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psx:substance/3-fa/claim/173248ec-3084-46c4-aace-2b51a4d37a8b

claim2026-07-17workinginconclusive

derived from · upstream

feeds · downstream

Closure of psx:substance/3-fa/claim/173248ec-3084-46c4-aace-2b51a4d37a8b: 56 upstream, 128 downstream.

psx:substance/3-fa/claim/173248ec-3084-46c4-aace-2b51a4d37a8b
├─ used  src/doi:10.1097/FBP.0b013e32834d63ac
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  ├─ informed_by  claim/0081755e-2a4c-4b28-8a1c-734489a2163a  Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusive  working
  ├─ informed_by  claim/bb6c5ecd-01a1-4462-871c-3bfdec112494  Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusive  working
  ├─ informed_by  claim/b4b6c569-ace3-4c63-8a7d-5f373c579553  Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusive  working
  ├─ informed_by  claim/2dc3ef9a-e911-4a64-b29b-736ea8715388  Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusive  working
  ├─ informed_by  claim/a1950181-e1b2-478f-bbe7-3ae862bc9af8  Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusive  working
    ├─ used  src/pmid:15677348  Relationship between the serotonergic activity and reinforcing effects of a series of amphetamine analogs
    ├─ used  src/pmid:17071819  Monoamine releasers with varying selectivity for dopamine/norepinephrine versus serotonin release as candidate agonist medications for cocaine dependence
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1007/s13346-019-00685-4  The pharmacokinetics of 3-fluoroamphetamine following delivery using clinically relevant routes of administration
    ├─ used  src/url:eddf83281b4df41a  3-Fluoroamphetamine - Wikipedia
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1124/jpet.110.176271  In vivo effects of amphetamine analogs reveal evidence for serotonergic inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine transmission in the rat
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.jpet.2025.103617  Locomotor and discriminative stimulus effects of fluorinated analogs of amphetamine and methamphetamine in mice and rats
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.09.007  Behavioral and neurochemical effects of amphetamine analogs that release monoamines in the squirrel monkey
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.10.005  Changes in feeding and locomotion induced by amphetamine analogs in rats
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/npp.2012.193  Interaction between behavioral and pharmacological treatment strategies to decrease cocaine choice in rhesus monkeys
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.041  Effects of chemical and physical enhancement techniques on transdermal delivery of 3-fluoroamphetamine hydrochloride
    ├─ used  src/url:0df75d69a33df585  Substance Details: 3-Fluoroamphetamine
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2016.08.007  Indirect chiral separation of 8 novel amphetamine derivatives as potential new psychoactive compounds by GC-MS and HPLC
    ├─ used  src/pmid:17234900  Rhesus monkey trace amine-associated receptor 1 signaling: enhancement by monoamine transporters and attenuation by the D2 autoreceptor in vitro
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1038/npp.2012.109  Brain-specific overexpression of trace amine-associated receptor 1 alters monoaminergic neurotransmission and decreases sensitivity to amphetamine
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113008  Excretion of 4-fluoroamphetamine and three metabolites in urine after controlled oral ingestion
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.12.012  Monoamine transporter and receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive substances: para-halogenated amphetamines and pyrovalerone cathinones
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1002/dta.2595  Pharmacokinetic properties of 4-fluoroamphetamine in serum and oral fluid after oral ingestion
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1111/add.12932  4-Fluoroamphetamine in the Netherlands: more than a one-night stand
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01114.x  Review article: amphetamines and related drugs of abuse
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2019.01.001  Antipsychotics for the treatment of sympathomimetic toxicity: A systematic review
    ├─ used  src/doi:10.1093/jat/bkac059  Fatal Intoxications from a Combination of 4-Fluoroamphetamine and 25C-NBOMe
