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psx:substance/banisteriopsis-caapi/search/6a91f170-474c-4ea2-bba1-097d0823e273

search2026-05-14recordliterature_search

derived from · upstream

none recorded

feeds · downstream

Closure of psx:substance/banisteriopsis-caapi/search/6a91f170-474c-4ea2-bba1-097d0823e273: 64 upstream, 135 downstream.

psx:substance/banisteriopsis-caapi/search/6a91f170-474c-4ea2-bba1-097d0823e273
  ├─ used  search/0955ba30-50e9-4b84-836f-bf2e442d8915  Searched PubMed for "Banisteriopsis caapi alkaloids pharmacology"
  ├─ used  search/4adbf54d-21d3-46ca-9612-25d38071fe72  Searched PubMed for "Banisteriopsis caapi ethnobotany ayahuasca history"
  ├─ used  search/7fe840d4-5e4d-4e33-a852-71d677ed0f6b  Searched OpenAlex for "Banisteriopsis caapi taxonomy botany"
  ├─ used  search/79653f4c-aabe-4fc5-bb3d-f323ee194927  Searched PubChem for "harmine"
  ├─ used  search/dbc8fe63-e3c9-4f70-8eb2-d84d855501ed  Searched PubChem for "harmaline"
  ├─ used  search/9f549371-dd25-42ff-917d-7fa87e6f03a7  Searched PubChem for "tetrahydroharmine"
  ├─ used  search/82d1706b-0f4f-4df7-89e8-3254de6b1f6d  Searched PubMed for "ayahuasca beta-carboline alkaloid concentration measurement analysis"
  ├─ used  search/bc11652d-5358-46fc-b485-d74b11c24339  Searched PubMed for "harmine MAO monoamine oxidase inhibitor serotonin receptor mechanism"
  ├─ used  search/87580b1e-3b4e-4607-b31f-dcb3295e8cab  Searched ClinicalTrials.gov for "ayahuasca Banisteriopsis caapi"
  ├─ used  search/4b79d5c4-4720-4c2c-b486-cbb9301fad3a  Searched POWO (Kew Gardens)
  ├─ used  search/645f8b85-53cc-463e-9854-be3d6c8510ff  Searched OpenAlex for "Banisteriopsis caapi phylogeny domestication cerrado Malpighiaceae"
  ├─ used  search/f8d8040d-4ade-4515-86aa-d69e084f2a73  Searched PubMed for "Riba ayahuasca pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics human volunteers"
  ├─ used  search/e46229f3-a7cc-461b-ad7c-0a0b69635ab5  Searched PubMed for "ayahuasca depression antidepressant clinical trial randomized"
  ├─ used  search/85d8ae56-e40f-4b80-8b66-8f3d5d55788b  Searched WebSearch + ICEERS for "ayahuasca legal status United States DEA Schedule Europe Netherlands Peru Brazil regulation"
  ├─ used  search/4fdee0ac-dfd1-4a05-a4e7-00c0220da663  Searched PubMed for "harmine harmaline tetrahydroharmine beta-carboline concentration ayahuasca brew preparation"
  ├─ used  search/628fdbb2-f9d1-4ec6-bdd3-07ad34042415  Searched OpenAlex for "harmine antidepressant neurogenesis hippocampal beta-carboline mechanism"
  ├─ used  search/1e980e64-ef14-48bc-9404-a5dc8ad9d454  Searched ClinicalTrials.gov for "ayahuasca DMT harmine depression PTSD treatment"
  ├─ used  search/c13a6ea6-cd00-4983-8138-c7de25d8da31  Searched PubMed for "ayahuasca long-term users mental health personality psychopathology"
  ├─ used  search/b6aef5c4-1ee8-4bf9-ab83-d033109d55f0  Searched OpenAlex for "ayahuasca safety adverse events deaths serotonin syndrome drug interactions"
  ├─ used  search/1709e87f-b7ee-4a8d-8e9c-2a3ee0ab94f8  Searched OpenAlex for "ayahuasca MAOI contraindications drug interactions serotonin toxicity safety"
  ├─ used  search/5d7fe810-83e1-44aa-b811-8f434f8dbea9  Searched PubMed for "ayahuasca neuroimaging fMRI brain activity default mode network"
  ├─ used  search/a050c3b6-7259-4fa6-9bf5-733f5dea6bf0  Searched WebSearch for "ayahuasca drug test detection urine DMT harmine immunoassay standard panel"
  ├─ used  search/efe74d8d-dbac-459d-beff-fafae09f2d8b  Searched PubMed for "Pope 2019 harmala alkaloids urine drug screen forensic"
  ├─ used  search/e13ec908-54a9-4807-bb95-1f38af049fbe  Searched PubMed for "Riba 2015 DMT metabolism oral smoked urine disposition"
  ├─ used  search/f0576689-aa41-4a04-a5db-786d89baab75  Searched PubMed+OpenAlex cross-reference for "Banisteriopsis caapi key data synthesis"
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.3390/plants14071149  Dated Phylogeny of Banisteriopsis (Malpighiaceae) Suggests an Ancient Colonization of the Cerrado and No Evidence of Human Manipulation in the Origin of B. caapi
    ├─ used  src/url:da8b566ebc2a87fb  Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V.Morton
    ├─ used  src/pmid:8889686  Quantitation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids in human plasma after oral dosing with ayahuasca
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1017/s0033291718001356  Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
    ├─ used  src/url:12aa8a83faffe5b3  Ayahuasca Legal Status by Country
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.3390/plants9070870  Biodiversity of β-Carboline Profile of Banisteriopsis caapi and Ayahuasca, a Plant and a Brew with Neuropharmacological Potential
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfaf118  Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of N,N-dimethyltryptamine, harmine, and their interactions from ayahuasca in rats and humans
    ├─ used  src/pmid:12660312  Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokinetics
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.3390/biom12111618  Molecular Pathways of the Therapeutic Effects of Ayahuasca
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.3390/jcm11041147  Ayahuasca as a Decoction Applied to Human: Analytical Methods, Pharmacology and Potential Toxic Effects
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042421  Personality, psychopathology, life attitudes and neuropsychological performance among ritual users of Ayahuasca: a longitudinal study
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.2174/1570159x16666180125095902  Ayahuasca: Psychological and Physiologic Effects, Pharmacology and Potential Uses in Addiction and Mental Illness
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00035  The Therapeutic Potentials of Ayahuasca: Possible Effects against Various Diseases of Civilization
    ├─ used  src/pmid:16149336  Bringing ayahuasca to the clinical research laboratory
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.3732/ajb.1000146  A complete generic phylogeny of Malpighiaceae inferred from nucleotide sequence data and morphology
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.014  Validation of an analytical method for the determination of the main ayahuasca active compounds
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/pca.1110  Gas chromatographic analysis of dimethyltryptamine and beta-carboline alkaloids in ayahuasca, an Amazonian psychoactive plant beverage
    ├─ used  src/pmid:12361741  Determination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and beta-carboline alkaloids in human plasma following oral administration of Ayahuasca
