generation run 2026-04-21
66 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/892f263e…Selection
Verification
- record
- seen / partial
- working
The model's own caveats
- sparse_evidence
- class_inference_only
Reproduce
- inputs
- 20 source keys (listed under Sources)
- plan
- not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
- model
- pipeline-v5
- streams
- none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
20 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
| # | source | query | seen | kept | rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PubMed | 6-APB benzofuran entactogen pharmacology | 2 | 2 | Both directly relevant to 6-APB pharmacology |
| 2 | PubMed | 6-APB 5-APB new psychoactive substance adverse effects toxicity | 2 | 2 | Direct hepatotoxicity data for 6-APB; PK/PD/toxicology review |
| 3 | OpenAlex | 6-APB benzofury benzofuran amphetamine entactogen | 7 | 4 | Selected primary pharmacology paper, landmark review, and metabolism dissertation |
| 4 | PubMed | benzofuran amphetamine analog toxicology case report death | 1 | 1 | Closest available forensic data to 6-APB toxicology |
| 5 | PubChem | 6-APB | 1 | 1 | Primary chemical identity verification |
| 6 | ClinicalTrials.gov · absence | 6-APB benzofuran entactogen | 0 | 0 | No relevant results |
| 7 | OpenAlex | 6-APB benzofuran synthesis history first report novel psychoactive | 30 | 2 | Only published case report specifically naming 6-APB; Liechti review covers benzofuran pharmacology class context |
| 8 | PubMed | 6-APB 5-APB benzofuran serotonin dopamine transporter binding | 2 | 1 | Key binding affinity data for 6-APB at multiple receptor sites |
| 9 | UK Legislation | 6-APB 5-APB UK temporary class drug order 2013 | 1 | 1 | Primary UK legal source for initial scheduling of 6-APB |
| 10 | PubMed | get_pubmed_article 28334805 | 1 | 1 | Provides evidence of real-world prevalence/detection of 5/6-APB in at-risk population |
| 11 | PubChem API | 6-APB CID 9794343 SMILES InChI properties | 1 | 1 | Verified chemical identity data for 6-APB |
| 12 | PubMed | get_pubmed_article 25588018 | 1 | 1 | Key pharmacological class context for 6-APB as entactogen |
| 13 | PubMed | serotonin 5-HT2B receptor cardiac fibrosis agonist drug-induced valvulopathy | 4 | 2 | Background on 5-HT2B cardiac risk mechanism relevant to 6-APB as full 5-HT2B agonist |
| 14 | UK Legislation | 6-APB UK Misuse of Drugs Act Class B 2014 | 1 | 1 | Primary UK legal source for permanent scheduling of 6-APB as Class B |
| 15 | PubMed | get_pubmed_article 23733714 | 1 | 1 | Only published case report of human 6-APB toxicity |
| 16 | German Federal Law | 6-APB BtMG Annex II Germany controlled | 1 | 1 | Confirmed German legal status |
| 17 | PubChem REST API | 6-APB SMILES XLogP exact mass | 1 | 1 | Essential chemical identity verification |
| 18 | OpenAlex | 6-APB benzofuran monoamine releaser serotonin EC50 transporter | 3 | 0 | No new unique results |
| 19 | PubMed | get_pubmed_article 34750565 | 1 | 1 | Provides comparative pharmacology context for 6-APB as transporter releaser |
| 20 | Multiple · absence | 6-APB dose data duration data cross-reference | 0 | 0 | Dose/duration data cross-reference against available sources |
75 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety22 · 19 ok
Given the involvement of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in 6-APB metabolism, inhibitors of these enzymes (e.g., fluoxetine and paroxetine for CYP2D6; ketoconazole, ritonavir, and grapefruit juice for CYP3A4) could elevate 6-APB plasma concentrationssupported
CYP3A4 involved in toxic metabolism. s00204-019-02638-9
As a serotonergic monoamine releasing agent, 6-APB carries the class-level acute risks associated with serotonergic entactogens: serotonin syndrome (characterized by hyperthermia, rigidity, clonus, autonomic instability, and altered mental status), seizures, and dilutional hyponatremiasupported
Entactogens predominantly enhance serotonin release similar to MDMA. Serotonergic drugs associated with serotonin syndrome, hyperthermia, seizures, hyponatremia. smw.2015.14043
Nugteren-van Lonkhuyzen et al. reviewed the benzofurans as a class and highlighted their status as serious health risks.supported
Reviews PK, PD and toxicology of benzofurans (5-APB and 6-APB) as frequently detected NPS in Europe. j.drugalcdep.2015.10.011
Roque Bravo et al. conducted the most direct investigation of 6-APB organ toxicity, characterizing its effects on hepatocyte models in vitro:supported
In vitro hepatotoxicity study. 6-APB EC50: HepaRG 6.02 mM, HepG2 8.18 mM, primary rat hepatocytes 1.94 mM. s00204-019-02638-9
