3-MMC

3-methyl-N-methylcathinone

Sources

2 strong · 17 moderate · 10 weak

Studies and references cited across this article, graded by evidence strength.

Values approved

124/133 (93%)

Data points an editor reviewed and accepted for publication.

Value Provenance

Dosing

insufflatedtrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Threshold	10 mg	10 mg	low
Low	15–50 mg	15–50 mg	low
Common	50–100 mg	50–100 mg	low
Strong	100–175 mg	100–175 mg	low
Heavy	175+ mg	175+ mg	low
Editorial	No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Dose ranges inferred from community harm reduction sources and adjusted downward from oral ranges to account for faster absorption and potentially higher bioavailability via nasal mucosa, consistent with cathinone-class pharmacology. Existing database values carried forward.
	ReasoningReasoning No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Dose ranges inferred from community harm reduction sources and adjusted downward from oral ranges to account for faster absorption and potentially higher bioavailability via nasal mucosa, consistent with cathinone-class pharmacology. Existing database values carried forward. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

intravenous

Predates provenance tracking — no derivation record for this dataset

Field	Published	AI Proposed
Threshold	10 mg	no record
Low	10–25 mg	no record
Common	25–50 mg	no record
Strong	50–100 mg	no record
Heavy	100+ mg	no record

oraltrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Threshold	15 mg	15 mg	medium
Low	25–75 mg	25–75 mg	medium
Common	75–150 mg	75–150 mg	medium
Strong	150–250 mg	150–250 mg	medium
Heavy	250+ mg	250+ mg	medium
Editorial	Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial tested 25, 50, and 100 mg oral with dose-dependent effects. 25 mg produced mild but measurable effects (light range). 50–100 mg produced the full stimulant-entactogenic profile (common range). Threshold, strong, and heavy ranges inferred from community consensus (PsychonautWiki, harm reduction databases) consistent with the clinical trial dose-response curve. Existing database values carried forward with clinical trial confirmation at the light-to-common range.
	ReasoningReasoning Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial tested 25, 50, and 100 mg oral with dose-dependent effects. 25 mg produced mild but measurable effects (light range). 50–100 mg produced the full stimulant-entactogenic profile (common range). Threshold, strong, and heavy ranges inferred from community consensus (PsychonautWiki, harm reduction databases) consistent with the clinical trial dose-response curve. Existing database values carried forward with clinical trial confirmation at the light-to-common range. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

Duration

oral

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Onsettrace	15–30 minutes	15–30 minutes	medium
Editorial	Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial: effects peaked at approximately 1 hour, implying onset within the first 15–30 minutes. Consistent with oral cathinone absorption kinetics and community reports.
	ReasoningReasoning Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial: effects peaked at approximately 1 hour, implying onset within the first 15–30 minutes. Consistent with oral cathinone absorption kinetics and community reports. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study
Come uptrace	15–30 minutes	15–30 minutes	medium
Editorial	Inferred from the clinical trial's ~1 hour time-to-peak minus onset time. Community reports consistent with 15–30 minute come-up after first alerts.
	ReasoningReasoning Inferred from the clinical trial's ~1 hour time-to-peak minus onset time. Community reports consistent with 15–30 minute come-up after first alerts. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study
Offsettrace	1.5–2.5 hours	1.5–2.5 hours	medium
Editorial	Ramaekers et al. 2025: effects largely resolved by 5 hours. With peak ending approximately 2–2.5 hours post-dose, offset spans approximately 1.5–2.5 hours.
	ReasoningReasoning Ramaekers et al. 2025: effects largely resolved by 5 hours. With peak ending approximately 2–2.5 hours post-dose, offset spans approximately 1.5–2.5 hours. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study
Totaltrace	4–6 hours	4–6 hours	medium
Editorial	Seed data lists 4–6 hours oral total duration. Consistent with Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial showing effects resolved by 5 hours at 25–100 mg, and community consensus. Existing database value confirmed by clinical data.
	ReasoningReasoning Seed data lists 4–6 hours oral total duration. Consistent with Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial showing effects resolved by 5 hours at 25–100 mg, and community consensus. Existing database value confirmed by clinical data. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study
After effectstrace	2–4 hours	2–4 hours	low
Editorial	No controlled data on aftereffects duration. Inferred from stimulant class pharmacology — residual fatigue, subdued mood, and sleep disruption typically persist 2–4 hours beyond subjective effect resolution for short-acting cathinones.
	ReasoningReasoning No controlled data on aftereffects duration. Inferred from stimulant class pharmacology — residual fatigue, subdued mood, and sleep disruption typically persist 2–4 hours beyond subjective effect resolution for short-acting cathinones. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large
Peaktrace	1–1.5 hours	1–1.5 hours	medium
Editorial	Ramaekers et al. 2025: cardiovascular and cognitive effects peaked around 1 hour. Peak duration estimated at 1–1.5 hours based on the clinical observation that effects were diminishing by 2–3 hours post-dose.
	ReasoningReasoning Ramaekers et al. 2025: cardiovascular and cognitive effects peaked around 1 hour. Peak duration estimated at 1–1.5 hours based on the clinical observation that effects were diminishing by 2–3 hours post-dose. Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