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.02.013  Composition, standardization and chemical profiling of Banisteriopsis caapi, a plant for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders relevant to Parkinson's disease
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.3390/molecules27082500  Components of Banisteriopsis caapi, a Plant Used in the Preparation of the Psychoactive Ayahuasca, Induce Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Microglial Cells
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31823607f6
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.117908  Examining the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmine in healthy volunteers: a factorial dose-escalation study
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1177/0269881112463125  Harmine augments electrically evoked dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens shell
    ├─ used  src/pmid:8577810  Hypothermic effect of harmala alkaloid in rats: involvement of serotonergic mechanism
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04220-w  Harmaline attenuates pain and inflammation: role of IL-1beta, oxidative stress, nitric oxide and cyclo-oxygenase
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/dta.2955  Kinetic profile of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and beta-carbolines in saliva and serum after oral administration of ayahuasca
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05407-9  The alkaloids of Banisteriopsis caapi, the plant source of the Amazonian hallucinogen Ayahuasca, stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118143  The psychedelic state induced by ayahuasca modulates the activity and connectivity of the default mode network
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.026  Classical hallucinogens and neuroimaging: A systematic review of human studies
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyx036  Assessing the Psychedelic After-Glow in Ayahuasca Users: Post-Acute Neurometabolic and Functional Connectivity Changes Are Associated with Enhanced Mindfulness Capacities
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0913  Risk assessment of ayahuasca use in a religious context: self-reported risk factors and adverse effects
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.rcpeng.2025.10.009  Intoxication Associated with Ayahuasca Consumption, Characterization, and Comparative Analysis of the Beverage's Components: A Case Report
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1080/02791072.2018.1557355  Effect of Ritualistic Consumption of Ayahuasca on Hepatic Function in Chronic Users
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102206  Ayahuasca and the traveller: A scoping review of risks and possible benefits
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01817-9  Long-term ayahuasca use is associated with preserved global cognitive function and improved memory: a cross-sectional study with ritual users
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61169-x  Effects of ayahuasca on mental health and quality of life in naïve users: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study combination
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1093/jat/bky105  Harmala Alkaloids Identify Ayahuasca Intoxication in a Urine Drug Screen
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2026.129455  A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the determination of ayahuasca alkaloids in human hair
    └─ generated_by  pub/dd65ca76-5400-4249-89af-f90b27758f85  Publication — backfill
├─ used  gen/41f30eba-59a4-429f-ab71-22599bd1ca90  Generation — pipeline-v5
  ├─ derived_from  version/2  Revision 2
    ├─ derived_from  issue/notice@2852dd39ba17  Issued notice
    ├─ derived_from  issue/info_card@49eee4d51f65  Issued info_card
    ├─ derived_from  issue/emergency@3f0909c25c71  Issued emergency
    ├─ derived_from  issue/notice@9fbf984390f1  Issued notice
    ├─ derived_from  issue/info_card@f65c603643c8  Issued info_card
    ├─ derived_from  issue/emergency@c15c760aabf6  Issued emergency
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      ├─ used  claim/19bdafc6-9baf-4bc6-9740-ad484466b7d7  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/d4d346ef-0fda-42d8-a394-4fc5a9e1cc75  Claim in preparations — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/f63e5f86-92ed-4c4e-8f3a-913b838b9d53  Claim in preparations — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/20e9e586-3c6c-4f92-884b-74c729dc6c4f  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/5d092f60-8edb-442c-b211-bb8f0f0bb6b2  Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/89d0f443-1732-4093-ae59-72a80862aeb0  Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/b7d871e5-d01e-4c45-8d02-a648f1ce1d6c  Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/99caa335-8ab7-4fd2-a1f0-fb504085c720  Claim in alkaloid-profile — supported
      ├─ used  claim/5e2b4581-cc23-4a6b-8fe7-4cc1f872933e  Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/fc7fdd8f-f07f-496f-8dc6-6e7329ada076  Claim in alkaloid-profile — supported
      ├─ used  claim/165f39c3-0ef2-405d-9b07-af25ed4794b2  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/cbe94c53-3136-434f-a9db-0df45e3a4d4e  Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/78fb4f92-ab1d-4969-b451-529038d4f3a6  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/3a87dc88-56f6-46cf-bd2a-51bb73176080  Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/c6dfb08f-43a9-4d4b-a944-5ef415f2fdcc  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/0c3dd895-ea09-4353-b875-7ea8ce1b8f8a  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/a6953cf7-c250-47fd-9d6e-d37c076dd6ac  Claim in preparations — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/f31bda2a-9dfc-40e9-ad2d-2336bb54853d  Claim in safety — partially_supported
      ├─ used  claim/18db4306-935e-4b2f-af43-314943c9f856  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/b011978f-b474-4b2b-88bd-3875dd0390ee  Claim in preparations — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/1bbd39b4-5070-4515-a6e6-6b1d66e058b2  Claim in neuroscience — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/c4a336bd-6f0a-4b6c-b1ea-2957679a717e  Claim in preparations — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/d427fba5-3f39-458d-8dfd-3a8eac9e2391  Claim in neuroscience — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/f2d70aef-4d37-4e18-a626-93d21cc7e11f  Claim in preparations — inconclusive  working
      └─ used  claim/17936cb4-f942-4a68-a64e-b24f52766db8  Claim in neuroscience — supported
… closure truncated at 200 nodes