CYP3A4 mediates the formation of toxic metabolites, as demonstrated by reduced cytotoxicity upon CYP inhibitor co-incubation.supported
CYP3A4 involved in toxic metabolism. s00204-019-02638-9
Chronic 5-HT₂B receptor activation on cardiac valve interstitial cells drives myofibroblast transformation and fibroproliferative valve remodeling — the established mechanism underlying drug-induced valvulopathy from fenfluramine, pergolide, cabergoline, and ergot derivativessupported
Review of 5-HT2B receptor role in drug-induced cardiac valvulopathy. Agonism leads to fibrosis and valve disease similar to carcinoid heart disease. j.echo.2009.05.002
Chronic 5-HT₂B receptor activation on cardiac valve interstitial cells drives myofibroblast transformation and fibroproliferative valve remodeling — the established mechanism underlying drug-induced valvulopathy from fenfluramine, pergolide, cabergoline, and ergot derivativessupported
Review of mechanism of drug-induced cardiac valvulopathy, focusing on 5-HT2B receptor activation causing myofibroblast phenotype, cell proliferation, and valve fibrosis. pmid:25955005
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Rickli et al. explicitly identified this risk for benzofuran compounds.supported
Benzofurans induce 5-HT2B receptor activation associated with heart valve fibrosis. bph.13128
The single published case report involving 6-APB documents acute psychosis in a patient who consumed the compound alongside cannabis and the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-122supported
Case report of acute toxicity associated with recreational use of 6-APB and cannabis. Comprehensive toxicological analysis confirmed 6-APB plus metabolites of THC and JWH-122. s13181-013-0306-y
The broader NPS literature associates serotonergic entactogens and designer drugs with psychopathological consequences including anxiety, paranoia, and psychotic symptoms.supported
Review of NPS pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and psychopathological risks. Highlights psychiatric consequences of NPS use and importance of clinical awareness. s0033291719001727
Hill et al. demonstrated that 6-APB fully substitutes for MDMA in drug discrimination paradigms in MDMA-trained rats, consistent with abuse potential as an MDMA substitute.supported
All three fully substituted in MDMA-trained rats. Benzofuran compounds may have abuse liability as substitutes for MDMA. j.dadr.2023.100182
Combination with other serotonergic agents — including MDMA, other entactogens, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs/SNRIs), and triptans — creates additive or synergistic serotonergic load, increasing the risk of serotonin syndromesupported
Serotonergic drugs associated with serotonin syndrome, hyperthermia, seizures, hyponatremia. smw.2015.14043
Combination with other serotonergic agents — including MDMA, other entactogens, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs/SNRIs), and triptans — creates additive or synergistic serotonergic load, increasing the risk of serotonin syndromesupported
Serotonergic entactogens like 6-APB associated with serotonin syndrome, hyperthermia, seizures. s00204-020-02693-7
Given the involvement of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in 6-APB metabolism, inhibitors of these enzymes (e.g., fluoxetine and paroxetine for CYP2D6; ketoconazole, ritonavir, and grapefruit juice for CYP3A4) could elevate 6-APB plasma concentrationssupported
CYP enzymes involved in N-demethylation: CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4. Aromatic hydroxylations by CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. d291-23099
The Chan et al. case report illustrates severe psychiatric consequences when 6-APB is combined with synthetic cannabinoidssupported
Case report of acute toxicity associated with recreational use of 6-APB and cannabis. Comprehensive toxicological analysis confirmed 6-APB plus metabolites of THC and JWH-122. s13181-013-0306-y
A fatal case involving the 5-APB isomer combined with 3-MMC and alcohol demonstrates the lethal potential of benzofuran-cathinone-alcohol polydrug combinations.supported
Fatal intoxication with 3-MMC + 5-APB + alcohol. Death from acute cardiovascular collapse. j.forsciint.2014.10.016
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The published case of acute psychosis following 6-APB use, though confounded by synthetic cannabinoid co-ingestion, supports caution.supported