insufflated

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Come uptrace	5–15 minutes	5–15 minutes	low
Editorial	Inferred from community reports and cathinone-class nasal pharmacokinetics. Shorter come-up than oral due to faster absorption.
	ReasoningReasoning Inferred from community reports and cathinone-class nasal pharmacokinetics. Shorter come-up than oral due to faster absorption. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large
Peaktrace	30–60 minutes	30–60 minutes	low
Editorial	Inferred from shorter total duration (2.5–4.5h seed data) and community reports indicating a sharper, briefer peak than oral.
	ReasoningReasoning Inferred from shorter total duration (2.5–4.5h seed data) and community reports indicating a sharper, briefer peak than oral. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large
Totaltrace	2.5–4.5 hours	2.5–4.5 hours	low
Editorial	Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Existing database value carried forward — plausible given the shorter duration expected from rapid nasal absorption and no first-pass metabolism delay.
	ReasoningReasoning Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Existing database value carried forward — plausible given the shorter duration expected from rapid nasal absorption and no first-pass metabolism delay. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large
Onsettrace	1–5 minutes	1–5 minutes	low
Editorial	No controlled data for insufflated onset. Rapid nasal absorption of cathinone HCl salts produces near-immediate onset. Community reports consistent with 1–5 minutes.
	ReasoningReasoning No controlled data for insufflated onset. Rapid nasal absorption of cathinone HCl salts produces near-immediate onset. Community reports consistent with 1–5 minutes. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large
Offsettrace	1–2 hours	1–2 hours	low
Editorial	Inferred from total duration minus onset/come-up/peak. Community reports describe a relatively rapid offset.
	ReasoningReasoning Inferred from total duration minus onset/come-up/peak. Community reports describe a relatively rapid offset. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large
After effectstrace	1–3 hours	1–3 hours	low
Editorial	Inferred from stimulant class and shorter overall duration of insufflated route. Community reports of residual fatigue and nasal irritation.
	ReasoningReasoning Inferred from stimulant class and shorter overall duration of insufflated route. Community reports of residual fatigue and nasal irritation. Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

intravenous

Predates provenance tracking — no derivation record for this dataset

Field	Published	AI Proposed
Onset	15–30 seconds	no record
Come up	1–2 minutes	no record
Peak	1–1.5 hours	no record
Offset	1–2 hours	no record
Total	2–4 hours	no record

Safety

Toxicity Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Acute	moderate	moderate	medium
Chronic	moderate	moderate	medium
Organs Affected	cardiovascular, liver, brain	cardiovascular, liver, brain	medium
Editorial	Acute classified as moderate: 27 EU deaths confirmed but most involved polydrug use; one single-agent fatality documented (blood 800 ng/mL). No LD50 or therapeutic index data exist. Chronic classified as moderate: hepatotoxicity demonstrated in rat hepatocytes (Dias da Silva et al. 2019) and NAc synaptic changes in chronic dosing (Chen et al. 2022), but no human chronic toxicity studies. Both ratings reflect a discount from the animal/case-report evidence base — no controlled human toxicology data exist.
	ReasoningReasoning Acute classified as moderate: 27 EU deaths confirmed but most involved polydrug use; one single-agent fatality documented (blood 800 ng/mL). No LD50 or therapeutic index data exist. Chronic classified as moderate: hepatotoxicity demonstrated in rat hepatocytes (Dias da Silva et al. 2019) and NAc synaptic changes in chronic dosing (Chen et al. 2022), but no human chronic toxicity studies. Both ratings reflect a discount from the animal/case-report evidence base — no controlled human toxicology data exist. Evidence basis: published_case_series

Dependence Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Physical	low	low	medium
Psychological	high	high	medium
Compulsive Redosing	high	high	medium
Dose Escalation	high	high	medium
Editorial	High psychological dependence and compulsive redosing supported by: CPP comparable to methamphetamine (Chen et al. 2022), systematic review confirming greater craving/redosing than mephedrone (van Amsterdam et al. 2025), multiple case reports of addiction (Khatcherian et al. 2025), and documented compulsive sessional use patterns. Physical dependence rated low — no formal withdrawal characterization exists, but stimulant-class physical withdrawal is typically mild. No progressive-ratio self-administration data (gold standard) published.
	ReasoningReasoning High psychological dependence and compulsive redosing supported by: CPP comparable to methamphetamine (Chen et al. 2022), systematic review confirming greater craving/redosing than mephedrone (van Amsterdam et al. 2025), multiple case reports of addiction (Khatcherian et al. 2025), and documented compulsive sessional use patterns. Physical dependence rated low — no formal withdrawal characterization exists, but stimulant-class physical withdrawal is typically mild. No progressive-ratio self-administration data (gold standard) published. Evidence basis: published_case_series