indented by distance from this node, not by parentage

1Provenance card

the boundary, as counts

Sources

3831 with DOI

5 strong · 30 moderate · 3 weak

Compilations

12026-05-14T05:43:59.266Z

pipeline-v5 · prompt hash not recorded — run predates 2026-09

Decisions

23last ruled 2026-06-04

0 awaiting a ruling

Issued documents

62026-10-19T20:30:45.598Z

notice · info card · emergency

Searches

262 with no results

queries and counts on the build

Claims checked

16222 supported

22 supported · 140 not

Correspondence

0received

consent field ships in Phase 4

Edges

426

derivations recorded for this entity

Complete over 38 sources, 1 compilation, and 23 decisions.Not here: the private journal (never).Working material — drafts, discards, unsupported claims — is listed below and readable on the working page.Cite: psychedex.org/substances/banisteriopsis-caapi/archive

2Build

one panel per compilation run

generation run 2026-05-14

64 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/725bd8e7…

research

citationsRegistryrecordresearchOutputworking

draft

articleDraftworking

audit

articleAuditedworking

verify

verificationResultworking

simplify

articleSimplifiedworking

publish

runMetarecordrunSummaryrecord

Selection

results seen110
selected by the model32
consumed as sources38

Verification

claims checked162
supported18
partially supported4
not supported0
inconclusive140
  • record
  • seen / partial
  • working

The model's own caveats

4 further caveats recorded as free text — readable on the working page

Reproduce

inputs
38 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan
not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model
pipeline-v5
streams
none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
26 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
26 searches for this run
#sourcequeryseenkeptrationale
1PubMedBanisteriopsis caapi alkaloids pharmacology1513All relevant to alkaloid profile, pharmacology, safety, and mechanisms of B. caapi
2PubMed · absenceBanisteriopsis caapi ethnobotany ayahuasca history0——
3PubMed · absenceayahuasca adverse effects safety toxicity case report0——
4PubChemharmine1——
5OpenAlexBanisteriopsis caapi taxonomy botany102Davis & Anderson 2010 covers Malpighiaceae phylogeny; Schultes 1957 is foundational on B. caapi identity
6PubMedayahuasca beta-carboline alkaloid concentration measurement analysis6——
7ClinicalTrials.govayahuasca Banisteriopsis caapi2——
8PubChemtetrahydroharmine1——
9PubMedharmine MAO monoamine oxidase inhibitor serotonin receptor mechanism2——
10PubChemharmaline1——
11ClinicalTrials.govayahuasca DMT harmine depression PTSD treatment1——
12POWO (Kew Gardens)—1——
13PubMedharmine harmaline tetrahydroharmine beta-carboline concentration ayahuasca brew preparation33Critical alkaloid quantification data
14OpenAlexharmine antidepressant neurogenesis hippocampal beta-carboline mechanism81Key mechanism paper for antidepressant effects via neurogenesis
15OpenAlexBanisteriopsis caapi phylogeny domestication cerrado Malpighiaceae1——
16WebSearch + ICEERSayahuasca legal status United States DEA Schedule Europe Netherlands Peru Brazil regulation10——
17OpenAlexayahuasca safety adverse events deaths serotonin syndrome drug interactions8——
18PubMedayahuasca long-term users mental health personality psychopathology11—
19PubMedayahuasca depression antidepressant clinical trial randomized104Key clinical efficacy papers for ayahuasca antidepressant effects
20PubMedRiba ayahuasca pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics human volunteers66These are landmark clinical pharmacology studies of ayahuasca
21OpenAlexayahuasca MAOI contraindications drug interactions serotonin toxicity safety8——
22PubMedayahuasca neuroimaging fMRI brain activity default mode network32—
23WebSearchayahuasca drug test detection urine DMT harmine immunoassay standard panel10——
24PubMedRiba 2015 DMT metabolism oral smoked urine disposition1——
25PubMedPope 2019 harmala alkaloids urine drug screen forensic1——
26PubMed+OpenAlex cross-referenceBanisteriopsis caapi key data synthesis———
162 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety66 · 6 ok

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • In controlled clinical settings, a diastolic blood pressure increase of approximately 9 mmHg was observed at higher doses (0.85 mg dmt/kg), along with mild sympathomimetic effects including pupil dilation, prolactin elevation, and cortisol elevationpartially supported

    Diastolic BP increased 9 mmHg at high dose. Doses 0.6 and 0.85 mg DMT/kg. pmid:12660312

  • In controlled clinical settings, a diastolic blood pressure increase of approximately 9 mmHg was observed at higher doses (0.85 mg dmt/kg), along with mild sympathomimetic effects including pupil dilation, prolactin elevation, and cortisol elevationpartially supported

    Ayahuasca increased prolactin, cortisol; mild sympathomimetic effects; immunomodulatory effects on lymphocytes. Milder effects on pupil than amphetamine. jcp.0b013e31823607f6

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • No significant alteration in liver function tests (ALT, AST, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, GGT) was found in 22 chronic ayahuasca users consuming the preparation twice monthly for at least one year.supported

    22 volunteers consuming ayahuasca twice monthly or more for ≥1 year. No significant alterations in liver function tests (ALT, AST, bilirubin, creatinine, etc.). Chronic ayahuasca use does not appear to affect hepatic function. 02791072.2018.1557355