Case report of acute toxicity associated with recreational use of 6-APB and cannabis. Comprehensive toxicological analysis confirmed 6-APB plus metabolites of THC and JWH-122. s13181-013-0306-y
The CYP-mediated metabolic activation of 6-APB to hepatotoxic intermediates warrants caution in individuals with pre-existing hepatic impairment, who may have altered capacity to neutralize reactive metabolites.supported
CYP3A4 involved in toxic metabolism. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial disruption, apoptosis and necrosis at higher concentrations. s00204-019-02638-9
MAOIs, SSRIs, SNRIs, and other serotonin-modulating medications are contraindicated due to the risk of serotonin syndrome.supported
Serotonergic drugs associated with serotonin syndrome, hyperthermia, seizures, hyponatremia. smw.2015.14043
pharmacology14 · 14 ok
Rickli et al. characterized the benzofurans in vitro and concluded they act as "indirect monoamine agonists that interact with transporters similarly to MDMA"supported
Benzofurans acted as indirect monoamine agonists interacting with transporters similarly to MDMA. bph.13128
This transporter-mediated release mechanism was corroborated by Rudin et al. in a comparison study of benzo[β]thiophene analogs that employed APB compounds as reference standards.supported
APBT positional isomers compared to APB analogs. APBs (including 6-APB analogs) confirmed as non-selective monoamine releasers like MDMA that induce transporter-mediated substrate release. s41386-021-01221-0
Iversen et al. screened 6-APB against a panel of human receptors and monoamine uptake assayssupported
14 novel psychoactive substances screened at human receptors... 6-APB inhibited monoamine uptake at submicromolar concentrations. j.ejphar.2012.12.006
The compound additionally interacts with serotonin receptor subtypes beyond 5-HT₂B, and full 5-HT₂ receptor agonism has been confirmed in related benzofuran compoundssupported
Also interacted with 5-HT receptors. bph.13128
The compound additionally interacts with serotonin receptor subtypes beyond 5-HT₂B, and full 5-HT₂ receptor agonism has been confirmed in related benzofuran compoundssupported
APBT isomers additionally show full agonism at 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. s41386-021-01221-0
6-APB is a full agonist at the 5-HT₂B receptor with high affinity (<100 nM), as independently confirmed by both Rickli et al. and Iversen et al.supported
Benzofurans induce 5-HT2B receptor activation associated with heart valve fibrosis. bph.13128
6-APB is a full agonist at the 5-HT₂B receptor with high affinity (<100 nM), as independently confirmed by both Rickli et al. and Iversen et al.supported
6-APB exhibited <100 nM affinity for 5HT2B and alpha2C receptors. Functional assays confirmed 5-APB and 6-APB as potent full agonists at 5HT2B receptors. j.ejphar.2012.12.006
Rickli et al. explicitly noted that benzofuran 5-HT₂B activation is associated with heart valve fibrosissupported
Benzofurans induce 5-HT2B receptor activation associated with heart valve fibrosis. bph.13128
The underlying mechanism is well established: 5-HT₂B receptor agonism on cardiac valve interstitial cells promotes myofibroblast transformation and fibroproliferative remodeling of valve leafletssupported
Agonism leads to fibrosis and valve disease similar to carcinoid heart disease. j.echo.2009.05.002
The underlying mechanism is well established: 5-HT₂B receptor agonism on cardiac valve interstitial cells promotes myofibroblast transformation and fibroproliferative remodeling of valve leafletssupported
Review of mechanism of drug-induced cardiac valvulopathy, focusing on 5-HT2B receptor activation causing myofibroblast phenotype, cell proliferation, and valve fibrosis. pmid:25955005
This gap is particularly concerning given the compound's continued recreational use and the established dose-response relationship between cumulative 5-HT₂B agonist exposure and valvulopathy risk.supported
Sustained plasma exposure (AUC) rather than peak Cmax better predicts clinical CVD risk. j.vascn.2024.107542
Aromatic hydroxylation reactions are catalyzed by CYP2D6 and CYP2C19supported
Aromatic hydroxylations by CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. d291-23099
Notably, 6-APB undergoes only minor metabolism overall, with the unchanged parent compound representing the primary analyte for urinalysis.supported
6-APB metabolized only to minor extent; unchanged drug is main urinary target. d291-23099
Roque Bravo et al. demonstrated that co-incubation of primary hepatocytes with CYP450 inhibitors reduced 6-APB cytotoxicity, implicating CYP3A4 specifically in the metabolic activation of 6-APB to toxic intermediates.supported