Withdrawal Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Severity	mild	mild	low
Symptoms	fatigue, hypersomnia, depressed mood, anhedonia, increased appetite, irritability, psychomotor retardation	fatigue, hypersomnia, depressed mood, anhedonia, increased appetite, irritability, psychomotor retardation	low
Fatal	No	No	low
Medical Supervision	Not required	Not required	low
Editorial	No 3-MMC-specific withdrawal data published. Withdrawal profile inferred from stimulant class (amphetamine/cocaine withdrawal pattern): primarily psychological with fatigue, hypersomnia, dysphoria, and anhedonia. Not life-threatening. Timing estimates from stimulant class pharmacology.
	ReasoningReasoning No 3-MMC-specific withdrawal data published. Withdrawal profile inferred from stimulant class (amphetamine/cocaine withdrawal pattern): primarily psychological with fatigue, hypersomnia, dysphoria, and anhedonia. Not life-threatening. Timing estimates from stimulant class pharmacology. Evidence basis: published_case_series

Tolerance Profiletrace

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Buildup	moderate	moderate	low
Half-life	4 days	4 days	low
Full Reset	10 days	10 days	low
Cross-tolerances	amphetamine, methamphetamine, mephedrone, cocaine, methylphenidate, MDMA	amphetamine, methamphetamine, mephedrone, cocaine, methylphenidate, MDMA	low
Editorial	Tolerance parameters inferred from stimulant class pharmacology (amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine). No 3-MMC-specific human tolerance studies exist. The rat anxiety reversal at 7 days chronic dosing (Chen et al. 2022) provides indirect evidence of neuroadaptation on a timescale consistent with the proposed values. Cross-tolerance list based on shared dopaminergic/noradrenergic releasing mechanism.
	ReasoningReasoning Tolerance parameters inferred from stimulant class pharmacology (amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine). No 3-MMC-specific human tolerance studies exist. The rat anxiety reversal at 7 days chronic dosing (Chen et al. 2022) provides indirect evidence of neuroadaptation on a timescale consistent with the proposed values. Cross-tolerance list based on shared dopaminergic/noradrenergic releasing mechanism. Evidence basis: structural_analogy