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Long-term ritual users consuming ayahuasca at least twice monthly for years show no cognitive impairment and no pattern of addiction-related problemssupported

    No evidence of psychological maladjustment, mental health deterioration or cognitive impairment. Users scored lower on all psychopathology measures, better performance on Stroop, WCST, and Letter-Number Sequencing tasks. journal.pone.0042421

  • Preserved or improved cognitive function — including enhanced working memory — has been confirmed in cross-sectional study of long-term users versus beginnerssupported

    48 participants: 16 experienced users (>20 years), 16 beginners (<3 years), 16 controls. No cognitive decline in either user group. Experienced group showed higher working verbal and visuospatial memory scores than beginners. s00406-024-01817-9

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Severe cardiovascular disease: Mild diastolic blood pressure increase (~9 mmHg) and sympathomimetic activation documented at standard dosessupported

    Diastolic BP increased 9 mmHg at high dose. Predominantly peripheral site of action for harmine. pmid:12660312

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

neuroscience26 · 8 ok

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • From a double-blind placebo-controlled study (n=18, doses of 0.6 and 0.85 mg DMT/kg body weight):supported

    Double-blind placebo-controlled trial with 18 volunteers. Doses 0.6 and 0.85 mg DMT/kg. pmid:12660312

  • A factorial dose-escalation study of buccal DMT (0–120 mg) combined with harmine (0–180 mg) reported peak DMT Cmax of 33 ng/mL and harmine Cmax of 49 ng/mL, with subjective effects lasting 4–5 hours and Tmax increasing with dose escalation for both compounds.supported

    Peak DMT Cmax 33 ng/mL, harmine Cmax 49 ng/mL. T_max increased with dose escalation. Effects lasted 4-5h. j.biopha.2025.117908

  • Harmine is a potent, reversible mao-a inhibitor with Ki in the low nanomolar range — the primary pharmacological action of B. caapisupported

    Harmine inhibits DMT metabolism via MAO-A. kfaf118

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • It also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity via COX inhibition, nitric oxide pathway suppression, and Nrf-2/antioxidant signaling activation, with reductions in IL-1β documented in preclinical models.supported

    Harmaline 5 mg/kg reduces pain and inflammation in mice via COX and nitric oxide pathways, antioxidant Nrf-2 activation, IL-1beta reduction. s00210-025-04220-w

  • Harmine from B. caapi inhibits this enzyme, enabling DMT from admixture plants to reach systemic circulation and cross the blood-brain-barriersupported

    DMT Cmax 12.14 and 17.44 ng/mL respectively. Predominantly peripheral site of action for harmine. pmid:12660312

  • Harmine from B. caapi inhibits this enzyme, enabling DMT from admixture plants to reach systemic circulation and cross the blood-brain-barriersupported

    Harmine inhibits DMT metabolism via MAO-A. Simulation results show route of administration and harmine co-administration influence DMT exposure. kfaf118

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Harmine, THH, harmaline, and the harmine metabolite harmol all stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro — promoting neural stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation in mouse brain neurospheres from both the subventricular zone and subgranular zonesupported

    Harmine, tetrahydroharmine, and harmaline from B. caapi all stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro; neural stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation in mouse brain neurospheres. s41598-017-05407-9

  • Systematic review of classical hallucinogen neuroimaging confirms acute excitation of frontolateral and frontomedial cortex, medial temporal lobe, and occipital cortex alongside DMN inhibitionsupported

    Systematic review of 25 neuroimaging studies of serotonergic hallucinogens. Acute effects: excitation of frontolateral/frontomedial cortex, medial temporal lobe, occipital cortex; inhibition of DMN. j.neubiorev.2016.10.026

summary24 · 4 ok

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • The 1996 Hoasca Project produced the first human plasma pharmacokinetic data, and a 2018 placebo-controlled trial demonstrated significant rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depressionsupported

    First controlled trial of a psychedelic in treatment-resistant depression. NCT02914769. Supports safety and therapeutic value of ayahuasca for depression. s0033291718001356

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Harmine, the dominant alkaloid (mean 4.79 mg/g dried liana, RSD 170%), is a potent reversible MAO-A inhibitor at low nanomolar concentrationspartially supported

    Harmine inhibits DMT metabolism via MAO-A. kfaf118

  • In ayahuasca preparations, this inhibition prevents gastrointestinal and hepatic deamination of DMT from the admixture plant, enabling oral bioavailability of an otherwise orally inactive tryptaminesupported

