generation run 2026-05-14
84 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/112d3bb3…Selection
Verification
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- seen / partial
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The model's own caveats
4 further caveats recorded as free text — readable on the working page
Reproduce
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- 28 source keys (listed under Sources)
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20 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
| # | source | query | seen | kept | rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PubMed | Datura toxicology poisoning case reports adverse effects | 8 | 6 | All selected for safety section — fatal and non-fatal case reports documenting toxicity profiles |
| 2 | PubMed | scopolamine pharmacokinetics oral transdermal bioavailability half-life | 1 | 1 | Key pharmacokinetics paper for Datura primary alkaloid |
| 3 | OpenAlex | Datura stramonium ethnobotany traditional use history | 10 | 2 | Datura-specific review and regulatory opinion on tropane alkaloids selected; general ethnobotany not Datura-specific discarded |
| 4 | PubChem | scopolamine | 1 | 1 | Primary alkaloid of Datura — chemical identity confirmed |
| 5 | OpenAlex | Datura stramonium poisoning toxicology anticholinergic | 10 | 4 | Comprehensive Datura-specific review and taxonomy paper selected; general pharmacology reviews discarded |
| 6 | PubMed | Datura stramonium pharmacology alkaloids scopolamine hyoscyamine atropine | 9 | 4 | Selected comprehensive reviews and key case studies; discarded veterinary feed studies |
| 7 | PubMed | Datura stramonium alkaloid content HPLC concentration plant parts | 1 | 1 | Key alkaloid quantification study — primary data on concentration variation |
| 8 | PubChem | hyoscyamine | 1 | 1 | Primary alkaloid of Datura |
| 9 | PubChem | atropine | 1 | 1 | Minor racemic form produced during extraction/drying of hyoscyamine |
| 10 | PubMed | anticholinergic drug interaction additive effects elderly cognitive impairment | 8 | 2 | Document additive anticholinergic burden from concurrent drug use; relevant to interactions section |
| 11 | Erowid | Datura legal status US international | 1 | 1 | Authoritative harm reduction source for legal status overview; to be cross-referenced |
| 12 | ClinicalTrials.gov · absence | Datura scopolamine hyoscyamine tropane alkaloid | 0 | 0 | No relevant trials |
| 13 | PubMed | tropane alkaloids urine detection drug testing immunoassay forensic | 8 | 0 | No relevant Datura-specific detection papers found; gap noted |
| 14 | Erowid | Datura historical use traditional use alkaloid information | 1 | 1 | Background historical context; to be supplemented with primary literature |
| 15 | PubMed | Datura Brugmansia alkaloid comparison species scopolamine dominant content | 1 | 1 | Comparative alkaloid data between Datura and Brugmansia |
| 16 | Crossref (verify_doi) | 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3386 | 1 | 1 | DOI verified; citation upgraded to api_verified |
| 17 | OpenAlex | Datura scopolamine zombie powder Haiti Wade Davis ethnopharmacology | 1 | 1 | Documents traditional ethnopharmacological use of Datura |
| 18 | OpenAlex | Datura stramonium history ethnobotany Americas origin distribution | 4 | 1 | Datura secondary metabolites review selected for alkaloid profile section |
| 19 | PubMed + OpenAlex + Erowid | Datura legal status, traditional use, clinical management | 10 | 3 | Cross-reference validates legal status data; treatment protocols consistent across multiple sources |
| 20 | Multiple PubMed/OpenAlex results | Cross-reference alkaloid content data across Naude 2005, Jakabova 2012, EFSA 2013 | 3 | 3 | All three selected for alkaloid profile section |
69 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety24 · 20 ok
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
A series of 7 patients aged 14-27 treated in a single month in Krakow demonstrated both central and peripheral anticholinergic symptoms; 5 required physostigmine (2-6 mg).supported
7 patients aged 14-27 treated in one month. All had central and peripheral anticholinergic symptoms. 5 treated with physostigmine (2-6 mg). pmid:11199892
2025: A 58-year-old male died after accidental ingestion of a meal contaminated with Solanaceae plant material. Atropine and scopolamine were detected in all postmortem matrices including vitreous humor - the first documented fatality from accidental foodborne tropane alkaloid ingestion.supported
Fatal case of 58-year-old male after accidental ingestion of meal contaminated with tropane alkaloids. First documented fatality from accidental foodborne tropane alkaloid ingestion. j.jflm.2025.102995