Effects & Profile

Contraindications

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
cardiovascular hypertensiontrace	absolute	absolute	high
Editorial	Dose-dependent blood pressure elevation confirmed in Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial. Mechanistically supported by potent NET releasing activity.
	ReasoningReasoning Dose-dependent blood pressure elevation confirmed in Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial. Mechanistically supported by potent NET releasing activity.
cardiovascular coronary artery diseasetrace	absolute	absolute	high
Editorial	Fatal cardiovascular collapse documented (Adamowicz et al. 2014). Mechanism consistent with catecholamine-mediated cardiac stress. Class-level contraindication for all potent sympathomimetic stimulants.
	ReasoningReasoning Fatal cardiovascular collapse documented (Adamowicz et al. 2014). Mechanism consistent with catecholamine-mediated cardiac stress. Class-level contraindication for all potent sympathomimetic stimulants.
cardiovascular cardiac arrhythmiastrace	absolute	absolute	high
Editorial	Tachycardia documented in clinical trial (Ramaekers et al. 2025) and consistently in intoxication case reports (Kelecevic et al. 2024). Class-level contraindication for sympathomimetic agents.
	ReasoningReasoning Tachycardia documented in clinical trial (Ramaekers et al. 2025) and consistently in intoxication case reports (Kelecevic et al. 2024). Class-level contraindication for sympathomimetic agents.
hepatic hepatic impairmenttrace	relative	relative	medium
Editorial	Hepatotoxicity via CYP2D6/CYP2E1 metabolic activation demonstrated in vitro (Dias da Silva et al. 2019). CYP2D6 polymorphism may further alter risk profile.
	ReasoningReasoning Hepatotoxicity via CYP2D6/CYP2E1 metabolic activation demonstrated in vitro (Dias da Silva et al. 2019). CYP2D6 polymorphism may further alter risk profile.
psychiatric psychotic disorderstrace	absolute	absolute	high
Editorial	Mild psychotomimetic effects documented in healthy volunteers at 100 mg (Ramaekers et al. 2025). Potent DAT releasing activity produces dopaminergic overstimulation. Class-level contraindication for dopaminergic stimulants.
	ReasoningReasoning Mild psychotomimetic effects documented in healthy volunteers at 100 mg (Ramaekers et al. 2025). Potent DAT releasing activity produces dopaminergic overstimulation. Class-level contraindication for dopaminergic stimulants.
psychiatric bipolar disordertrace	relative	relative	medium
Editorial	Class-level contraindication for stimulant-class compounds in bipolar disorder. No 3-MMC-specific case reports, but mechanism is well-established for the pharmacological class.
	ReasoningReasoning Class-level contraindication for stimulant-class compounds in bipolar disorder. No 3-MMC-specific case reports, but mechanism is well-established for the pharmacological class.
pregnancy breastfeeding pregnancytrace	absolute	absolute	medium
Editorial	No reproductive toxicity data. Contraindication inferred from sympathomimetic pharmacology — catecholamine-mediated vasoconstriction reduces uteroplacental perfusion. Standard precautionary contraindication for the stimulant class.
	ReasoningReasoning No reproductive toxicity data. Contraindication inferred from sympathomimetic pharmacology — catecholamine-mediated vasoconstriction reduces uteroplacental perfusion. Standard precautionary contraindication for the stimulant class.
other concurrent MAOI usetrace	absolute	absolute	high
Editorial	No 3-MMC-specific case reports, but MAOI + monoamine releaser is a consistently dangerous combination class-wide. Mechanistically certain given 3-MMC's triple monoamine releasing activity.
	ReasoningReasoning No 3-MMC-specific case reports, but MAOI + monoamine releaser is a consistently dangerous combination class-wide. Mechanistically certain given 3-MMC's triple monoamine releasing activity.
other concurrent serotonergic medicationtrace	relative	relative	medium
Editorial	Mechanistic interaction: additive serotonergic activity plus potential CYP2D6 metabolic interaction (Dias da Silva et al. 2019). Severity relative rather than absolute because 3-MMC's serotonergic component is moderate (SERT EC50 268 nM).
	ReasoningReasoning Mechanistic interaction: additive serotonergic activity plus potential CYP2D6 metabolic interaction (Dias da Silva et al. 2019). Severity relative rather than absolute because 3-MMC's serotonergic component is moderate (SERT EC50 268 nM).

Timeline Phases

oral

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Onsettrace	900–1800 sec(i=0.05)	900–1800 sec(i=0.05)	medium
Editorial	Oral timeline anchored to Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial data: effects peak at approximately 1 hour post-dose and are largely resolved by 5 hours. Seed data lists oral total duration of 4–6 hours, consistent with the clinical observation window. Phase durations are interpolated from these anchors combined with community reporting for cathinone-class compounds.
	ReasoningReasoning Oral timeline anchored to Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial data: effects peak at approximately 1 hour post-dose and are largely resolved by 5 hours. Seed data lists oral total duration of 4–6 hours, consistent with the clinical observation window. Phase durations are interpolated from these anchors combined with community reporting for cathinone-class compounds.
Come uptrace	900–1800 sec(i=0.30)	900–1800 sec(i=0.30)	medium
Editorial	Oral timeline anchored to Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial data: effects peak at approximately 1 hour post-dose and are largely resolved by 5 hours. Seed data lists oral total duration of 4–6 hours, consistent with the clinical observation window. Phase durations are interpolated from these anchors combined with community reporting for cathinone-class compounds.
	ReasoningReasoning Oral timeline anchored to Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial data: effects peak at approximately 1 hour post-dose and are largely resolved by 5 hours. Seed data lists oral total duration of 4–6 hours, consistent with the clinical observation window. Phase durations are interpolated from these anchors combined with community reporting for cathinone-class compounds.
Peaktrace	3600–5400 sec(i=1.00)	3600–5400 sec(i=1.00)	medium
Editorial	Oral timeline anchored to Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial data: effects peak at approximately 1 hour post-dose and are largely resolved by 5 hours. Seed data lists oral total duration of 4–6 hours, consistent with the clinical observation window. Phase durations are interpolated from these anchors combined with community reporting for cathinone-class compounds.
	ReasoningReasoning Oral timeline anchored to Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial data: effects peak at approximately 1 hour post-dose and are largely resolved by 5 hours. Seed data lists oral total duration of 4–6 hours, consistent with the clinical observation window. Phase durations are interpolated from these anchors combined with community reporting for cathinone-class compounds.
Plateautrace	3600–5400 sec(i=0.50)	3600–5400 sec(i=0.50)	medium
Editorial	Oral timeline anchored to Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial data: effects peak at approximately 1 hour post-dose and are largely resolved by 5 hours. Seed data lists oral total duration of 4–6 hours, consistent with the clinical observation window. Phase durations are interpolated from these anchors combined with community reporting for cathinone-class compounds.
	ReasoningReasoning Oral timeline anchored to Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial data: effects peak at approximately 1 hour post-dose and are largely resolved by 5 hours. Seed data lists oral total duration of 4–6 hours, consistent with the clinical observation window. Phase durations are interpolated from these anchors combined with community reporting for cathinone-class compounds.
Resolutiontrace	2700–5400 sec(i=0.20)	2700–5400 sec(i=0.20)	medium
Editorial	Oral timeline anchored to Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial data: effects peak at approximately 1 hour post-dose and are largely resolved by 5 hours. Seed data lists oral total duration of 4–6 hours, consistent with the clinical observation window. Phase durations are interpolated from these anchors combined with community reporting for cathinone-class compounds.
	ReasoningReasoning Oral timeline anchored to Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial data: effects peak at approximately 1 hour post-dose and are largely resolved by 5 hours. Seed data lists oral total duration of 4–6 hours, consistent with the clinical observation window. Phase durations are interpolated from these anchors combined with community reporting for cathinone-class compounds.
Afterglowtrace	7200–14400 sec(i=0.05)	7200–14400 sec(i=0.05)	medium
Editorial	Oral timeline anchored to Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial data: effects peak at approximately 1 hour post-dose and are largely resolved by 5 hours. Seed data lists oral total duration of 4–6 hours, consistent with the clinical observation window. Phase durations are interpolated from these anchors combined with community reporting for cathinone-class compounds.
	ReasoningReasoning Oral timeline anchored to Ramaekers et al. 2025 clinical trial data: effects peak at approximately 1 hour post-dose and are largely resolved by 5 hours. Seed data lists oral total duration of 4–6 hours, consistent with the clinical observation window. Phase durations are interpolated from these anchors combined with community reporting for cathinone-class compounds.