    DMT Cmax 12.14 and 17.44 ng/mL respectively, Tmax ~1.5h. Predominantly peripheral site of action for harmine. pmid:12660312

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Long-term ritual users show no cognitive impairment, physical-dependence, or addiction-related problemssupported

    No evidence of psychological maladjustment, mental health deterioration or cognitive impairment. Users scored lower on all psychopathology measures, better performance on Stroop, WCST, and Letter-Number Sequencing tasks. journal.pone.0042421

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

preparations16 · 2 ok

  • Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Dose: In controlled research settings, standardized ayahuasca has been administered at 0.6–0.85 mg DMT/kg body weight (encapsulated freeze-dried material)supported

    Doses 0.6 and 0.85 mg DMT/kg. pmid:12660312

  • Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Mild cardiovascular effects include diastolic blood pressure increase (~9 mmHg at higher doses) and mild pupil dilationpartially supported

    Diastolic BP increased 9 mmHg at high dose. pmid:12660312

  • Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

alkaloid-profile14 · 2 ok

  • Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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  • Validated analytical methods for these alkaloids include GC, HPLC with limit-of-quantification values of 0.3–1.0 ng/mL in plasma, and LC-MS/MSsupported

    Developed analytical methodology for plasma quantification of DMT and beta-carboline alkaloids (harmine, harmaline, THH, harmol, harmalol). DMT LOQ 1.6 ng/mL, beta-carbolines 0.3-1.0 ng/mL. pmid:12361741

  • Wang and colleagues confirmed the dominant constituents and characterized their monoamine-oxidase-inhibitory and antioxidative activities.supported

    Banisteriopsis caapi contains harmine, harmaline, tetrahydroharmine. MAO inhibitory and antioxidative constituents relevant to neurological disorders. j.jep.2010.02.013

  • Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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history12 · 0 ok

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botanical-overview4 · 0 ok

  • Claim in botanical-overview — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