2004: A 19-year-old male was found dead after intentional seed ingestion for hallucinogenic effects. Postmortem blood concentrations were hyoscyamine 1.1 ug/mL and scopolamine 0.2 ug/mL - the highest recorded at time of publication.supported
19-year-old male found dead after intentional seed ingestion. Blood concentrations: hyoscyamine 1.1 ug/mL, scopolamine 0.2 ug/mL - highest ever reported at time. pmid:15080209
2016: A 35-year-old homicide victim received Datura administered in a drink during a robbery. Death resulted from cardiac arrhythmia secondary to severe anticholinergic syndrome.supported
Homicide case: Datura administered in drink during robbery. Death from cardiac arrhythmia from anticholinergic syndrome. j.forsciint.2016.02.028
The EU regulates Datura seed presence in animal feeds at a maximum of 1000 mg/kg under Directive 2002/32/EC, with analytical target levels set at 800 ug/kg for the sum of hyoscyamine and scopolaminesupported
EU regulation: Datura seeds not to exceed 1000 mg/kg in animal feeds (Directive 2002/32/EC). Target level set at 800 mcg/kg for sum of both alkaloids. 19440049.2014.914249
Variable potency across species, organs, seasons, and growing conditions renders any uncharacterized plant preparation intrinsically unpredictablesupported
LC-MS quantification across different organs. D. innoxia showed highest scopolamine. Summer samples had higher scopolamine than autumn. j.chroma.2012.02.036
Acute psychosis occurs at toxic doses and was documented in 12 of 17 severe D. stramonium intoxication cases reviewed by the Swiss Toxicology Information Center over 29 years (1966-1994), with 2 additional cases of comasupported
Datura stramonium: 17 cases; all had anticholinergic syndrome; 12 had acute psychosis; 2 had coma. pmid:8711457
Extensive amnesia is typical - patients rarely retain any memory of the intoxication periodsupported
Extensive amnesia noted. pmid:7423162
Physostigmine serves as the specific antidote for severe central anticholinergic syndrome, reversing central and peripheral effects; in this case series doses of 2-6 mg were used.supported
5 treated with physostigmine (2-6 mg). All had central and peripheral anticholinergic symptoms. pmid:11199892
An 8-year-old male with accidental D. stramonium ingestion presented with aggression, agitation, delirium, and visual hallucinations - children are documented as particularly susceptible to toxic effects.supported
8-year-old male with accidental D. stramonium poisoning; aggression, agitation, delirium, visual hallucinations. Children more prone to toxic effects of atropine. pmid:25341608
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The 2020 review noted Datura-associated drug use among teens who typically did not escalate to repeated use.partially supported
D. stramonium largely associated with drug use among teens. j.toxicon.2020.02.005
Pharmacovigilance data demonstrate that the average anticholinergic drug burden in adverse event reports involving antipsychotic-treated patients reaches 2.4 concurrent atropinic drugs, with at least one atropinic drug present in 59.4% of reportssupported
Average 2.4 atropinic drugs per adverse event report in antipsychotic-treated patients. At least one atropinic drug found in 59.4% of reports. fcp.12321
Grapefruit juice increases scopolamine AUC to approximately 142% of controlsupported
grapefruit interaction increases AUC to 142% pmid:16175141
Alcohol additionally increases alkaloid extraction from plant material when used as a preparation solvent.supported
Acidic pH (3.8) and alcohol increased alkaloid extraction. pmid:1943073
Physostigmine (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) serves as the specific antidote for severe central anticholinergic syndrome, reversing both central and peripheral effects at doses of 1-6 mg IV in monitored settings.partially supported
physostigmine for severe CNS symptoms. pmid:25386392
Cardiac disease: Tachycardia and cardiac arrhythmia risk is elevated; fatal cardiac arrhythmia has been documented in a Datura poisoning case.supported
Death from cardiac arrhythmia from anticholinergic syndrome. j.forsciint.2016.02.028
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Pregnancy: Scopolamine crosses the placenta readily. Anticholinergic exposure during pregnancy carries fetal risk.supported
Crosses placenta. pmid:16175141
Elderly individuals: Heightened sensitivity to anticholinergic toxicity, with greater risk of cognitive impairment, falls, and delirium at lower doses. M1 receptor antagonism in the aging CNS carries disproportionate cognitive risk.supported
Anticholinergic agents risk cognitive impairment in elderly via M1 receptor interactions in CNS. Elderly have heightened sensitivity. j.1742-1241.2010.02449.x
Pediatric populations: Children are particularly susceptible to anticholinergic toxicity - even small quantities of plant material produce serious CNS symptoms.supported
