generation run 2026-04-28
70 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/b7049f84…Selection
Verification
- record
- seen / partial
- working
The model's own caveats
- sources_silent_on_taper
- no_controlled_human_dependence_data
Reproduce
- inputs
- 24 source keys (listed under Sources)
- plan
- not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
- model
- pipeline-v5
- streams
- none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
18 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
| # | source | query | seen | kept | rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PubChem | alpha-PHP | 1 | 1 | Primary chemical identity verification |
| 2 | PubMed | alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone metabolism metabolites human urine | 9 | 3 | Directly characterize α-PHP metabolism in humans |
| 3 | OpenAlex | alpha-PHP Schedule I controlled substance legal DEA | 3 | 1 | Contains specific legal scheduling information |
| 4 | OpenAlex | alpha-PHP pyrrolidinohexanophenone synthetic cathinone | 10 | 5 | High citation counts and relevance to A-PHP pharmacology and toxicology |
| 5 | ClinicalTrials.gov · absence | alpha-PHP pyrrolidinohexanophenone | 0 | 0 | No results |
| 6 | PubMed | alpha-PHP pyrrolidinohexanophenone pharmacology | 15 | 8 | All directly relevant to A-PHP pharmacology, toxicology, or clinical cases |
| 7 | PsychonautWiki | A-PHP dosage duration effects legal status | 1 | 2 | Cross-reference for dose/duration data matching existing DB values |
| 8 | OpenAlex | alpha-PHP neural stem progenitor cell death cytotoxicity | 1 | 1 | Unique neurotoxicity data specific to α-PHP in neural stem cells |
| 9 | UNODC LSS | alpha-PHP substance details | 1 | 1 | Official UNODC database; confirms chemical identity and scheduling |
| 10 | Web search | alpha-PHP UK Misuse of Drugs Act legal status Australia | 5 | 2 | Legal status data for major jurisdictions |
| 11 | WHO ECDD Repository | alpha-PHP ECDD assessment | 1 | 1 | Official WHO assessment; authoritative for scheduling and pharmacology context |
| 12 | Federal Register / Web | alpha-PHP DEA Schedule I scheduling date | 3 | 2 | Establishes definitive US legal scheduling history for α-PHP |
| 13 | OpenAlex | Simmler Liechti cathinone monoamine transporter selectivity | 5 | 4 | Landmark papers establishing pyrovalerone cathinone pharmacological class; all have direct relevance to α-PHP mechanism of action |
| 14 | Multiple sources · absence | alpha-PHP IC50 DAT dopamine transporter specific binding affinity | 0 | 0 | No specific α-PHP IC50 data found; must flag in Gaps section |
| 15 | PubMed · absence | tramadol stimulant cathinone interaction fatal toxicity | 0 | 0 | No specific published evidence found; seed data 'lethal' interaction with tramadol cannot be verified from published literature |
| 16 | Web search | alpha-PHP Canada Australia Japan scheduling legal status | 3 | 5 | Legal status data for major jurisdictions |
| 17 | Multiple APIs and Web | Verify chemical identity, SMILES, CAS, InChIKey for alpha-PHP | 3 | 3 | Chemical identity fully verified and corrects all seed data gaps |
| 18 | Multiple sources | Verify dose/duration data against published literature | 1 | 1 | No published controlled dosing study to contradict seed data; values retained |
89 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety24 · 17 ok
The acute toxidrome documented across clinical case reports and poison control data comprises CNS alterations (psychomotor agitation, hallucinations, paranoid delusions, aggression), cardiovascular effects (tachycardia, tachypnoea, hypertension), hyperthermia, and rhabdomyolysissupported
Clinical cases showed CNS toxidromes (psychomotor agitation, tremors, hallucinations), cardiovascular signs (tachycardia, tachypnoea), hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis. j.drugalcdep.2025.112596
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Prolonged psychosis lasting 3 or more days has been documented, consistent with the compound's estimated 37-hour serum half-life.supported
Psychotic symptoms resolved by day 3. Serum elimination half-life 37 h. bkx080
