4-FA

4-fluoroamphetamine

Sources

16 strong · 10 moderate · 6 weak

Studies and references cited across this article, graded by evidence strength.

Values approved

142/145 (98%)

Data points an editor reviewed and accepted for publication.

Value Provenance

Dosing

oraltrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Threshold	25 mg	25 mg	medium
Low	25–75 mg	25–75 mg	medium
Common	75–130 mg	75–130 mg	medium
Strong	130–150 mg	130–150 mg	medium
Heavy	150+ mg	150+ mg	medium
Editorial	Common dose anchored to Phase 1 study at 100 mg oral. 150 mg arm terminated for cardiovascular toxicity. Community dose ranges: threshold 25 mg, light 25-75 mg, common 75-130 mg, strong 130-150 mg, heavy above 150 mg.
	ReasoningReasoning Common dose anchored to Phase 1 study at 100 mg oral. 150 mg arm terminated for cardiovascular toxicity. Community dose ranges: threshold 25 mg, light 25-75 mg, common 75-130 mg, strong 130-150 mg, heavy above 150 mg. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

Duration

oral

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Onsettrace	45–75 minutes	45–75 minutes	medium
Editorial	Community-reported onset 45-75 min, consistent with controlled study peak at 1 hour post-dose.
	ReasoningReasoning Community-reported onset 45-75 min, consistent with controlled study peak at 1 hour post-dose. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large
Come uptrace	30–75 minutes	30–75 minutes	medium
Editorial	Community-reported come-up 30-75 min, consistent with controlled study timeline.
	ReasoningReasoning Community-reported come-up 30-75 min, consistent with controlled study timeline. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large
Peaktrace	150–210 minutes	150–210 minutes	medium
Editorial	Community-reported peak 2.5-3.5 hours. Consistent with sustained BP elevation of 4-5 hours in controlled study.
	ReasoningReasoning Community-reported peak 2.5-3.5 hours. Consistent with sustained BP elevation of 4-5 hours in controlled study. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large
Offsettrace	2–3 hours	2–3 hours	medium
Editorial	Community-reported offset 2-3 hours, consistent with transition from peak to subacute negative affect phase.
	ReasoningReasoning Community-reported offset 2-3 hours, consistent with transition from peak to subacute negative affect phase. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large
Totaltrace	5–8 hours	5–8 hours	medium
Editorial	Community-reported total 5-8 hours. Consistent with controlled study cardiovascular effects lasting 4-5 hours.
	ReasoningReasoning Community-reported total 5-8 hours. Consistent with controlled study cardiovascular effects lasting 4-5 hours. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large
After effectstrace	6–12 hours	6–12 hours	medium
Editorial	Community-reported aftereffects 6-12 hours, supported by subacute negative affect findings in de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018.
	ReasoningReasoning Community-reported aftereffects 6-12 hours, supported by subacute negative affect findings in de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

Safety

Toxicity Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Acute	high	high	high
Chronic	moderate	moderate	high
Organs Affected	cardiovascular, brain, liver	cardiovascular, brain, liver	high
Editorial	Acute: classified as high based on multiple independent human case series documenting fatalities, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (mono-intoxication), hemorrhagic stroke, and the termination of the 150 mg Phase 1 arm for cardiovascular toxicity (Hondebrink 2018, Gresnigt 2022, Aly 2021, Van der Pas 2020, de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018). Chronic: classified as moderate — in vitro hepatocellular and neuronal mitochondrial toxicity data exist (Luethi 2019, Zhou 2020) but at concentrations well above recreational plasma levels; no human chronic toxicity data published.
	ReasoningReasoning Acute: classified as high based on multiple independent human case series documenting fatalities, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (mono-intoxication), hemorrhagic stroke, and the termination of the 150 mg Phase 1 arm for cardiovascular toxicity (Hondebrink 2018, Gresnigt 2022, Aly 2021, Van der Pas 2020, de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018). Chronic: classified as moderate — in vitro hepatocellular and neuronal mitochondrial toxicity data exist (Luethi 2019, Zhou 2020) but at concentrations well above recreational plasma levels; no human chronic toxicity data published. Evidence basis: published_case_series