Children more prone to toxic effects of atropine. pmid:25341608
Psychiatric illness: Datura may precipitate acute psychosis or worsen existing psychotic conditions. Documented in 12 of 17 severe Swiss cases.supported
Datura stramonium: 17 cases; all had anticholinergic syndrome; 12 had acute psychosis. pmid:8711457
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
neuroscience10 · 4 ok
Transdermal pharmaceutical delivery (1.5 mg reservoir) achieves Cmax of approximately 100 pg/mL (range 11-240 pg/mL) at approximately 8 h, with steady-state maintained over 72 hpartially supported
transdermal patch (1.5mg reservoir) achieves Cmax ~100 pg/mL over 72h. pmid:16175141
Tmax is approximately 0.5 h after oral administration; however, CNS effects and anticholinergic toxicity from plant material may appear within 30-60 minutes of ingestion and persist for 12-48 hours - far exceeding the short plasma half-life (estimated 3-4 h), suggesting sustained absorption from plant material or tissue redistributionpartially supported
Symptoms subsided over 12-48 hours. pmid:7423162
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Oral bioavailability is 3-27% (significant first-pass effect via CYP3A4-mediated oxidative demethylation in intestinal mucosa)supported
limited oral bioavailability (3-27%), CYP3A metabolism pmid:16175141
Scopolamine crosses the placenta readily.supported
Crosses placenta. pmid:16175141
summary9 · 6 ok
Oral bioavailability of scopolamine is 3-27%, with significant CYP3A4-mediated first-pass metabolism.supported
limited oral bioavailability (3-27%), CYP3A metabolism pmid:16175141
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Traditional use spans documented Native American initiatory practices, Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Haitian ethnopharmacology, and medieval European preparationspartially supported
Review of Wade Davis's work on Haitian zombification poison in the 1980s. Datura (scopolamine) was a key component of zombie powder. 202508
No clinical trials have investigated Datura plant material directly; the primary alkaloids scopolamine and hyoscyamine are WHO-classified essential medicines used pharmaceutically as antispasmodics and antiemetics.supported
Tropane alkaloids from nightshade plants are neurotransmitter inhibitors classified as WHO essential medicines. s41586-020-2650-9
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The margin between psychoactive and lethal doses is extremely narrow, and no safe recreational dose has been established for any preparationsupported
19-year-old male found dead after intentional seed ingestion. Blood concentrations: hyoscyamine 1.1 ug/mL, scopolamine 0.2 ug/mL - highest ever reported at time. pmid:15080209
Preparations include raw seed ingestion, smoked leaf material, aqueous decoctions, and alcohol-based extracts, with effects persisting 12-48 hours.partially supported
4 patients 17-23 years old with acute anticholinergic syndrome after smoking Datura stramonium anti-asthmatic cigarettes. Symptoms subsided over 12-48 hours. pmid:7423162
Alkaloid concentrations vary dramatically across species, plant organs, seasons, and growing conditions, making dose prediction impossible from plant material alonesupported
LC-MS quantification across different organs. D. innoxia showed highest scopolamine. Summer samples had higher scopolamine than autumn. j.chroma.2012.02.036
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
alkaloid-profile8 · 6 ok
Alcohol combined with low pH dramatically increases scopolamine extraction - a homemade wine prepared from Datura suaveolens (angel's trumpet) flowers contained 29 mg scopolamine/mL, with no detectable atropine, at a pH of 3.8supported
Wine contained 29 mg scopolamine/mL. No atropine detected. Acidic pH (3.8) and alcohol increased alkaloid extraction. pmid:1943073
Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The dominant constituents are hyoscyamine (L-hyoscyamine), scopolamine (L-hyoscine), and atropine (the DL-hyoscyamine racemate formed from hyoscyamine during drying and processing)supported
D. stramonium contains alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and toxic tropane alkaloids including atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine. antiox10081291
Additional phytochemical classes present in Datura tissues include tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, withanolides, and phenolics.partially supported
D. stramonium contains alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides. antiox10081291
Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
In whole-plant material (hay), D. stramonium contained 0.15% m/m hyoscyamine and 0.16% m/m scopolamine; D. ferox hay contained 0.11% m/m scopolamine with no detectable hyoscyamine.partially supported