Tachycardia, hypertension, and tachypnoea are consistently reported across clinical casespartially supported
Clinical cases showed cardiovascular signs (tachycardia, tachypnoea). j.drugalcdep.2025.112596
Rhabdomyolysis — skeletal muscle breakdown releasing myoglobin into the bloodstream — is documented in α-PHP clinical intoxicationssupported
Clinical cases showed... rhabdomyolysis. j.drugalcdep.2025.112596
In vitro studies in murine neural stem/progenitor cells demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity at α-PHP concentrations of 25–2000 μM, with activation of apoptotic, autophagic, and necroptotic cell death pathways and ultrastructural damage visible by transmission electron microscopysupported
α-PHP induced dose-dependent decrease in viability, proliferation, and clonal capability of murine NSPCs at 25–2000 μM. Apoptotic/autophagic/necroptotic pathway activation observed. Ultrastructural alterations. biology12091225
Metabolites generated through hepatic metabolic activation demonstrate mutagenic potential in the micronucleus assaysupported
metabolites with metabolic activation showed mutagenic potential. ijms22126320
A fetal death has been associated with maternal use of MDPHP and α-PHPsupported
Case report of fetal death associated with use of MDPHP and α-PHP. 15563650.2018.1502443
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
In the Fujita case report, psychosis persisted for 3 days following presentation, correlated with the prolonged serum half-lifesupported
Psychotic symptoms resolved by day 3. Serum elimination half-life 37 h. bkx080
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Psychomotor agitation, aggressive behavior, and impaired judgment are consistently documented in clinical presentationssupported
Clinical cases showed CNS toxidromes (psychomotor agitation, tremors, hallucinations). j.drugalcdep.2025.112596
ICSS in rats: 1.0 and 3.2 mg/kg i.p. facilitated ICSS responding, comparable to cocaine at 10 mg/kgsupported
Doses of 1.0 and 3.2 mg/kg α-PHP facilitated ICSS responding similar to cocaine (10 mg/kg). j.etdah.2021.100004
Brain reward thresholds decreased dose-dependently in female ratssupported
ICSS brain reward thresholds decreased dose-dependently. j.drugalcdep.2021.108910
Abuse liability assessed as equivalent to α-PVPsupported
Abuse liability equivalent across all three α-pyrrolidino-phenone cathinones. j.drugalcdep.2021.108910
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The most salient interaction risk with α-PHP arises from its nearly universal co-use with other substances in real-world settings: 90% of confirmed cases in the largest series involved polydrug co-ingestionpartially supported
60% opiates, 35% benzodiazepines, 30% cannabinoids, 20% cocaine co-use. bkac057
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Clinical management follows pyrovalerone cathinone class protocols extrapolated from MDPV experience: supportive care with IV benzodiazepines as first-line for agitation and seizure prevention, IV fluids for rhabdomyolysis, and close cardiovascular and temperature monitoringsupported
Treatment: IV benzodiazepines, supportive care, ICU monitoring. j.amjmed.2012.02.019
Pre-existing cardiovascular disease — including hypertension, coronary artery disease, and arrhythmia — represents the primary absolute contraindication, given the consistent documentation of sympathomimetic cardiovascular stress across all clinical case reports.supported
Clinical cases showed cardiovascular signs (tachycardia, tachypnoea), hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis. j.drugalcdep.2025.112596
Psychotic spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder are absolute contraindications: α-PHP's dopaminergic potentiation directly exacerbates psychotic symptomatology, and the documented multi-day psychosis duration makes acute episodes potentially severe and prolonged.supported
Psychotic symptoms resolved by day 3. bkx080
Pregnancy is absolutely contraindicated: fetal death has been documented in association with α-PHP use, and in utero transfer is confirmed by neonatal meconium testing.partially supported