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3Sources

38 consumed · sorted by year · feeds = sections resting on it

Sources 1 to 30
yearsourcetierstatusfeeds
2026A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the determination of ayahuasca alkaloids in human hairSantos FP et al. · Talantadoi:10.1016/j.talanta.2026.129455moderateconsumed1 section
2025Dated Phylogeny of Banisteriopsis (Malpighiaceae) Suggests an Ancient Colonization of the Cerrado and No Evidence of Human Manipulation in the Origin of B. caapiSantos TAC et al. · Plantsdoi:10.3390/plants14071149moderateconsumed2 sections
2025Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of N,N-dimethyltryptamine, harmine, and their interactions from ayahuasca in rats and humansWittayakarn N, Tan YM, Choomalaiwong P, et al. · Toxicological Sciencesdoi:10.1093/toxsci/kfaf118moderateconsumed3 sections
2025Examining the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmine in healthy volunteers: a factorial dose-escalation studyEgger K, Jareño Redondo J, Müller J, et al. · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapydoi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.117908strongconsumed2 sections
2025Harmaline attenuates pain and inflammation: role of IL-1beta, oxidative stress, nitric oxide and cyclo-oxygenaseChaubey S, Singh L · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacologydoi:10.1007/s00210-025-04220-wmoderateconsumed1 section
2025Intoxication Associated with Ayahuasca Consumption, Characterization, and Comparative Analysis of the Beverage's Components: A Case ReportEstrella-Parra EA et al. · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatríadoi:10.1016/j.rcpeng.2025.10.009weakconsumed1 section
2025Long-term ayahuasca use is associated with preserved global cognitive function and improved memory: a cross-sectional study with ritual usersFonseca AM, Dos Santos RG, de Medeiros LS, et al. · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciencedoi:10.1007/s00406-024-01817-9moderateconsumed1 section
2024Ayahuasca Legal Status by CountryICEERS (International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Service)url:12aa8a83faffe5b3weakconsumedcited only
2024Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V.MortonRoyal Botanic Gardens Kewurl:da8b566ebc2a87fbweakconsumedcited only
2022Ayahuasca as a Decoction Applied to Human: Analytical Methods, Pharmacology and Potential Toxic EffectsNižnanský Ľ et al. · Journal of Clinical Medicinedoi:10.3390/jcm11041147moderateconsumed2 sections
2022Components of Banisteriopsis caapi, a Plant Used in the Preparation of the Psychoactive Ayahuasca, Induce Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Microglial CellsSantos BWL, Moreira DC, Bordes TKDS, Caldas ED · Moleculesdoi:10.3390/molecules27082500moderateconsumed2 sections
2022Molecular Pathways of the Therapeutic Effects of AyahuascaRossi GN, Guerra LTL, Baker GB, Dursun SM, Saiz JCB, Hallak JEC, Dos Santos RG · Biomoleculesdoi:10.3390/biom12111618moderateconsumed3 sections
2021Ayahuasca and the traveller: A scoping review of risks and possible benefitsHoule SKD et al. · Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseasedoi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102206moderateconsumed1 section
2021Kinetic profile of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and beta-carbolines in saliva and serum after oral administration of ayahuascaLanaro R, Mello SM, da Cunha KF, Silveira G et al. · Drug Testing and Analysisdoi:10.1002/dta.2955moderateconsumed1 section
2021Risk assessment of ayahuasca use in a religious context: self-reported risk factors and adverse effectsDurante I, Dos Santos RG, Bouso JC, Hallak JE · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatrydoi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0913moderateconsumed1 section
2020Biodiversity of β-Carboline Profile of Banisteriopsis caapi and Ayahuasca, a Plant and a Brew with Neuropharmacological PotentialSantos BWL et al. · Plants (Basel)doi:10.3390/plants9070870moderateconsumed5 sections
2020Effects of ayahuasca on mental health and quality of life in naïve users: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study combinationJiménez-Garrido DF et al. · Scientific Reportsdoi:10.1038/s41598-020-61169-xmoderateconsumed1 section
2019Effect of Ritualistic Consumption of Ayahuasca on Hepatic Function in Chronic UsersMello SM, Soubhia PC, Silveira G et al. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugsdoi:10.1080/02791072.2018.1557355moderateconsumed1 section
2019Harmala Alkaloids Identify Ayahuasca Intoxication in a Urine Drug ScreenPope JD et al. · Journal of Analytical Toxicologydoi:10.1093/jat/bky105moderateconsumed1 section
2019Validation of an analytical method for the determination of the main ayahuasca active compoundsSouza RCZ, Zandonadi FS, Freitas DP, Tofoli LFF, Sussulini A · Journal of Chromatography Bdoi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.014moderateconsumed2 sections