insufflated

Field	Published	AI Proposed	Confidence
Onsettrace	60–300 sec(i=0.05)	60–300 sec(i=0.05)	low
Editorial	No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Timeline inferred from the shorter total duration, rapid nasal absorption kinetics typical of cathinone hydrochloride salts, and community reporting. Confidence low due to absence of controlled PK data for this route.
	ReasoningReasoning No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Timeline inferred from the shorter total duration, rapid nasal absorption kinetics typical of cathinone hydrochloride salts, and community reporting. Confidence low due to absence of controlled PK data for this route.
Come uptrace	300–600 sec(i=0.40)	300–600 sec(i=0.40)	low
Editorial	No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Timeline inferred from the shorter total duration, rapid nasal absorption kinetics typical of cathinone hydrochloride salts, and community reporting. Confidence low due to absence of controlled PK data for this route.
	ReasoningReasoning No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Timeline inferred from the shorter total duration, rapid nasal absorption kinetics typical of cathinone hydrochloride salts, and community reporting. Confidence low due to absence of controlled PK data for this route.
Peaktrace	1800–3600 sec(i=1.00)	1800–3600 sec(i=1.00)	low
Editorial	No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Timeline inferred from the shorter total duration, rapid nasal absorption kinetics typical of cathinone hydrochloride salts, and community reporting. Confidence low due to absence of controlled PK data for this route.
	ReasoningReasoning No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Timeline inferred from the shorter total duration, rapid nasal absorption kinetics typical of cathinone hydrochloride salts, and community reporting. Confidence low due to absence of controlled PK data for this route.
Plateautrace	1800–3600 sec(i=0.50)	1800–3600 sec(i=0.50)	low
Editorial	No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Timeline inferred from the shorter total duration, rapid nasal absorption kinetics typical of cathinone hydrochloride salts, and community reporting. Confidence low due to absence of controlled PK data for this route.
	ReasoningReasoning No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Timeline inferred from the shorter total duration, rapid nasal absorption kinetics typical of cathinone hydrochloride salts, and community reporting. Confidence low due to absence of controlled PK data for this route.
Resolutiontrace	1800–3600 sec(i=0.20)	1800–3600 sec(i=0.20)	low
Editorial	No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Timeline inferred from the shorter total duration, rapid nasal absorption kinetics typical of cathinone hydrochloride salts, and community reporting. Confidence low due to absence of controlled PK data for this route.
	ReasoningReasoning No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Timeline inferred from the shorter total duration, rapid nasal absorption kinetics typical of cathinone hydrochloride salts, and community reporting. Confidence low due to absence of controlled PK data for this route.
Afterglowtrace	3600–10800 sec(i=0.05)	3600–10800 sec(i=0.05)	low
Editorial	No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Timeline inferred from the shorter total duration, rapid nasal absorption kinetics typical of cathinone hydrochloride salts, and community reporting. Confidence low due to absence of controlled PK data for this route.
	ReasoningReasoning No controlled human data for insufflated 3-MMC. Seed data lists insufflated total duration of 2.5–4.5 hours. Timeline inferred from the shorter total duration, rapid nasal absorption kinetics typical of cathinone hydrochloride salts, and community reporting. Confidence low due to absence of controlled PK data for this route.