Dependence Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Physical	low	low	medium
Psychological	moderate	moderate	medium
Compulsive Redosing	moderate	moderate	medium
Dose Escalation	moderate	moderate	medium
Editorial	Drug liking and wanting significantly increased in controlled human study (Kuypers 2018). Positive reinforcement confirmed in primate self-administration (Wee 2005). Impulsivity not increased, indicating reward-driven rather than impulsivity-driven abuse liability. No human dependence case series exists, but converging evidence supports moderate psychological dependence potential.
	ReasoningReasoning Drug liking and wanting significantly increased in controlled human study (Kuypers 2018). Positive reinforcement confirmed in primate self-administration (Wee 2005). Impulsivity not increased, indicating reward-driven rather than impulsivity-driven abuse liability. No human dependence case series exists, but converging evidence supports moderate psychological dependence potential. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

Withdrawal Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Severity	mild	mild	low
Symptoms	fatigue, depressed mood, irritability, cognitive impairment, headache, increased appetite, hypersomnia	fatigue, depressed mood, irritability, cognitive impairment, headache, increased appetite, hypersomnia	low
Fatal	No	No	low
Medical Supervision	Not required	Not required	low
Editorial	No 4-FA-specific withdrawal data published. Withdrawal profile inferred from amphetamine-class pharmacology: stimulant withdrawal syndrome characterized by fatigue, hypersomnia, depressed mood, and increased appetite. Severity expected to be mild given typical intermittent recreational use patterns.
	ReasoningReasoning No 4-FA-specific withdrawal data published. Withdrawal profile inferred from amphetamine-class pharmacology: stimulant withdrawal syndrome characterized by fatigue, hypersomnia, depressed mood, and increased appetite. Severity expected to be mild given typical intermittent recreational use patterns. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

Tolerance Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Buildup	moderate	moderate	low
Half-life	5 days	5 days	low
Full Reset	10 days	10 days	low
Cross-tolerances	amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, methylphenidate	amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, methylphenidate	low
Editorial	Tolerance values inferred from amphetamine-class pharmacology and community consensus data. No 4-FA-specific tolerance study published. Cross-tolerance with other monoamine releasers expected via shared transporter downregulation mechanism.
	ReasoningReasoning Tolerance values inferred from amphetamine-class pharmacology and community consensus data. No 4-FA-specific tolerance study published. Cross-tolerance with other monoamine releasers expected via shared transporter downregulation mechanism. Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Effects & Profile

Contraindications

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
cardiovascular cardiovascular diseasetrace	absolute	absolute	high
Editorial	Blood pressure effects documented in Phase 1 study (de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018) and comparative ED analysis (Gresnigt 2022). Takotsubo cardiomyopathy confirmed in mono-intoxication cases (Aly 2021, Van der Pas 2020).
	ReasoningReasoning Blood pressure effects documented in Phase 1 study (de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018) and comparative ED analysis (Gresnigt 2022). Takotsubo cardiomyopathy confirmed in mono-intoxication cases (Aly 2021, Van der Pas 2020).
cardiovascular uncontrolled hypertensiontrace	absolute	absolute	high
Editorial	Cerebral hemorrhage documented in Hondebrink 2018 cohort. Hemorrhagic stroke cases in Wijers 2018. Exaggerated BP response confirmed in Gresnigt 2022.
	ReasoningReasoning Cerebral hemorrhage documented in Hondebrink 2018 cohort. Hemorrhagic stroke cases in Wijers 2018. Exaggerated BP response confirmed in Gresnigt 2022.
psychiatric psychotic disorderstrace	relative	relative	medium
Editorial	Class-level pharmacological inference from amphetamine. No 4-FA-specific psychosis case report found. Mild psychedelic state (Kuypers 2019) adds theoretical risk in vulnerable individuals.
	ReasoningReasoning Class-level pharmacological inference from amphetamine. No 4-FA-specific psychosis case report found. Mild psychedelic state (Kuypers 2019) adds theoretical risk in vulnerable individuals.
other concurrent MAOI usetrace	absolute	absolute	high
Editorial	Identified as the primary interaction risk by Inan et al. 2020 systematic review. Mechanistically absolute — MAO inhibition plus monoamine release is a well-established lethal combination class.
	ReasoningReasoning Identified as the primary interaction risk by Inan et al. 2020 systematic review. Mechanistically absolute — MAO inhibition plus monoamine release is a well-established lethal combination class.
other concurrent serotonergic drug usetrace	relative	relative	high
Editorial	Six fatalities from 4-FA + 25C-NBOMe (Gerostamoulos 2023). SSRI/SNRI interaction reviewed by Inan et al. 2020. Tramadol interaction classified as dangerous based on mechanistic inference.
	ReasoningReasoning Six fatalities from 4-FA + 25C-NBOMe (Gerostamoulos 2023). SSRI/SNRI interaction reviewed by Inan et al. 2020. Tramadol interaction classified as dangerous based on mechanistic inference.
other concurrent antiretroviral therapy (CYP2D6 inhibitors)trace	relative	relative	medium
Editorial	Specifically identified as a drug interaction risk by Inan et al. 2020 systematic review. CYP2D6 involvement inferred from amphetamine-class metabolism.
	ReasoningReasoning Specifically identified as a drug interaction risk by Inan et al. 2020 systematic review. CYP2D6 involvement inferred from amphetamine-class metabolism.
pregnancy breastfeeding pregnancytrace	absolute	absolute	medium
Editorial	Class-level inference from amphetamine teratogenicity data. No 4-FA-specific reproductive studies. Cardiovascular effects documented in controlled study pose clear pregnancy risk.
	ReasoningReasoning Class-level inference from amphetamine teratogenicity data. No 4-FA-specific reproductive studies. Cardiovascular effects documented in controlled study pose clear pregnancy risk.