CYP3A4 involved in toxic metabolism. s00204-019-02638-9
receptor-pharmacology8 · 8 ok
6-APB inhibits monoamine uptake at submicromolar concentrations across all three major monoamine transporters (SERT, DAT, NET)supported
6-APB inhibited monoamine uptake at submicromolar concentrations. j.ejphar.2012.12.006
Rickli et al. characterized the compound as an "indirect monoamine agonist" that releases serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine through transporter-mediated effluxsupported
Benzofurans acted as indirect monoamine agonists interacting with transporters similarly to MDMA. bph.13128
Quantitative Ki and EC₅₀ values for each individual transporter are reported in the full publication by Rickli et al. but were not accessible from the abstract; the complete binding table remains behind a paywall.supported
Benzofurans pharmacologically characterized in vitro. Benzofurans acted as indirect monoamine agonists interacting with transporters similarly to MDMA. bph.13128
The most pharmacologically distinctive feature of 6-APB's receptor profile is its potent full agonism at the 5-HT₂B receptor, with affinity below 100 nMsupported
6-APB exhibited <100 nM affinity for 5HT2B and alpha2C receptors. Functional assays confirmed 5-APB and 6-APB as potent full agonists at 5HT2B receptors. j.ejphar.2012.12.006
The most pharmacologically distinctive feature of 6-APB's receptor profile is its potent full agonism at the 5-HT₂B receptor, with affinity below 100 nMsupported
Benzofurans induce 5-HT2B receptor activation associated with heart valve fibrosis. bph.13128
Benzofuran compounds additionally interact with other 5-HT receptor subtypes, and full 5-HT₂ agonism has been confirmed in structurally related benzo[β]thiophene analogs.supported
Also interacted with 5-HT receptors. bph.13128
Benzofuran compounds additionally interact with other 5-HT receptor subtypes, and full 5-HT₂ agonism has been confirmed in structurally related benzo[β]thiophene analogs.supported
APBT isomers additionally show full agonism at 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. s41386-021-01221-0
Iversen et al. identified sub-100 nM affinity at the α₂C adrenergic receptorsupported
6-APB exhibited <100 nM affinity for 5HT2B and alpha2C receptors. j.ejphar.2012.12.006
summary7 · 7 ok
6-APB appeared on the European novel psychoactive substance market circa 2010–2011, marketed under the trade name "Benzofury." The first published case report appeared in 2013, followed by systematic in vitro pharmacological characterizations by Iversen et al. and Rickli et al., which established the compound's receptor and transporter profilesupported
Case report of acute toxicity associated with recreational use of 6-APB and cannabis. Presents evidence of 6-APB availability in Europe. s13181-013-0306-y
6-APB appeared on the European novel psychoactive substance market circa 2010–2011, marketed under the trade name "Benzofury." The first published case report appeared in 2013, followed by systematic in vitro pharmacological characterizations by Iversen et al. and Rickli et al., which established the compound's receptor and transporter profilesupported
14 novel psychoactive substances screened at human receptors. 6-APB exhibited <100 nM affinity for 5HT2B and alpha2C receptors. Functional assays confirmed 5-APB and 6-APB as potent full agonists at 5HT2B receptors. 6-APB inhibited monoamine uptake at submicromolar concentrations. j.ejphar.2012.12.006
6-APB appeared on the European novel psychoactive substance market circa 2010–2011, marketed under the trade name "Benzofury." The first published case report appeared in 2013, followed by systematic in vitro pharmacological characterizations by Iversen et al. and Rickli et al., which established the compound's receptor and transporter profilesupported
Benzofurans pharmacologically characterized in vitro. Benzofurans acted as indirect monoamine agonists interacting with transporters similarly to MDMA. Also interacted with 5-HT receptors. bph.13128
6-APB acts as a non-selective monoamine releasing agent at the serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine transporters, functioning similarly to MDMAsupported
Benzofurans acted as indirect monoamine agonists interacting with transporters similarly to MDMA. bph.13128
It is a potent full agonist at the 5-HT₂B receptor with sub-100 nM affinity, and interacts with additional serotonin receptor subtypes that likely contribute psychedelic-like qualitiessupported