Case report of fetal death associated with use of MDPHP and α-PHP. First report of such outcome. 15563650.2018.1502443
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
pharmacology20 · 17 ok
Monoamine efflux: absent — α-PHP does not act as a releasing agentsupported
None induce monoamine efflux. ijms22158277
Serum concentration data fitted a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with an estimated serum elimination half-life of 37 hourssupported
Two-compartment model; serum elimination half-life 37 h. bkx080
α-PHP is a potent dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) reuptake inhibitor that blocks monoamine uptake without inducing monoamine effluxsupported
Pyrovalerone and MDPV classified as highly potent, selective DA and NA transporter inhibitors that do not evoke monoamine release (unlike amphetamines). j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x
α-PHP is a potent dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) reuptake inhibitor that blocks monoamine uptake without inducing monoamine effluxsupported
Pyrovalerone cathinones act as selective DA and NA uptake inhibitors without monoamine efflux. smw.2015.14043
This pure uptake inhibition mechanism — pharmacologically analogous to cocaine and MDPV rather than to amphetamine-type releasing agents — places α-PHP firmly within the pyrovalerone subclass of synthetic cathinones.supported
Pyrovalerone and MDPV classified as highly potent, selective DA and NA transporter inhibitors that do not evoke monoamine release (unlike amphetamines). j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Davies and colleagues describe it qualitatively as "at least as potent as α-PVP as a dopamine transporter reuptake inhibitor" based on synaptosomal assay datasupported
Using a synaptosomal assay, α-PHP is at least as potent as α-PVP as a DAT reuptake inhibitor. acschemneuro.3c00156
The class range for second-generation pyrovalerone cathinones spans DAT IC₅₀ = 0.02–8.7 μM and NET IC₅₀ = 0.03–4.6 μM.supported
All pyrovalerone cathinones: DAT IC50=0.02–8.7 μM, NET IC50=0.03–4.6 μM. ijms22158277
SERT: no significant activity at concentrations below 10 μMsupported
no SERT activity <10 μM. ijms22158277
SERT: no significant activity at concentrations below 10 μMsupported
Pyrovalerone and MDPV classified as highly potent, selective DA and NA transporter inhibitors. j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
In a 29-case forensic series, serum α-PHP concentrations ranged from 1 to 83 ng/mL (mean 40 ng/mL, median 36 ng/mL; median age 39.5 years, 90% male).supported
Serum concentrations 1–83 ng/mL (mean 40, median 36). Median age 39.5 yr, 90% male. bkac057
Bassi and colleagues studied pharmacokinetic sex differences in CD-1 mice following intraperitoneal administration at 30 mg/kgsupported
Evaluates acute effects of α-PHP (0.1–30 mg/kg i.p.) in CD-1 male and female mice. Male mice showed higher plasma levels and different metabolite elimination. j.drugalcdep.2025.112596
Primary hepatic metabolism involves multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes:supported
CYP enzymes involved: CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4. For α-PHP: CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 mainly involved. dta.2355
Phase I metabolic pathways include hydroxylation of the pyrrolidine ring, lactam formation (oxidation of the pyrrolidine nitrogen to produce ring-opened products), and alkyl chain hydroxylation.supported
Phase I: hydroxy metabolites and lactams. dta.2355
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
In authentic human urine, 11 phase I metabolites and 5 phase II glucuronide conjugates have been identifiedsupported
11 phase I + 5 phase II glucuronide metabolites identified. bkac057
Human hepatocyte incubation studies confirmed dihydroxy-pyrrolidinyl-α-PHP as the major metabolite and additionally identified α-PHP hexanol, α-PHP 2'-keto-pyrrolidinyl-hexanol, and α-PHP 2'-keto-pyrrolidinyl as prominent metabolic products.supported
Identified α-PHP dihydroxy-pyrrolidinyl, hexanol, 2'-keto-pyrrolidinyl-hexanol, and 2'-keto-pyrrolidinyl as markers of use. Identified novel major metabolite α-PHP dihydroxy-pyrrolidinyl. ijms22010230