Dose Tier Summaries

thresholdtrace

low

At threshold doses, effects are subtle and easily attributable to placebo: a mild increase in alertness, slight mood brightening, and faint physical energy. Heart rate may increase marginally. Users may notice a gentle sharpening of focus and mild appetite suppression. Physically, effects are sub-clinical — slight pupil dilation and a barely perceptible increase in body temperature. Most individuals would remain fully functional with no observable impairment.

Editorial

No controlled data at threshold doses. The Ramaekers et al. 2025 trial began at 25 mg, which produced measurable but mild effects. Threshold inferred as below the clinical trial's lowest dose, consistent with community reporting for cathinone-class compounds.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

lighttrace

medium

At light doses, a clear stimulant effect emerges: increased wakefulness, mild euphoria, enhanced sociability, and noticeable mood elevation. Cognitive effects include improved processing speed and attention. A subtle sense of warmth and emotional openness may be present, hinting at the compound's entactogenic potential. Physically, heart rate and blood pressure increase modestly. Appetite suppression becomes noticeable. Jaw tension may begin at the upper end of this range. Effects peak within approximately 1 hour and resolve within 3–4 hours.

Editorial

The Ramaekers et al. 2025 controlled trial at 25 mg produced statistically significant but mild cardiovascular and cognitive effects. Light range encompasses the lower clinical trial doses where effects were clearly perceptible but not intense.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

commontrace

medium

At common doses, the full stimulant-entactogenic profile manifests: pronounced euphoria, significantly enhanced energy and motivation, strong sociability and emotional openness, and marked cognitive enhancement — faster processing speed, improved memory, and heightened attention. Empathy and disinhibition become prominent features. Libido enhancement is frequently reported. Physically, tachycardia and blood pressure elevation are consistent. Jaw clenching, bruxism, and increased sweating are typical. Appetite is strongly suppressed. Mild dissociative or psychotomimetic effects may emerge transiently. The experience peaks at approximately 1 hour and the primary effects window spans 4–5 hours. Sleep is difficult for several hours after effects subside. Compulsive redosing urges commonly emerge as primary effects begin to wane.

Editorial

The Ramaekers et al. 2025 trial at 50–100 mg documented dose-dependent cognitive enhancement, mood elevation, appetite suppression, mild dissociative effects, and drug liking/wanting peaking at 1h and resolving by 5h. Community reports corroborate the common dose range and add subjective texture.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: controlled_human_study

strongtrace

low

At strong doses, stimulant effects become intense: powerful euphoria, marked psychomotor activation, racing thoughts, pronounced energy, and strong empathogenic-entactogenic qualities including emotional flooding and hypersociability. Analgesic effects may be prominent, masking awareness of physical strain. Cardiovascular stress becomes significant — substantial tachycardia, hypertension, and vasoconstriction. Bruxism, jaw tension, sweating, and tremor are common. Psychotomimetic effects (paranoia, perceptual disturbances) become more likely. Compulsive redosing urges are strong and difficult to resist. Functional impairment is substantial. Sleep is impossible for 4–6 hours after effects subside. The risk of escalating into a compulsive redosing session increases markedly at this range.

Editorial

No controlled data above 100 mg. Strong range inferred from community reporting and extrapolation of dose-dependent effects observed in the clinical trial. The EMCDDA risk assessment documents harms at higher recreational doses but without specific dose quantification.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: community_consensus_large

heavytrace

low

At heavy doses, the experience is dominated by intense sympathomimetic overstimulation: severe tachycardia, dangerous hypertension, hyperthermia, profuse sweating, and significant vasoconstriction. Psychological effects may include overwhelming euphoria transitioning to dysphoria, severe anxiety or panic, paranoia, and psychotic features. Cardiovascular emergency risk is substantial. Seizures have been documented in severe intoxications. The hepatotoxic potential of 3-MMC is dose-dependent, and cumulative heavy dosing — particularly during compulsive redosing sessions — may reach concentrations associated with hepatocellular damage. Heavy doses frequently result from compulsive redosing rather than intentional single administrations. Recovery involves prolonged exhaustion, depressed mood, and anhedonia lasting 1–3 days.

Editorial

No controlled data at heavy doses. Characterized from case reports of severe intoxication (Kelecevic et al. 2024, EMCDDA risk assessment) and extrapolation of dose-dependent toxicity from the hepatotoxicity study (Dias da Silva et al. 2019). Fatal cases involved blood concentrations consistent with heavy dosing.