Timeline Phases

oral

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Onsettrace	2700–4500 sec(i=0.05)	2700–4500 sec(i=0.05)	medium
Editorial	Duration data anchored to community reports (onset 45-75 min, come-up 30-75 min, peak 2.5-3.5 h, offset 2-3 h, aftereffects 6-12 h, total 5-8 h) cross-referenced with controlled study timing (peak subjective effects at ~1 hour post-dose, blood pressure elevation lasting 4-5 hours). The community ranges align well with clinical observations. Aftereffects duration supported by the subacute negative affect findings in de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018.
	ReasoningReasoning Duration data anchored to community reports (onset 45-75 min, come-up 30-75 min, peak 2.5-3.5 h, offset 2-3 h, aftereffects 6-12 h, total 5-8 h) cross-referenced with controlled study timing (peak subjective effects at ~1 hour post-dose, blood pressure elevation lasting 4-5 hours). The community ranges align well with clinical observations. Aftereffects duration supported by the subacute negative affect findings in de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018.
Come uptrace	1800–4500 sec(i=0.35)	1800–4500 sec(i=0.35)	medium
Editorial	Duration data anchored to community reports (onset 45-75 min, come-up 30-75 min, peak 2.5-3.5 h, offset 2-3 h, aftereffects 6-12 h, total 5-8 h) cross-referenced with controlled study timing (peak subjective effects at ~1 hour post-dose, blood pressure elevation lasting 4-5 hours). The community ranges align well with clinical observations. Aftereffects duration supported by the subacute negative affect findings in de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018.
	ReasoningReasoning Duration data anchored to community reports (onset 45-75 min, come-up 30-75 min, peak 2.5-3.5 h, offset 2-3 h, aftereffects 6-12 h, total 5-8 h) cross-referenced with controlled study timing (peak subjective effects at ~1 hour post-dose, blood pressure elevation lasting 4-5 hours). The community ranges align well with clinical observations. Aftereffects duration supported by the subacute negative affect findings in de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018.
Peaktrace	9000–12600 sec(i=1.00)	9000–12600 sec(i=1.00)	medium
Editorial	Duration data anchored to community reports (onset 45-75 min, come-up 30-75 min, peak 2.5-3.5 h, offset 2-3 h, aftereffects 6-12 h, total 5-8 h) cross-referenced with controlled study timing (peak subjective effects at ~1 hour post-dose, blood pressure elevation lasting 4-5 hours). The community ranges align well with clinical observations. Aftereffects duration supported by the subacute negative affect findings in de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018.
	ReasoningReasoning Duration data anchored to community reports (onset 45-75 min, come-up 30-75 min, peak 2.5-3.5 h, offset 2-3 h, aftereffects 6-12 h, total 5-8 h) cross-referenced with controlled study timing (peak subjective effects at ~1 hour post-dose, blood pressure elevation lasting 4-5 hours). The community ranges align well with clinical observations. Aftereffects duration supported by the subacute negative affect findings in de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018.
Resolutiontrace	7200–10800 sec(i=0.30)	7200–10800 sec(i=0.30)	medium
Editorial	Duration data anchored to community reports (onset 45-75 min, come-up 30-75 min, peak 2.5-3.5 h, offset 2-3 h, aftereffects 6-12 h, total 5-8 h) cross-referenced with controlled study timing (peak subjective effects at ~1 hour post-dose, blood pressure elevation lasting 4-5 hours). The community ranges align well with clinical observations. Aftereffects duration supported by the subacute negative affect findings in de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018.
	ReasoningReasoning Duration data anchored to community reports (onset 45-75 min, come-up 30-75 min, peak 2.5-3.5 h, offset 2-3 h, aftereffects 6-12 h, total 5-8 h) cross-referenced with controlled study timing (peak subjective effects at ~1 hour post-dose, blood pressure elevation lasting 4-5 hours). The community ranges align well with clinical observations. Aftereffects duration supported by the subacute negative affect findings in de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018.
Afterglowtrace	21600–43200 sec(i=0.10)	21600–43200 sec(i=0.10)	medium
Editorial	Duration data anchored to community reports (onset 45-75 min, come-up 30-75 min, peak 2.5-3.5 h, offset 2-3 h, aftereffects 6-12 h, total 5-8 h) cross-referenced with controlled study timing (peak subjective effects at ~1 hour post-dose, blood pressure elevation lasting 4-5 hours). The community ranges align well with clinical observations. Aftereffects duration supported by the subacute negative affect findings in de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018.
	ReasoningReasoning Duration data anchored to community reports (onset 45-75 min, come-up 30-75 min, peak 2.5-3.5 h, offset 2-3 h, aftereffects 6-12 h, total 5-8 h) cross-referenced with controlled study timing (peak subjective effects at ~1 hour post-dose, blood pressure elevation lasting 4-5 hours). The community ranges align well with clinical observations. Aftereffects duration supported by the subacute negative affect findings in de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018.