However, metabolites generated through extrinsic metabolic activation demonstrated mutagenic potential in the micronucleus assaysupported
metabolites with metabolic activation showed mutagenic potential. ijms22126320
No significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed from the parent compoundsupported
No significant ROS increase. ijms22126320
summary11 · 10 ok
Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The compound is the direct one-carbon α-alkyl chain homolog of α-PVP ("flakka"), extending the n-propyl chain to n-butyl, and produces intense psychomotor stimulation with a serum elimination half-life estimated at 37 hours from a single case report.supported
Two-compartment model; serum elimination half-life 37 h. bkx080
The pyrrolidinophenone scaffold was first patented in the United States in 1967 but never marketed pharmaceutically. α-PHP appeared on the Japanese illicit drug market in 2014 as a scheduling-evasion successor to α-PVPsupported
α-PHP appeared on Japanese illicit drug market in 2014. life14040429
α-PHP acts as a selective DAT/NET reuptake inhibitor with no significant serotonin transporter activity at concentrations below 10 μM and no monoamine-releasing propertiessupported
All pyrovalerone cathinones: DAT IC50=0.02–8.7 μM, NET IC50=0.03–4.6 μM, no SERT activity <10 μM. None induce monoamine efflux. ijms22158277
α-PHP acts as a selective DAT/NET reuptake inhibitor with no significant serotonin transporter activity at concentrations below 10 μM and no monoamine-releasing propertiessupported
Pyrovalerone and MDPV classified as highly potent, selective DA and NA transporter inhibitors that do not evoke monoamine release (unlike amphetamines). j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x
No discrete IC₅₀ value has been published for α-PHP specifically, though it is described as "at least as potent as α-PVP" at the DATsupported
Using a synaptosomal assay, α-PHP is at least as potent as α-PVP as a DAT reuptake inhibitor. acschemneuro.3c00156
Clinical presentations include agitation, paranoid ideation, hallucinations, tachycardia, and hyperthermiapartially supported
39-year-old male presented with hallucinations and delusion. Psychotic symptoms resolved by day 3. bkx080
Clinical presentations include agitation, paranoid ideation, hallucinations, tachycardia, and hyperthermiasupported
Clinical cases showed CNS toxidromes (psychomotor agitation, tremors, hallucinations), cardiovascular signs (tachycardia, tachypnoea), hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis. j.drugalcdep.2025.112596
Cardiovascular toxicity — tachycardia, hypertension, and rhabdomyolysis — is documented across clinical case seriespartially supported
Clinical cases showed cardiovascular signs (tachycardia, tachypnoea), hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis. j.drugalcdep.2025.112596
Preclinical abuse liability is equivalent to cocaine in intracranial self-stimulation assays, and the WHO ECDD concluded that the mechanism "suggests it is highly likely to produce a state of dependence similar to amphetamine"partially supported
Doses of 1.0 and 3.2 mg/kg α-PHP facilitated ICSS responding similar to cocaine (10 mg/kg). j.etdah.2021.100004
In vitro neurotoxicity data show dose-dependent neural stem cell death via apoptotic, autophagic, and necroptotic pathways, though at concentrations far exceeding measured human serum levelssupported
α-PHP induced dose-dependent decrease in viability, proliferation, and clonal capability of murine NSPCs at 25–2000 μM. Apoptotic/autophagic/necroptotic pathway activation observed. biology12091225
history8 · 7 ok
The following year brought two critical developments: the first documented fetal death associated with α-PHP and MDPHP use, and the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD) 42nd meeting recommendation for Schedule II placement under the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.partially supported
Case report of fetal death associated with use of MDPHP and α-PHP. First report of such outcome linking these synthetic cathinones to fetal mortality. 15563650.2018.1502443