2018Ayahuasca: Psychological and Physiologic Effects, Pharmacology and Potential Uses in Addiction and Mental IllnessHamill J, Hallak JEC, Dursun SM, Baker GB · Current Neuropharmacologydoi:10.2174/1570159x16666180125095902moderateconsumed4 sections
2018Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trialPalhano-Fontes F, Barreto D, Onias H, Andrade KC, Novaes MM, et al. · Psychological Medicinedoi:10.1017/s0033291718001356strongconsumed1 section
2017Assessing the Psychedelic After-Glow in Ayahuasca Users: Post-Acute Neurometabolic and Functional Connectivity Changes Are Associated with Enhanced Mindfulness CapacitiesSampedro F, de la Fuente Revenga M, Valle M, et al. · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1093/ijnp/pyx036moderateconsumedcited only
2017The alkaloids of Banisteriopsis caapi, the plant source of the Amazonian hallucinogen Ayahuasca, stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitroMorales-Garcia JA, de la Fuente Revenga M, Alonso-Gil S, et al. · Scientific Reportsdoi:10.1038/s41598-017-05407-9moderateconsumed1 section
2016Classical hallucinogens and neuroimaging: A systematic review of human studiesDos Santos RG, Osório FL, Crippa JAS, Hallak JEC · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviewsdoi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.026strongconsumed1 section
2016The Therapeutic Potentials of Ayahuasca: Possible Effects against Various Diseases of CivilizationFrecska E, Bokor P, Winkelman M · Frontiers in Pharmacologydoi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00035moderateconsumed1 section
2015The psychedelic state induced by ayahuasca modulates the activity and connectivity of the default mode networkPalhano-Fontes F, Andrade KC, Tofoli LF, et al. · PLoS ONEdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118143moderateconsumedcited only
2013Harmine augments electrically evoked dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens shellBrierley DI, Davidson C · Journal of Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1177/0269881112463125moderateconsumedcited only
2012Personality, psychopathology, life attitudes and neuropsychological performance among ritual users of Ayahuasca: a longitudinal studyBouso JC, González D, Fondevila S, et al. · PLoS ONEdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042421moderateconsumed2 sections
2011Autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immunological effects of ayahuasca: a comparative study with d-amphetamineDos Santos RG, Valle M, Bouso JC, et al. · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacologydoi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31823607f6strongconsumedcited only
Show all 40 sources — 10 more
Sources 31 to 40
yearsourcetierstatusfeeds
2010A complete generic phylogeny of Malpighiaceae inferred from nucleotide sequence data and morphologyDavis CC, Anderson WR · American Journal of Botanydoi:10.3732/ajb.1000146moderateconsumed1 section
2010Composition, standardization and chemical profiling of Banisteriopsis caapi, a plant for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders relevant to Parkinson's diseaseWang YH, Samoylenko V, Tekwani BL, et al. · Journal of Ethnopharmacologydoi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.02.013moderateconsumed1 section
2009Gas chromatographic analysis of dimethyltryptamine and beta-carboline alkaloids in ayahuasca, an Amazonian psychoactive plant beveragePires AP et al. · Phytochemical Analysisdoi:10.1002/pca.1110moderateconsumed1 section
2005Bringing ayahuasca to the clinical research laboratoryRiba J, Barbanoj MJ · Journal of Psychoactive Drugspmid:16149336moderateconsumed2 sections
2003Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokineticsRiba J, Valle M, Urbano G, Yritia M, Morte A, Barbanoj MJ · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeuticspmid:12660312strongconsumed4 sections
2002Determination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and beta-carboline alkaloids in human plasma following oral administration of AyahuascaYritia M, Riba J, Ortuño J, Ramirez A, Castillo A, et al. · Journal of Chromatography Bpmid:12361741moderateconsumed1 section
1996Quantitation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids in human plasma after oral dosing with ayahuascaCallaway JC et al. · Journal of Analytical Toxicologypmid:8889686moderateconsumed3 sections
1995Hypothermic effect of harmala alkaloid in rats: involvement of serotonergic mechanismAbdel-Fattah AF et al. · Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behaviorpmid:8577810moderateconsumedcited only
—Searched PubMed for "ayahuasca adverse effects safety toxicity case report" — no resultsabsenceno results—
—Searched PubMed for "Banisteriopsis caapi ethnobotany ayahuasca history" — no resultsabsenceno results—

