Amanita muscaria

Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Onset occurs 30–90 minutes after ingestion (range 30–180 minutes in pediatric patients)supported

symptoms at 30-180 min pmid:1347320

Severe intoxications may produce coma, seizures or myoclonic activity (documented in 4 of 9 pediatric cases), acute respiratory failure, and delirium.supported

Case report: coma after accidental A. muscaria poisoning 2021_002212

Severe intoxications may produce coma, seizures or myoclonic activity (documented in 4 of 9 pediatric cases), acute respiratory failure, and delirium.supported

Two case reports of severe intoxication in elderly individuals with rapid-onset GI symptoms, CNS depression toxins17120570

Severe intoxications may produce coma, seizures or myoclonic activity (documented in 4 of 9 pediatric cases), acute respiratory failure, and delirium.supported

seizures in 4/9; CNS depression, ataxia, obtundation, hallucinations, hyperkinetic behavior pmid:1347320

Benjamin specifically noted the absence of prominent anticholinergic or cholinergic signs in a pediatric case series. Atropine is not recommended for A. muscaria poisoning and does not address the central GABAergic/glutamatergic mechanism.supported

no anticholinergic/cholinergic signs; complete recovery pmid:1347320

Acute psychological adverse effects include anxiety, paranoia, confusion, and disorientation, commonly reported at moderate-to-high dosessupported

Themes: adverse effects, perceived positive outcomes, reasons for use, modes of consumption, thought perceptions 10826084.2025.2476141

A community thematic analysis identified adverse psychological effects as self-limiting in most cases, but clinical case reports document more severe outcomes.supported

adverse effects were minimal and primarily self-limiting 10826084.2025.2476141

Prolonged psychosis lasting five days — with visual and auditory hallucinations, paranoid ideation, and developing 18 hours after ingestion — has been documented in at least one casesupported

5-day paranoid psychosis after A. muscaria ingestion... Delayed onset of psychosis 18 hours after ingestion persisting 5 days with visual and auditory hallucinations pmid:16810488

In a case series of five young recreational users (ages 18–21), four experienced visual and auditory hallucinations and one lost consciousness; all recovered within four days without organ complications.supported

Five young persons (18-21) ate dried fly agaric for hallucinations. Four had visual/auditory hallucinations; one lost consciousness. Resolved without organ complications after 4 days. pmid:15904689

Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Both compounds appear to undergo minimal hepatic metabolism, suggesting low CYP-mediated interaction potential, but this has not been formally studied.supported

both rapidly absorbed from GI tract and excreted in urine s00414-011-0599-9

Children demonstrate increased susceptibility to seizures from ibotenic acid/muscimol exposure: seizures occurred in 4 of 9 pediatric cases in the largest published case series.supported

seizures in 4/9; no anticholinergic/cholinergic signs; complete recovery pmid:1347320

Two cases of severe A. muscaria poisoning in elderly spouses requiring hospitalization have been documented.supported

Two case reports of severe intoxication in elderly individuals with rapid-onset GI symptoms, CNS depression, and cholinergic features requiring atropine infusion toxins17120570

Pre-existing psychotic disorders or psychosis vulnerability constitute a relative contraindication given the documented case of prolonged paranoid psychosis and the deliriant character of higher-dose experiences.supported

5-day paranoid psychosis after A. muscaria ingestion... Delayed onset of psychosis 18 hours after ingestion pmid:16810488

Muscimol is excreted substantially unmetabolized via the kidneys; renal impairment could theoretically prolong effect duration and increase accumulation risk.supported

both rapidly absorbed from GI tract and excreted in urine s00414-011-0599-9

Claim in botanical-overview — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Claim in botanical-overview — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Amanita pantherina (panther cap): brownish-grey cap with white warts; shares the ibotenic acid/muscimol toxidrome but frequently contains higher alkaloid concentrations and is considered more dangerous. Accidental ingestion of A. pantherina is more commonly reported in clinical literature than A. muscaria poisoning.supported

Nine pediatric cases (8 A. pantherina, 1 A. muscaria): CNS depression, ataxia, obtundation, hallucinations, hyperkinetic behavior pmid:1347320

<div class="compact-kv"> <table> <tbody> <tr><td>Kingdom</td><td>Fungi</td></tr> <tr><td>Phylum</td><td>Basidiomycota</td></tr> <tr><td>Class</td><td>Agaricomycetes</td></tr> <tr><td>Order</td><td>Agaricales</td></tr> <tr><td>Family</td><td>Amanitaceae</td></tr> <tr><td>Species</td><td>Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam.</td></tr> <tr><td>GBIF accepted name</td><td>Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam.</td></tr> <tr><td>Native range</td><td>Temperate and boreal Northern Hemisphere (ancestral origin: Siberian-Beringian region)</td></tr> <tr><td>Cultivation status</td><td>Wild-harvested only (obligate ectomycorrhizal; cannot be cultivated separately from host trees)</td></tr> </tbody> </table> </div>supported

Ancestral population evolved in Siberian-Beringian region j.1365-294x.2006.02823.x

A. muscaria has one of the widest distributions of any fungal species, occurring across Europe, Asia, northern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and the Americassupported

Ancestral population evolved in Siberian-Beringian region... cryptic phylogenetic species with partially overlapping distributions j.1365-294x.2006.02823.x

Phylogenetic analysis using ITS and beta-tubulin markers identified at least three cryptic phylogenetic species within A. muscaria sensu lato — Eurasian, Eurasian-alpine, and North American clades — all found sympatrically in Alaskasupported