The first clinical attention to the hexanophenone variant came indirectly: in 2011, Sauer and colleagues published the first acute poisoning case report involving 4'-methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MPHP), a close structural analog of α-PHP carrying a 4'-methyl ring substitutionsupported
First report of acute poisoning involving MPHP, the 4'-methyl homolog of α-PHP. j.forsciint.2011.02.026
α-PHP itself first appeared on the Japanese illicit drug market in 2014supported
α-PHP appeared on Japanese illicit drug market in 2014. life14040429
This molecular cat-and-mouse dynamic has been a defining feature of the synthetic cathinone market since the scheduling of mephedrone and MDPV.supported
Most newly developed cathinones are analogs replacing once-popular compounds after scheduling. s11419-022-00639-5
Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The first published human toxicokinetics data came from Japan in 2018, when Fujita and colleagues reported a case of prolonged psychosis with serial serum concentration measurementssupported
Human toxicokinetics case report: 39-year-old male presented with hallucinations and delusion. Serum α-PHP 175 ng/mL on arrival. Two-compartment model; serum elimination half-life 37 h. bkx080
The most comprehensive clinical case series (29 confirmed cases) and human metabolite identification study was published in 2023supported
29-case series with analytically confirmed α-PHP. 11 phase I + 5 phase II glucuronide metabolites identified. bkac057
The same year produced the first systematic structure-activity relationship study of α-PHP analogs at the DATsupported
SAR study of 4-substituted α-PHP analogues; all behaved as 28- to >300-fold selective DAT vs SERT reuptake inhibitors. acschemneuro.3c00156
comparative-pharmacology6 · 5 ok
Extension of the α-alkyl chain from C1 to C4 progressively enhances DAT and NET inhibition potencysupported
Extension of alkyl chain enhances NET/DAT inhibition potency. ijms22158277
In ICSS assays, α-PHP at 1.0 and 3.2 mg/kg i.p. facilitated responding comparably to cocaine at 10 mg/kg, suggesting at minimum equivalent reward-related potency on a per-milligram basissupported
Doses of 1.0 and 3.2 mg/kg α-PHP facilitated ICSS responding similar to cocaine (10 mg/kg). j.etdah.2021.100004
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — not_supportednot supportedworking →
Mechanism: Both are pure DAT/NET reuptake inhibitors with no SERT activity or monoamine-releasing propertiessupported
Pyrovalerone and MDPV classified as highly potent, selective DA and NA transporter inhibitors that do not evoke monoamine release (unlike amphetamines). j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x
Abuse liability: Equivalent in ICSS and locomotor stimulation assays in rodentssupported
Abuse liability equivalent across all three α-pyrrolidino-phenone cathinones. j.drugalcdep.2021.108910
Duration: α-PHP's 37-hour serum half-life substantially exceeds α-PVP's reported elimination kinetics, suggesting a more prolonged effect profilesupported
Serum elimination half-life 37 h. bkx080
chemistry4 · 2 ok
This series relationship is pharmacologically significant: extension of the α-alkyl chain enhances both DAT and NET inhibition potency within the pyrovalerone cathinone class.supported
Extension of alkyl chain enhances NET/DAT inhibition potency. ijms22158277
Claim in chemistry — not_supportednot supportedworking →
Claim in chemistry — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
A systematic SAR study of 4-substituted α-PHP analogs demonstrated that most ring substitutions (4-F, 4-Cl, 4-Br, 4-CH₃, 4-OCH₃) maintain DAT inhibition potency within a narrow range (less than 3-fold variation), with 28- to greater than 300-fold selectivity for DAT over SERTsupported
SAR study of 4-substituted α-PHP analogues; all behaved as 28- to >300-fold selective DAT vs SERT reuptake inhibitors. acschemneuro.3c00156
clinical-evidence4 · 4 ok
Grapp and colleagues reported a 29-case forensic toxicology series with confirmed α-PHP detectionsupported
29-case series with analytically confirmed α-PHP. bkac057
The Fujita 2018 case report remains the only published human PK datasupported