Reasoning

Evidence basis: published_case_series

History

current version

published Oct 2, 2026system—

versions

2 total · since previous: +0 / −0 citations

publication ledger

publish Oct 2, 2026

backfill Jun 4, 2026

Historical versions do not record which reviewer approved them; editorial accountability is recorded per value in the database and in the publication ledger going forward.

full version history suggest a correction contact@psychedex.org

Sources

2 strong · 17 moderate · 10 weak

[1]
moderate
Systematic Structure-Activity Studies on Selected 2-, 3-, and 4-Monosubstituted Synthetic Methcathinone Analogs as Monoamine Transporter Releasing Agents
Walther D, Shalabi AR, Baumann MH, Glennon RA · 2019 · ACS chemical neuroscience
doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00524 pubmed 30354055no claims checked
[2]
weak
Critical review report: 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC)
WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD) · 2022 · WHO 45th ECDD Meeting
linkno claims checked
[3]
moderate
Influent wastewater analysis to investigate emerging trends of new psychoactive substances use in Europe
Salgueiro-Gonzalez N, Béen F, Bijlsma L, Boogaerts T, Covaci A, et al. · 2024 · Water research
doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.121390 pubmed 38430760no claims checked
[4]
strong
Safety and cognitive pharmacodynamics following dose escalations with 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC): a first in human, designer drug study
Ramaekers JG, Reckweg JT, Mason NL, Kuypers KPC, Toennes SW, Theunissen EL · 2025 · Neuropsychopharmacology
doi.org/10.1038/s41386-024-02042-7 pubmed 39719487no claims checked
[5]
moderate
Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro
Simmler LD, Buser TA, Donzelli M, et al. · 2012 · British Journal of Pharmacology
doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.xno claims checked
[6]
moderate
In Vitro Characterization of Psychoactive Substances at Rat, Mouse, and Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1
Simmler LD, Buchy D, Chaboz S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME · 2016 · The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics
doi.org/10.1124/jpet.115.229765 pubmed 26791601no claims checked
[7]
strong
Low to moderate doses of 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) produce analgesic effects in healthy volunteers: a proof of principle study with a designer drug
Ramaekers JG, Reckweg JT, Mason NL, Kuypers KP, Toennes SW, Theunissen EL · 2025 · Psychopharmacology
doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06798-8 pubmed 40307485no claims checked
[8]
weak
Report on the risk assessment of 2-(methylamino)-1-(3-methylphenyl)propan-1-one (3-methylmethcathinone, 3-MMC)
EMCDDA · 2022 · EMCDDA/EUDA Publications
linkno claims checked
[9]
moderate
The new psychoactive substance 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC or metaphedrone) induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in primary rat hepatocytes at human-relevant concentrations
Dias da Silva D, Ferreira B, Roque Bravo R, Rebelo R, Duarte de Almeida T, Valente MJ, Silva JP, Carvalho F, Bastos ML, Carmo H · 2019 · Archives of toxicology
doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02539-x pubmed 31468101no claims checked
[10]
moderate
Effects of 3-methylmethcathinone on conditioned place preference and anxiety-like behavior: Comparison with methamphetamine
Chen Y, Zhang L, Ding Z, Wu X, Wang G, Shi J · 2022 · Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2022.975820 pubmed 35935336no claims checked
[11]
moderate
Appearance of 2-MMC and 3-MMC on the illicit drug market in the Netherlands: A systematic narrative review of the prevalence and risks
van Amsterdam J, Nabben T, van den Brink W · 2025 · The International journal on drug policy
doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104971 pubmed 40876068no claims checked
[12]
weak
EMCDDA initial report on the new psychoactive substance 2-(methylamino)-1-(3-methylphenyl)propan-1-one (3-methylmethcathinone, 3-MMC)
EMCDDA · 2021 · EMCDDA/EUDA Publications
linkno claims checked
[13]
moderate
Emerging drugs of abuse: current perspectives on substituted cathinones
Debruyne D, Loilier M, Cesbron A, Le Boisselier R, Bourgine J · 2014 · Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation
doi.org/10.2147/sar.s37257 pubmed 24966713no claims checked
[14]
moderate
A snapshot on NPS in Italy: Distribution of drugs in seized materials analysed in an Italian forensic laboratory in the period 2013-2015
Odoardi S, Romolo FS, Strano-Rossi S · 2016 · Forensic science international
doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.037 pubmed 26874736no claims checked
[15]
weak
Specific Listing for Three Currently Controlled Schedule I Substances (Federal Register 2023-27292)
US DEA · 2023 · Federal Register
linkno claims checked
[16]
weak
3-Methylmethcathinone (hydrochloride) Product Sheet