D. stramonium: 0.15% m/m hyoscyamine, 0.16% m/m scopolamine. pmid:16108531
Seasonal variation is a major source of batch-to-batch potency unpredictability: summer-harvested samples had significantly higher scopolamine concentrations than autumn samples in both stems and leaves.supported
Summer samples had higher scopolamine than autumn. j.chroma.2012.02.036
Both alkaloids are classified as WHO essential medicines.supported
Tropane alkaloids from nightshade plants are neurotransmitter inhibitors classified as WHO essential medicines. s41586-020-2650-9
preparations8 · 5 ok
A fatal case involved a 19-year-old who ingested an unknown quantity of seeds; postmortem blood concentrations were hyoscyamine 1.1 ug/mL and scopolamine 0.2 ug/mL - the highest reported at the time of publication.supported
19-year-old male found dead after intentional seed ingestion. Blood concentrations: hyoscyamine 1.1 ug/mL, scopolamine 0.2 ug/mL - highest ever reported at time. pmid:15080209
A homemade wine prepared from Datura suaveolens (angel's trumpet) flowers contained 29 mg scopolamine/mL at a pH of 3.8; a 76-year-old patient who ingested 15 mL received a total dose of approximately 435 mg scopolamine - roughly 870 times the maximum transdermal therapeutic patch dosesupported
76-year-old ingested 15 mL homemade wine. Wine contained 29 mg scopolamine/mL - total dose 435 mg. pmid:1943073
Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Duration: 12-48 hours documentedsupported
Symptoms subsided over 12-48 hours. pmid:7423162
In a case series of four patients aged 17-23, all developed full anticholinergic syndrome with extensive amnesia; symptoms resolved over 12-48 hourssupported
4 patients 17-23 years old with acute anticholinergic syndrome after smoking Datura stramonium anti-asthmatic cigarettes for psychedelic effects. Symptoms subsided over 12-48 hours. Extensive amnesia noted. pmid:7423162
Duration: 12-48 hourssupported
Symptoms subsided over 12-48 hours. pmid:7423162
botanical-overview5 · 3 ok
A 2025 biosystematic revision of the genus in Egyptian flora identified six genotypes: D. innoxia, D. ferox, D. metel, and three forms of D. stramonium (stramonium, tatula, and inermis), with novel tropane alkaloids described in certain species for the first timesupported
Egyptian flora encompasses D. innoxia, D. ferox, D. metel and three forms of D. stramonium. Novel tropane alkaloids identified in certain species for first time. fpls.2025.1555237
Phylogenetic analysis based on 68 protein-coding genes from the chloroplast genome places Datura as a sister clade to Solanum within Solanaceae.supported
Phylogenetic analysis based on 68 protein-coding genes supported Datura as a sister to Solanum. Part of Solanaceae family. journal.pone.0110656
D. stramonium is native to the Americas and has since naturalized globally, occurring in disturbed habitats, roadsides, farmland edges, and waste ground across temperate and subtropical regions on all continentspartially supported
Datura stramonium is a well-known cosmopolitan weed. a-2552-4434
Claim in botanical-overview — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in botanical-overview — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
history5 · 5 ok
The genus is classified in tribe Datureae within family Solanaceae; phylogenetic analysis based on 68 protein-coding genes from the chloroplast genome places Datura as a sister clade to Solanum.supported
Phylogenetic analysis based on 68 protein-coding genes supported Datura as a sister to Solanum. Part of Solanaceae family. journal.pone.0110656
Wade Davis's ethnobiological fieldwork in the 1980s brought this use to wider scientific attention.supported
Review of Wade Davis's work on Haitian zombification poison in the 1980s. Datura (scopolamine) was a key component of zombie powder. 202508
In the early 20th century, anti-asthmatic cigarettes containing D. stramonium leaves were marketed commercially under brands such as Asthmador, which were subsequently abused for their psychoactive effectspartially supported
acute anticholinergic syndrome after smoking Datura stramonium anti-asthmatic cigarettes for psychedelic effects. pmid:7423162
Transdermal scopolamine was approved by the FDA for motion sickness in 1979, and pharmaceutical scopolamine has demonstrated rapid antidepressant effects in clinical trials for major depressive disorder, though this application remains investigationalpartially supported
Scopolamine produces rapid antidepressant effects in MDD. 2013.jamapsychiatry.60
A 2016 forensic case reported the homicidal administration of Datura in a drink during a robbery, resulting in death from cardiac arrhythmia secondary to severe anticholinergic syndromesupported
Homicide case: Datura administered in drink during robbery. Death from cardiac arrhythmia from anticholinergic syndrome. j.forsciint.2016.02.028