Dose Tier Summaries

heavytrace

medium

Doses exceeding 150 mg oral carry substantially elevated risk with no controlled human safety data. The sole clinical study terminated its 150 mg arm due to cardiovascular toxicity — doses above this threshold have no safety characterization whatsoever. Clinical case series document Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, hemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction, and fatalities at recreational doses, though specific dose-outcome relationships are not established. At these doses, stimulant effects may become dysphoric: anxiety, agitation, paranoid ideation, and overwhelming physical discomfort from sustained hypertension and tachycardia. The entactogenic quality may be overshadowed by sympathomimetic toxicity. The aftereffect period is prolonged and severe. Negative affect, cognitive impairment, and physical exhaustion may persist for 24–48 hours. This dose range approaches documented fatality concentrations.

Editorial

No controlled data above 150 mg. The 150 mg arm was terminated for cardiovascular toxicity. Clinical case series document severe outcomes including fatalities. Community reports describe increasing dysphoria and physical distress at high doses.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: published_case_series

thresholdtrace

low

At threshold doses, effects are subtle and may be attributed to placebo or expectation. A faint increase in alertness and sociability emerges, with mild mood brightening that does not reach full stimulant activation. Physical signs are minimal — slight pupil dilation may be noticeable to an observer. These doses do not produce the entactogenic or psychedelic components of the 4-FA experience. The effect is closer to a mild caffeine-like stimulation than to the full pharmacological profile. Sleep may be mildly delayed but is generally achievable within a few hours.

Editorial

No published threshold dose data for 4-FA. Inferred from community reports and amphetamine-class pharmacology. The Phase 1 study used 100 mg as the lowest dose.

Reasoning

No published threshold dose data for 4-FA. Inferred from community reports and amphetamine-class pharmacology. The Phase 1 study used 100 mg as the lowest dose.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

lighttrace

low

At light doses, a clear stimulant effect emerges: increased energy, enhanced focus, mild mood elevation, and greater conversational fluency. The entactogenic component begins to appear as a subtle warmth and increased sociability, though it does not reach the pronounced empathogenic character seen at higher doses. Physically, heart rate and blood pressure begin to rise noticeably. Mild jaw tension and appetite suppression are common. Pupil dilation becomes more apparent. The total experience lasts approximately 4–6 hours, with a mild aftereffect period of fatigue and low mood the following day. Sleep is difficult for 4–6 hours after ingestion. Functional impairment is mild — many users report being able to engage in structured tasks.

Editorial

Inferred from community dose-response reports and the pharmacological profile. No published clinical data exist below 100 mg.

Reasoning

Inferred from community dose-response reports and the pharmacological profile. No published clinical data exist below 100 mg.