Human toxicokinetics case report: 39-year-old male presented with hallucinations and delusion. Serum α-PHP 175 ng/mL on arrival. Two-compartment model; serum elimination half-life 37 h. bkx080
The Swedish STRIDA project included α-PHP among 11 pyrovalerone-type NPS monitored over a 5-year surveillance period, documenting intoxication patterns within the broader pyrovalerone cathinone class.supported
5-year STRIDA project data on 11 stimulant pyrovalerone NPS derivatives including α-PHP. 15563650.2017.1370097
Adamowicz reported a fetal death associated with maternal use of MDPHP and α-PHP — the first published case linking pyrrolidinohexanophenone cathinones to fetal mortalitysupported
Case report of fetal death associated with use of MDPHP and α-PHP. First report of such outcome linking these synthetic cathinones to fetal mortality. 15563650.2018.1502443
neuroscience4 · 2 ok
Preclinical ICSS data directly demonstrate reward pathway engagement: α-PHP at 1.0 and 3.2 mg/kg i.p. decreased brain reward thresholds in a dose-dependent manner, comparable to cocaine at 10 mg/kgsupported
Doses of 1.0 and 3.2 mg/kg α-PHP facilitated ICSS responding similar to cocaine (10 mg/kg). Rapid onset, long duration. j.etdah.2021.100004
Claim in neuroscience — not_supportednot supportedworking →
In vitro neurotoxicity data provide evidence of direct cellular damage: exposure of murine neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) to α-PHP at concentrations of 25–2000 μM produced dose-dependent decreases in viability, proliferation, and clonal capability; resting membrane potential depolarization; and activation of apoptotic, autophagic, and necroptotic cell death pathways, with ultrastructural alterations visible by transmission electron microscopysupported
α-PHP induced dose-dependent decrease in viability, proliferation, and clonal capability of murine NSPCs at 25–2000 μM. Apoptotic/autophagic/necroptotic pathway activation observed. Resting membrane potential depolarization. Ultrastructural alterations. biology12091225
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
pharmacokinetic-detail4 · 3 ok
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The involvement of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 as principal metabolizing enzymes has implications for drug-drug interactions: potent inhibitors of these enzymes (e.g., fluvoxamine for CYP1A2; omeprazole, fluconazole for CYP2C19) could theoretically slow α-PHP metabolism and prolong its already extended half-lifesupported
For α-PHP: CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 mainly involved. dta.2355
The most comprehensive urinary metabolite profiling identified 11 phase I and 5 phase II metabolites in authentic human urine specimens. Dihydroxy-pyrrolidinyl-α-PHP was the most abundant urinary metabolite and is proposed as the optimal biomarker for confirmed α-PHP exposuresupported
11 phase I + 5 phase II glucuronide metabolites identified. Main markers: dihydroxy-pyrrolidinyl-α-PHP and dihydro-α-PHP. bkac057
Hepatocyte incubation studies provided concordant results, confirming the dihydroxy-pyrrolidinyl metabolite as major and identifying additional products including α-PHP hexanol and 2'-keto-pyrrolidinyl variants.supported
Identified α-PHP dihydroxy-pyrrolidinyl, hexanol, 2'-keto-pyrrolidinyl-hexanol, and 2'-keto-pyrrolidinyl as markers of use. Identified novel major metabolite α-PHP dihydroxy-pyrrolidinyl. ijms22010230
receptor-pharmacology4 · 2 ok
Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The available evidence is qualitative: Davies and colleagues state that "using a synaptosomal assay, we previously reported that α-PHP is at least as potent as α-PVP as a dopamine transporter (DAT) reuptake inhibitor"supported
Using a synaptosomal assay, α-PHP is at least as potent as α-PVP as a DAT reuptake inhibitor. acschemneuro.3c00156
For context, the class range for second-generation pyrovalerone cathinones (including α-PVP, MDPV, and structural analogs) spans:supported
All pyrovalerone cathinones: DAT IC50=0.02–8.7 μM, NET IC50=0.03–4.6 μM. ijms22158277
Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →