of Virginia, working under funding from the US National Research Councilsupported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. acschemneuro.0c00262
Street-synthesized desomorphine, known as "krokodil" (Russian: krokodil), first appeared in Russia around 2003–2004supported
Systematic review identifying krokodil as a mixture; psychoactive core is desomorphine; first reported use in Russia 2003. 10550887.2012.735570
Street-synthesized desomorphine, known as "krokodil" (Russian: krokodil), first appeared in Russia around 2003–2004supported
First confirmed report of krokodil use in Russia in 2004; infoveillance study showing internet search patterns track codeine-containing medication policy changes. jmir.3203
A slight discrepancy exists in the literature: one early review places the first reports in 2003, while infoveillance data identifies the first confirmed reports in 2004supported
Systematic review noting krokodil first reported in Russia 2003; desomorphine is the core agent; high dependence potential. 10826084.2012.669807
A slight discrepancy exists in the literature: one early review places the first reports in 2003, while infoveillance data identifies the first confirmed reports in 2004supported
First confirmed report of krokodil use in Russia in 2004; infoveillance study showing internet search patterns track codeine-containing medication policy changes. jmir.3203
The emergence was driven by three converging factors: disruptions to the heroin supply reaching Russia from Afghanistan, over-the-counter availability of codeine-containing tablets, and a dramatic cost differential — krokodil cost approximately three times less than heroin per dose.supported
Reviews krokodil use in Russia (100,000+ users in 2011) and Ukraine (~20,000); discusses production, social context, and harms. j.drugpo.2013.04.007
By 2011, an estimated 100,000 or more people injected krokodil in Russia and approximately 20,000 in Ukrainesupported
Reviews krokodil use in Russia (100,000+ users in 2011) and Ukraine (~20,000). j.drugpo.2013.04.007
summary7 · 6 ok
Desomorphine (dihydrodesoxymorphine, known by the street name "krokodil") is a semi-synthetic morphinan opioid and potent mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist approximately 8–10 times more potent than morphine as an analgesicsupported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. Covers structural features, pharmacological class, and epidemiological context in ex-Soviet republics. acschemneuro.0c00262
Desomorphine was first synthesized in 1932 by Lyndon Frederick Small at the University of Virginia and briefly marketed by Hoffmann-La Roche as Permonid in Switzerland beginning around 1940supported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. acschemneuro.0c00262
Desomorphine's modern significance derives from the "krokodil" epidemic — clandestine synthesis from codeine-containing tablets — that emerged in Russia around 2003–2004 and peaked circa 2010–2012, with an estimated 100,000 or more users in Russia alone.supported
Reviews krokodil use in Russia (100,000+ users in 2011) and Ukraine (~20,000); discusses production, social context, and harms including ulcerations, amputations, discolored skin. j.drugpo.2013.04.007
Desomorphine acts as a full agonist at MOR via Gi/o protein-coupled signaling, producing neuronal hyperpolarization through inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, opening of inwardly rectifying K+ channels, and closure of voltage-gated Ca2+ channelssupported
Comprehensive review of opioid pharmacology, toxicity, and abuse potential; covers pharmacokinetics, dependence, and overdose management. jcph.1923
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Very high dependence liability is reported consistently across reviews, with rapid tolerance development accelerated by the short half-life and frequent dosing requirementssupported
Reviews chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, toxicology of krokodil/desomorphine; covers case reports, fatalities, analytical methods for detection in biological samples, and legal status. j.lfs.2014.03.008
The severe tissue necrosis, jaw osteonecrosis, and organ damage documented in krokodil users is attributed primarily to toxic synthesis byproducts — phosphorus compounds, organic solvents, and iodine — rather than pure desomorphine itselfsupported
Reviews synthesis chemistry of krokodil (starting materials: codeine tablets, alkali solutions, organic solvent, iodine, red phosphorus), epidemiology, pharmacology, and toxic byproducts responsible for tissue necrosis. j.forsciint.2015.02.001
chemistry5 · 5 ok
These modifications substantially increase lipophilicity relative to morphine, enhancing blood-brain barrier permeability and CNS distribution.supported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. Covers structural features, pharmacological class. acschemneuro.0c00262
The (minus)-isomer is the pharmacologically active form, structurally analogous to natural (minus)-morphine in the 4,5-epoxymorphinan classsupported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. Covers structural features, pharmacological class. acschemneuro.0c00262
Desomorphine is significantly more lipophilic than morphine due to the absence of the C-6 hydroxyl groupsupported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. Covers structural features. acschemneuro.0c00262
Clandestine production uses codeine-containing tablets as the starting material, with red phosphorus (from matchbox striker pads), iodine, organic solvents (lighter fluid, paint thinner), and alkali solutions (caustic soda) as reagentssupported
Reviews synthesis chemistry of krokodil (starting materials: codeine tablets, alkali solutions, organic solvent, iodine, red phosphorus). j.forsciint.2015.02.001
The remainder consists of unreacted codeine, synthesis intermediates, residual phosphorus compounds, iodine, organic solvents, heavy metals, and tablet binders — all of which are injected intravenously when the mixture is used.supported
Reviews synthesis chemistry of krokodil, epidemiology, pharmacology, and toxic byproducts responsible for tissue necrosis. j.forsciint.2015.02.001
neuroscience5 · 5 ok
Chronic administration of potent MOR agonists downregulates endogenous opioid tone, contributing to the dysphoric withdrawal state when the exogenous agonist is discontinued.supported
Comprehensive review of opioid pharmacology, toxicity, and abuse potential; covers pharmacokinetics, dependence, and overdose management. jcph.1923
To what extent does the tissue and organ damage observed in krokodil users reflect desomorphine pharmacology versus synthesis contaminant toxicity? Animal data suggest systemic toxicity from crude krokodil mixtures, but the contribution of pure desomorphine to this toxicity remains unresolved.supported
Animal study in Wistar rats; krokodil causes skin necrosis at injection site, cardiac and renal biomarker changes (creatine kinase, CK-MB, uric acid), oxidative stress (glutathione); cardiac congestion most relevant finding. hup.2572
MOR agonism disinhibits dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) by suppressing GABAergic interneuron activity, increasing dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc)supported
Comprehensive review of opioid pharmacology, toxicity, and abuse potential; covers pharmacokinetics, dependence, and overdose management. jcph.1923
Desomorphine's 8–10-fold potency advantage over morphine suggests more potent engagement of this system at lower absolute doses, though the dose-response relationship has not been directly measured.supported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. acschemneuro.0c00262
Opioid tolerance involves multiple molecular adaptations at the receptor and post-receptor level: MOR phosphorylation by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), recruitment of beta-arrestin-2, receptor internalization via clathrin-coated pits, and compensatory upregulation of adenylyl cyclase (cAMP superactivation)supported
Comprehensive review of opioid pharmacology, toxicity, and abuse potential; covers pharmacokinetics, dependence, and overdose management. jcph.1923
clinical-evidence4 · 4 ok
A fatal case of endomyocarditis in a 39-year-old male, with desomorphine metabolites confirmed on post-mortem toxicologysupported
First Italian case of lethal krokodil abuse; 39-year-old male died of congestive heart failure from endocarditis and myocarditis; toxicology confirmed desomorphine metabolite in urine. s12024-018-9967-9
Clinical descriptions from this era note advantages over morphine: faster onset, shorter duration of action, and markedly less nausea and emetic activitysupported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. acschemneuro.0c00262
A clinical series of 40 patients with krokodil-related jaw osteonecrosis treated surgically in Armenia (52.5% mandibular involvement, 27.5% maxillary, 20% both jaws)supported
Retrospective series of 40 krokodil-addicted patients (2009-2013) with jaw osteonecrosis; mandible 52.5%, maxilla 27.5%, both 20%; surgery main treatment. j.jcms.2014.05.005
Skin necrosis after a single krokodil injection documented in the dermatology literaturesupported
First case report of krokodil cutaneous manifestations in dermatologic literature; extensive ulcerations after single use. j.jdcr.2016.02.007
pharmacokinetic-detail4 · 2 ok
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Desomorphine lacks the C-6 hydroxyl group, so only C-3 glucuronidation would be predicted — potentially simplifying its metabolic profile relative to morphine.supported
Overview of krokodil as illegal homemade desomorphine drug obtained from codeine; covers chemistry, pharmacology, metabolism, toxicology, and analytical methods. j.drugalcdep.2016.12.021
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with solid-phase extraction achieves limits of quantification of 5 ng/mL in blood and 8 ng/mL in urinesupported
SPE/GC-MS method for desomorphine detection in blood (LOQ 5 ng/mL) and urine (LOQ 8 ng/mL) using deuterated internal standard; validated for forensic use. j.jchromb.2018.12.022
comparative-pharmacology3 · 2 ok
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Duration: Heroin (via its active metabolites) has a longer duration of action than desomorphine, permitting 1–3 daily injections in dependent users versus the multiple daily injections required with krokodil.supported
Reviews krokodil use in Russia (100,000+ users in 2011) and Ukraine (~20,000); discusses production, social context, and harms. j.drugpo.2013.04.007
Cost and accessibility: During the peak krokodil epidemic, street krokodil cost approximately three times less per dose than heroin, and codeine precursors were available over the counter in Russia.supported
Reviews krokodil use in Russia (100,000+ users in 2011) and Ukraine (~20,000); discusses production, social context, and harms. j.drugpo.2013.04.007
receptor-pharmacology3 · 3 ok
The available evidence characterizes desomorphine as a full agonist at MOR with substantially weaker activity at KOR and DORsupported
Reviews synthesis chemistry of krokodil, epidemiology, pharmacology, and toxic byproducts responsible for tissue necrosis. j.forsciint.2015.02.001
The 8–10-fold potency advantage over morphine in analgesic assays is likely attributable to pharmacokinetic factors (faster CNS penetration due to lipophilicity) rather than substantially higher receptor affinity, though this cannot be confirmed without direct binding data.supported
Reviews history, chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, and societal impact of heroin and desomorphine. Covers structural features, pharmacological class. acschemneuro.0c00262
The 8–10-fold potency advantage over morphine in analgesic assays is likely attributable to pharmacokinetic factors (faster CNS penetration due to lipophilicity) rather than substantially higher receptor affinity, though this cannot be confirmed without direct binding data.supported
Reviews chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, toxicology of krokodil/desomorphine. j.lfs.2014.03.008
effects-overview1 · 1 ok
The rapid-onset, rapid-offset kinetic pattern generates stronger reinforcement signaling than longer-acting opioids, contributing to the compound's exceptionally high abuse liability.supported
Reviews chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, toxicology of krokodil/desomorphine; covers case reports, fatalities, analytical methods for detection in biological samples, and legal status. j.lfs.2014.03.008