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

commontrace

medium

At common doses (100–130 mg oral), the full stimulant-entactogen profile manifests. Vigor, elation, arousal, and friendliness are significantly elevated — findings confirmed in the controlled Phase 1 study at 100 mg. A mild psychedelic state emerges, with enhanced color perception and subtle perceptual brightening, though without the geometric visual distortions characteristic of classical psychedelics. Emotional openness and sociability increase substantially. Cardiovascular effects become prominent: blood pressure elevation persists 4–5 hours, and heart rate remains elevated beyond the subjective peak. Jaw tension, appetite suppression, and mild bruxism are typical. Sweating and temperature dysregulation may occur in warm environments. The total experience lasts 5–8 hours. A pronounced aftereffect period follows, characterized by negative affect, headache, and cognitive fatigue lasting 6–12 hours. Sleep is impossible for approximately 6–8 hours after ingestion.

Editorial

The 100 mg dose was used in the controlled Phase 1 study (de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018), providing direct clinical evidence for effects at this dose. Community reports extend the common range to 130 mg.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

strongtrace

medium

At strong doses (130–150 mg oral), stimulant and entactogenic effects intensify substantially. The psychedelic component becomes more noticeable — enhanced sensory perception, mild visual brightening, and a more pronounced sense of emotional connection. Euphoria and sociability peak in intensity. However, the 150 mg arm of the sole controlled human study was terminated after 5 participants due to severe cardiovascular effects. Cardiovascular risk escalates markedly at this range. Blood pressure elevation is pronounced and sustained, with documented cases of clinical concern in the Phase 1 trial. Jaw clenching, bruxism, and muscle tension increase. Sweating becomes more prominent. The comedown period is more severe than at common doses, with pronounced negative affect, headache, and fatigue. Full functional recovery may take 24 hours or more. Sleep is impossible for 8+ hours.

Editorial

The 150 mg arm of the Phase 1 study was terminated for cardiovascular safety (de Sousa Fernandes Perna 2018). Community reports describe intensified effects at 130-150 mg. This dose range carries documented clinical risk.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

History

current version

published Oct 2, 2026system—

versions

2 total · since previous: +0 / −0 citations

publication ledger

publish Oct 2, 2026 · by agent-psx

backfill Jun 4, 2026

Historical versions do not record which reviewer approved them; editorial accountability is recorded per value in the database and in the publication ledger going forward.

full version history suggest a correction contact@psychedex.org

Sources

16 strong · 10 moderate · 6 weak

[1]
moderate
4-Fluoroamphetamine in the Netherlands: more than a one-night stand
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Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of 4-Fluoroamphetamine in Schedule I
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Independent elevation of peripheral oxytocin concentrations and reduction in cognitive empathy during 4-fluoroamphetamine intoxication
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4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) intoxication results in exaggerated blood pressure effects compared to MDMA and amphetamine: A retrospective analysis
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Safety Profile and Neurocognitive Function Following Acute 4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) Administration in Humans
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Fatal Intoxications from a Combination of 4-Fluoroamphetamine and 25C-NBOMe
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Excretion of 4-fluoroamphetamine and three metabolites in urine after controlled oral ingestion
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Pharmacokinetic properties of 4-fluoroamphetamine in serum and oral fluid after oral ingestion
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Drug liking and wanting, not impulsive action or reflection is increased by 4-fluoroamphetamine
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Para-Halogenation of Amphetamine and Methcathinone Increases the Mitochondrial Toxicity in Undifferentiated and Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells
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Cardiotoxicity screening of illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPS) in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes using microelectrode array (MEA) recordings
Zwartsen A, de Korte T, Nacken P, de Lange DW, Westerink RHS, Hondebrink L · 2019 · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.09.007 pubmed 31526813no claims checked
[31]
strong
Neurotoxicity screening of (illicit) drugs using novel methods for analysis of microelectrode array (MEA) recordings
Hondebrink L, Verboven AHA, Drega WS, Schmeink S, de Groot MWGDM, van Kleef RGDM, Wijnolts FMJ, de Groot A, Meulenbelt J, Westerink RHS · 2016 · Neurotoxicology
doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.020 pubmed 27149913no claims checked
[32]
moderate
Monoamine Transporter and Receptor Interaction Profiles in Vitro Predict Reported Human Doses of Novel Psychoactive Stimulants and Psychedelics
Luethi D, Liechti ME · 2018 · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy047 pubmed 29850881no claims checked

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