6-APB exhibited <100 nM affinity for 5HT2B and alpha2C receptors. Functional assays confirmed 5-APB and 6-APB as potent full agonists at 5HT2B receptors. j.ejphar.2012.12.006
The 5-HT₂B full agonism of 6-APB raises a specific cardiac safety concern: chronic activation of valvular 5-HT₂B receptors promotes fibroproliferative changes associated with drug-induced valvulopathy, though no human echocardiographic studies of 6-APB users have been conductedsupported
Benzofurans induce 5-HT2B receptor activation associated with heart valve fibrosis. bph.13128
The 5-HT₂B full agonism of 6-APB raises a specific cardiac safety concern: chronic activation of valvular 5-HT₂B receptors promotes fibroproliferative changes associated with drug-induced valvulopathy, though no human echocardiographic studies of 6-APB users have been conductedsupported
Review of 5-HT2B receptor role in drug-induced cardiac valvulopathy. 5-HT2B receptor widely expressed in cardiac tissues. Agonism leads to fibrosis and valve disease similar to carcinoid heart disease. j.echo.2009.05.002
comparative-pharmacology6 · 6 ok
The 5-APB isomer has been implicated in a fatal polydrug intoxication, while no fatal case has been attributed to 6-APB alone.supported
Fatal intoxication with 3-MMC + 5-APB + alcohol... First fatal intoxication report for 5-APB. j.forsciint.2014.10.016
6-APB and MDMA share a core mechanism as non-selective monoamine releasing agents acting at SERT, DAT, and NETsupported
Benzofurans acted as indirect monoamine agonists interacting with transporters similarly to MDMA. bph.13128
The principal pharmacological differences lie in receptor interactions beyond the monoamine transporters. 6-APB exhibits potent full agonism at the 5-HT₂B receptor (<100 nM), whereas MDMA has comparatively lower 5-HT₂B efficacysupported
6-APB exhibited <100 nM affinity for 5HT2B and alpha2C receptors. Functional assays confirmed 5-APB and 6-APB as potent full agonists at 5HT2B receptors. j.ejphar.2012.12.006
In rodent behavioral models, Hill et al. found that 6-APB produced locomotor stimulant effects more potent than MDMA and fully substituted for MDMA in drug discrimination paradigms in MDMA-trained ratssupported
6-APB produced robust locomotor stimulant effects. All compounds more potent than MDMA. All three fully substituted in MDMA-trained rats. j.dadr.2023.100182
In vitro hepatotoxicity data from Roque Bravo et al. demonstrate that 5-APB is significantly more hepatotoxic than 6-APB across all tested cell models:supported
5-APB more hepatotoxic than 6-APB. s00204-019-02638-9
Hill et al. compared 6-APB, 5-APDB, and 5-MAPB against MDMA, cocaine, and methamphetamine in rodent locomotor and drug discrimination assays. 6-APB produced the most robust locomotor stimulation among the benzofurans tested, exceeding both 5-APDB and 5-MAPBsupported
5-APDB and 5-MAPB produced weak locomotor effects; 6-APB produced robust locomotor stimulant effects. j.dadr.2023.100182
neuroscience5 · 3 ok
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The dopamine-releasing properties of 6-APB, which produce locomotor stimulation more pronounced than MDMA in animal models, implicate mesolimbic reward pathway activation (ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens)supported
6-APB produced robust locomotor stimulant effects. All compounds more potent than MDMA. j.dadr.2023.100182
Pure entactogens like MDMA produce primarily prosocial and emotional effects through serotonin release; classical psychedelics like LSD produce perceptual and cognitive effects through direct 5-HT₂A agonism. 6-APB, with both robust monoamine release and probable 5-HT₂ receptor agonism, bridges these two pharmacological categories.supported
Benzofurans acted as indirect monoamine agonists interacting with transporters similarly to MDMA. Also interacted with 5-HT receptors. bph.13128
Pure entactogens like MDMA produce primarily prosocial and emotional effects through serotonin release; classical psychedelics like LSD produce perceptual and cognitive effects through direct 5-HT₂A agonism. 6-APB, with both robust monoamine release and probable 5-HT₂ receptor agonism, bridges these two pharmacological categories.supported
APBs confirmed as non-selective monoamine releasers like MDMA... APBT isomers additionally show full agonism at 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. Contextualizes APB pharmacology as transporter releasers. s41386-021-01221-0
pharmacokinetic-detail5 · 4 ok
Aromatic hydroxylation is catalyzed by CYP2D6 and CYP2C19.supported
Aromatic hydroxylations by CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. d291-23099