Cayman Chemical · 2024
linkno claims checked
[17]
moderate
Pharmacological profile of mephedrone analogs and related new psychoactive substances
Luethi D, Kolaczynska KE, Docci L, Krähenbühl S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME · 2018 · Neuropharmacology
doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.026 pubmed 28755886no claims checked
[18]
weak
A fatal case of poisoning of a 19-year-old after taking 3-MMC
Margasińska-Olejak J, Celińska R, Fischer A, Stojko J · 2019 · Forensic science international
doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.040 pubmed 31056341no claims checked
[19]
weak
Chemsex/slamsex-related intoxications: A case report involving gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) and a review of the literature
Drevin G, Rossi LH, Férec S, Briet M, Abbara C · 2021 · Forensic science international
doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110743 pubmed 33640780no claims checked
[20]
moderate
Metaphedrone (3-Methylmethcathinone): Pharmacological, Clinical, and Toxicological Profile
Kelecević I, Vejnović AM, Javorac J, Gvozdenović N, Janjić N, Mijatović Jovin V · 2024 · Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030466 pubmed 38541192no claims checked
[21]
moderate
In vitro biotransformation of 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) through incubation with human liver microsomes and cytosol and application to in vivo samples
Van Wichelen N, Estévez-Danta A, Belova L, den Ouden F, Verougstraete N, Roggeman M, Boogaerts T, Quireyns M, Robeyns R, De Brabanter N, Quintana JB, Rodil R, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A, Gys C · 2024 · Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116335 pubmed 38972226no claims checked
[22]
moderate
In vitro metabolism of cathinone positional isomers: does sex matter?
Che P, Davidson JT, Still K, Kool J, Köhler I · 2023 · Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
doi.org/10.1007/s00216-023-04815-3 pubmed 37452840no claims checked
[23]
moderate
3-CMC, 4-CMC, and 4-BMC Human Metabolic Profiling: New Major Pathways to Document Consumption of Methcathinone Analogues?
Berardinelli D, Taoussi O, Daziani G, Tavoletta F, Ricci G, Tronconi LP, Adamowicz P, Busardò FP, Carlier J · 2024 · The AAPS journal
doi.org/10.1208/s12248-024-00940-8 pubmed 38862871no claims checked
[24]
weak
Fatal intoxication with 3-methyl-N-methylcathinone (3-MMC) and 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB)
Adamowicz P, Zuba D, Byrska B · 2014 · Forensic science international
doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.10.016 pubmed 25447185no claims checked
[25]
weak
Detection of legal highs in the urine of methadone-treated patient by LC-MS
Labuz K, Adamowicz P, Kała M, Pyrc K, Reszke E, Mielczarek P, Silberring J, Smoluch M · 2019 · Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology
doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.13270 pubmed 31188528no claims checked
[26]
moderate
Are new psychoactive substances driving sudden unexpected deaths and violence among youth in the European countries?
Tirelli U, Chirumbolo S · 2026 · Internal and emergency medicine
doi.org/10.1007/s11739-025-04180-2 pubmed 41184668no claims checked
[27]
moderate
Strong increase in the number of intoxications involving psychoactive drugs among adolescents reported to the Dutch Poisons Information Center from 2014-2023
Thoonen IM, Rietjens SJ, Koppen A, de Lange DW, Nugteren-van Lonkhuyzen JJ · 2025 · The International journal on drug policy
doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104860 pubmed 40409136no claims checked
[28]
weak
Integrative treatment approach to problematic sexualized drug use (Chemsex) of 3-methylmethcathinone: a case report
Khatcherian E, Arango-Arroyave S, Zullino D, Achab S · 2025 · Journal of medical case reports
doi.org/10.1186/s13256-025-05492-9 pubmed 41063204no claims checked
[29]
moderate
Drugs Used in 'Chemsex'/Sexualized Drug Behaviour—Overview of the Related Clinical Psychopharmacological Issues
Schifano F, Bonaccorso S, Arillotta D, Guirguis A, Corkery J · 2025 · Brain Sciences
doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15050424 pubmed 40426596no claims checked

Claim Verification

No claim verification has run for this version.

Coverage & Gaps

effect links

83 links · 80 approved · 43 audited3/83 with evidence basis

interactions

3 approved pairs0/3 graded

3-MMC

Value Provenance

Dosing

insufflatedtrace →

intravenous

oraltrace →

Duration

oral

insufflated

intravenous

Safety

Toxicity Profiletrace →

Dependence Profiletrace →

Withdrawal Profiletrace →

Tolerance Profiletrace →

Effects & Profile

Contraindications

Timeline Phases

oral

insufflated

Dose Tier Summaries

History

Sources

Claim Verification

Coverage & Gaps

insufflatedtrace

oraltrace

Toxicity Profiletrace

Dependence Profiletrace

Withdrawal Profiletrace

Tolerance Profiletrace