Three geographic clades ('Eurasian', 'Eurasian-alpine', 'North American') found sympatrically in Alaska j.1365-294x.2006.02823.x

Much of the Southern Hemisphere distribution results from introduction through commercial forestry, where ectomycorrhizal propagules spread alongside non-native timber trees (pine, spruce, birch)supported

A. muscaria in Colombia has Eurasian origin; spreading into native Q. humboldtii forests via timber plantations 00275514.2019.1636608

Much of the Southern Hemisphere distribution results from introduction through commercial forestry, where ectomycorrhizal propagules spread alongside non-native timber trees (pine, spruce, birch)supported

Europe as origin of South African A. muscaria nph.71064

In Colombia, the species has been documented expanding from exotic plantations into native Quercus humboldtii forests, demonstrating active range expansion as an invasive mutualist.supported

spreading into native Q. humboldtii forests via timber plantations. First report of introduced ectomycorrhizal mutualist spreading to native Colombian forests 00275514.2019.1636608

Claim in botanical-overview — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

The red-orange coloration derives from betaxanthin and betacyanin pigments; LC-DAD and mass spectrometry have characterized a complex pigment pattern including muscaflavin, muscapurpurin, and muscarubrin in the cap cuticle.supported

LC-DAD and mass spectrometry study of A. muscaria cap pigments: betaxanthins, betalamic acid, muscaflavin, seco-dopas, muscapurpurin, muscarubrin identified znc-2007-11-1201

Its psychoactive properties derive primarily from two isoxazole compounds: muscimol, a selective GABA-A receptor agonist responsible for the characteristic sedative-hallucinogenic experience, and its metabolic precursor ibotenic-acid, an excitatory NMDA receptor agonistpartially supported

muscazone, muscarine, ibotenic acid, and muscimol as potent GABA agonists intjmedmushrooms.2023049458

Claim in summary — not_supportednot supportedworking →

Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Muscimol activates ionotropic GABA-A receptors — including high-efficacy extrasynaptic δ-subunit-containing receptors — producing widespread neuronal inhibitionsupported

muscimol as potent GABA agonists intjmedmushrooms.2023049458

Anxiety, confusion, nausea, and ataxia are commonly reported adverse effects, particularly with fresh or minimally processed material.supported

adverse effects were minimal and primarily self-limiting. Themes: adverse effects, perceived positive outcomes, reasons for use, modes of consumption 10826084.2025.2476141

Fatal human poisoning from A. muscaria is exceedingly rare, though severe intoxications involving coma and prolonged psychosis have been reportedsupported

5-day paranoid psychosis after A. muscaria ingestion... persisting 5 days with visual and auditory hallucinations pmid:16810488

Fatal human poisoning from A. muscaria is exceedingly rare, though severe intoxications involving coma and prolonged psychosis have been reportedsupported

Case report: coma after accidental A. muscaria poisoning mistaken for edible species 2021_002212

Claim in history — not_supportednot supportedworking →

Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

König-Bersin et al. published early neurochemistry data on monoamine effects under muscimol and ibotenic acid influence in 1970supported

Early neurochemistry study: monoamine effects in brain under muscimol and ibotenic acid influence pmid:4256992

Michelot and Melendez-Howell produced the most comprehensive integrated review of A. muscaria chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology in 2003supported

Current knowledge on the chemistry, toxicology, and biology relating to this mushroom is reviewed s0953756203007305

Li and Oberlies catalogued the natural products of the entire Amanita genus in 2005.supported

Review categorizing all natural products isolated from genus Amanita into six major structural types j.lfs.2005.09.003

Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Ibotenic acid is a non-selective NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; it is excitotoxic at high concentrations and is used experimentally to produce focal brain lesions in animal models.partially supported

ibotenic acid, and muscimol as potent GABA agonists intjmedmushrooms.2023049458

Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Claim in alkaloid-profile — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Geographic origin: three phylogeographic clades with undetermined differential chemistry. A 2026 genomic study found highly conserved biosynthetic gene clusters across Northern and Southern Hemisphere specimens, suggesting functional conservation of secondary metabolite production.supported

Three geographic clades ('Eurasian', 'Eurasian-alpine', 'North American') found sympatrically in Alaska j.1365-294x.2006.02823.x

Geographic origin: three phylogeographic clades with undetermined differential chemistry. A 2026 genomic study found highly conserved biosynthetic gene clusters across Northern and Southern Hemisphere specimens, suggesting functional conservation of secondary metabolite production.supported

Highly conserved biosynthetic gene clusters; only 13 of 273 molecular families unique to South Africa nph.71064

Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Smoking the dried cap cuticle (skin) has been reported in community accountssupported

Themes: adverse effects, perceived positive outcomes, reasons for use, modes of consumption 10826084.2025.2476141

HPLC analysis demonstrated that standardized water-ethanol extracts and 80-proof vodka tinctures do not contain significant quantities of ibotenic acid or muscimolsupported

Standardized extract has significant cytotoxic effect but does not contain ibotenic acid or muscimol in significant quantity after ethanol-water extraction molecules28196824

Claim in preparations — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Muscimol is a selective agonist at ionotropic GABA-A receptors, binding the GABA recognition site and activating both synaptic and extrasynaptic receptor populationssupported

muscimol as potent GABA agonists intjmedmushrooms.2023049458

Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

Both ibotenic acid and muscimol are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and appear in urine within 20–90 minutes of ingestion, excreted substantially unmetabolizedsupported

both rapidly absorbed from GI tract and excreted in urine. Concentrations determined in 4 A. pantherina patients s00414-011-0599-9