A key finding is that 6-APB is metabolized only to a minor extent, with the unchanged parent drug constituting the dominant species in urinesupported
6-APB metabolized only to minor extent; unchanged drug is main urinary target. d291-23099
Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
In primary rat hepatocytes, co-incubation with CYP450 inhibitors significantly reduced cytotoxicity, indicating that metabolic activation — not the parent compound alone — contributes to hepatocellular damage.supported
CYP3A4 involved in toxic metabolism. s00204-019-02638-9
Given the involvement of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in 6-APB metabolism, inhibitors of these enzymes — including fluoxetine and paroxetine (CYP2D6), and ketoconazole, ritonavir, and grapefruit juice (CYP3A4) — could elevate 6-APB plasma concentrationssupported
CYP enzymes involved in N-demethylation: CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4. Aromatic hydroxylations by CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. d291-23099
clinical-evidence3 · 3 ok
A fatal case involving the positional isomer 5-APB (blood concentration 5.6 µg/mL) in combination with 3-methyl-N-methylcathinone (3-MMC; 1.6 µg/mL) and alcohol (1.4 g/L blood alcohol concentration) was reported by Adamowicz et al. Clinical features included agitation, seizures, hypertension, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and terminal bradycardia, with death from acute cardiovascular collapse approximately four hours post-ingestionsupported
Fatal intoxication with 3-MMC + 5-APB + alcohol. Clinical: agitation, seizures, hypertension, tachycardia, hyperthermia, bradycardia. Death from acute cardiovascular collapse. Post-mortem blood: 5-APB at 5.6 mcg/mL. j.forsciint.2014.10.016
Chan et al. published the first peer-reviewed case report involving 6-APB in 2013, documenting acute psychosis in a patient who had recreationally consumed 6-APB together with cannabis and the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-122supported
Case report of acute toxicity associated with recreational use of 6-APB and cannabis. Comprehensive toxicological analysis confirmed 6-APB plus metabolites of THC and JWH-122. s13181-013-0306-y
Salomone et al. detected 5/6-APB (combined, not individually distinguished) in hair samples from nightclub and dance music event attendees in the United States, confirming real-world recreational use in populations at risk for acute harm.supported
Hair testing of nightclub attendees detected 5/6-APB among NPS. Hair analysis confirmed real-world use of 5/6-APB at nightclub/dance events. bkx020
history3 · 3 ok
The first peer-reviewed case report involving 6-APB was published by Chan et al. in 2013, documenting acute psychosis in a patient who had consumed 6-APB alongside cannabis and the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-122supported
Case report of acute toxicity associated with recreational use of 6-APB and cannabis. Comprehensive toxicological analysis confirmed 6-APB plus metabolites of THC and JWH-122. s13181-013-0306-y
The systematic pharmacological characterization of the benzofuran class began with Iversen et al. in 2013, who screened 6-APB against human receptors and monoamine uptake assays, identifying its high-affinity 5-HT₂B agonism and monoamine transporter inhibitionsupported
14 novel psychoactive substances screened at human receptors. 6-APB exhibited <100 nM affinity for 5HT2B and alpha2C receptors. Functional assays confirmed 5-APB and 6-APB as potent full agonists at 5HT2B receptors. 6-APB inhibited monoamine uptake at submicromolar concentrations. j.ejphar.2012.12.006
Rickli et al. published a comprehensive in vitro profiling of benzofuran compounds in 2015, confirming the transporter-mediated release mechanism and drawing explicit comparisons to MDMAsupported
Benzofurans pharmacologically characterized in vitro. Benzofurans acted as indirect monoamine agonists interacting with transporters similarly to MDMA. bph.13128
chemistry1 · 0 ok
Claim in chemistry — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
legal-status1 · 1 ok
The benzofuran-for-methylenedioxy substitution preserves the fundamental pharmacological activity (monoamine release, entactogenic effects), and behavioral pharmacology data confirming MDMA substitution in drug discrimination assays provides scientific evidence of pharmacological similarity that could support analogue prosecution.supported
All three fully substituted in MDMA-trained rats. Benzofuran compounds may have abuse liability as substitutes for MDMA. j.dadr.2023.100182