4Docket

one filing per activity — decisions, correspondence, reports

  1. 0012026-03-17importImported from Curiosity v1

    imported 2026-03; original sourcing not recoverable

    psx:substance/banisteriopsis-caapi/import/curiosity-v1
  2. 0022026-03-17publicationPublication — backfill
    psx:substance/banisteriopsis-caapi/pub/3701c49a-7379-47d9-b600-5fc53f49d78e
  3. 0032026-03-17revisionRevision 1

    no edit summary recorded

    psx:substance/banisteriopsis-caapi/version/1
  4. 0042026-05-14revisionRevision 2

    Initial LLM generation (plant pipeline v1, wiki, prose phase)

    psx:substance/banisteriopsis-caapi/version/2
  5. 0052026-06-04proposal18 value proposals approved together

    one review action inferred from a shared reviewer and instant — the graph records one activity per proposal

    18 items in this filing

    • contraindication · psychiatric
    • contraindication · other
    • contraindication · cardiovascular
    • contraindication · psychiatric
    • contraindication · other
    • contraindication · pregnancy_breastfeeding
    • contraindication · hepatic
    • contraindication · other
    • dose_tier · threshold
    • dose_tier · light
    • dose_tier · common
    • dose_tier · strong
    • dose_tier · heavy
    • toxicity
    • dependence · full
    • withdrawal
    • tolerance
    psx:substance/banisteriopsis-caapi/proposal/contraindication/161f2ec0-b0d7-4f67-bbf0-f8afd687989e
  6. 0062026-06-04publicationPublication — backfill
    psx:substance/banisteriopsis-caapi/pub/dd65ca76-5400-4249-89af-f90b27758f85

5Issued documents

what the notice, info card and emergency page said, by hash

Issued documents
documentcontent hashissuedfrom versionsuperseded
emergencyc15c760aabf6f0fcf5b6fc6b…2026-10-19 20:30Revision 2current
info_cardf65c603643c8c608bd3e62a7…2026-10-19 20:30Revision 2current
notice9fbf984390f1b665f3e3706c…2026-10-19 20:30Revision 2current
emergency3f0909c25c714d225b4bb3e3…2026-09-04 04:28Revision 2superseded2026-10-19
info_card49eee4d51f65a3ec2beaebdf…2026-09-04 04:28Revision 2superseded2026-10-19
notice2852dd39ba17913aa7572209…2026-09-04 04:28Revision 2superseded2026-10-19