    ├─ used  src/pmid:4952963  Psychotropic drugs (2). Interaction between monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and other substances
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      ├─ used  search/0d34e842-177a-46e9-96c7-dccfb968270a  Searched PubChem for "3-fluoroamphetamine"
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      ├─ used  search/751c28dd-5216-4eda-9ac9-137461756de2  Searched PubMed for "fluoroamphetamine monoamine transporter binding affinity"
      ├─ used  search/84d2657b-177c-4d65-8f99-4eab65159b4c  Searched PubMed for "PAL-353 3-fluoroamphetamine cocaine use disorder treatment"
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      ├─ used  search/6f29ebbb-835e-46d2-a956-a5b7cb5cf1bf  Searched OpenAlex for "3-fluoroamphetamine PAL-353 pharmacology"
      ├─ used  search/c13b88d1-c2c4-44ab-a317-98398661368f  Searched PubMed for "Rothman Baumann PAL-353 amphetamine analog monoamine releaser"
      ├─ used  search/678156d4-5acf-41f7-962c-184030771a6a  Searched ClinicalTrials.gov for "3-fluoroamphetamine PAL-353 cocaine"
      ├─ used  search/229c3133-e234-4548-acf6-e5d9af31fb7a  Searched PsychonautWiki
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      ├─ used  search/75757e50-7324-4551-81ea-041b32108c96  Searched PubMed for "indirect chiral separation amphetamine derivatives GC HPLC psychoactive compounds novel"
      ├─ used  search/ff402704-caea-43ad-b3b4-20b86c110a22  Searched PubMed for "4-fluoroamphetamine pharmacokinetics human controlled study oral ingestion"
      ├─ used  search/50ec2f2e-4eab-4709-8c83-aca4ced55a58  Searched WebSearch for "3-FA 3-fluoroamphetamine DAT NET SERT EC50 release Ki binding affinity transporter"
      ├─ used  search/8b16f88d-0a79-40a6-9947-afbc26c47064  Searched ClinicalTrials.gov for "3-fluoroamphetamine PAL-353 cocaine"
      ├─ used  search/74d5c6f8-8805-4e34-b0c0-4696ea8ba3da  Searched PMC for "PAL-353 EC50 values dopamine norepinephrine serotonin"
      ├─ used  search/7cacd3f5-4375-4740-8456-7f7fcb02de67  Searched WebSearch for "3-FA 3-fluoroamphetamine DAT NET SERT EC50 release Ki binding affinity transporter"
      ├─ used  search/e84ac9c0-8055-4b44-9bd4-986968bd219f  Searched WebSearch for "3-fluoroamphetamine Canada CDSA controlled drug substances"
      ├─ used  search/33d8e769-ae07-4156-a29a-1f7141c3f00b  Searched WebSearch for "3-fluoroamphetamine Australia TGA scheduled poison amphetamine analog"
      ├─ used  search/75fec007-7745-46fb-8d85-e5de4c9a535e  Searched WebSearch for "3-fluoroamphetamine history synthesis research chemical market first appearance"
      ├─ used  search/701156bf-6030-4b26-b538-dc8e91f6ad74  Searched PubMed for "stimulant drug overdose treatment emergency management amphetamine toxicity"
      └─ used  search/004a65cd-5fa6-4e09-b83b-d1ce46edf65b  Searched PubMed for "amphetamine trace amine associated receptor TAAR1 agonist psychostimulant monoamine"
├─ informed_by  section/clinical-evidence.full@1
  ├─ used  version/1  Revision 1
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    ├─ derived_from  issue/notice@30f1d1073626  Issued notice
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    ├─ informed_by  section/summary.full@1
      ├─ used  claim/c2608f05-a7d1-4cfa-b0ec-c4148d848462  Claim in summary — inconclusive  working
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      ├─ used  claim/1df4526c-da1a-45cf-9cf6-c56df3f30bab  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/7761d1ab-eaad-47d3-876a-f96829b99d86  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/b631f5b0-6018-4923-a4d2-c1591534a902  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusive  working
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      ├─ used  claim/26592fe6-33f4-4083-896d-81acda2df96e  Claim in neuroscience — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/e8d844f7-0634-477d-934c-2f02117a9ff7  Claim in pharmacology — inconclusive  working
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      ├─ used  claim/ab67f812-3f52-4a32-8028-fe2ca0684bd2  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/17652242-b830-4521-ac8a-84e29d2b34e0  Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/10f40547-26ff-4e9b-ae81-fe364bbd14d9  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/bb4dd699-1be0-47ed-8fe9-4713d89b9e83  Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusive  working
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      ├─ used  claim/4fa11b2b-26d1-44ff-a014-ab3fedfce331  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/9bfb31ce-adc5-423c-ab2b-e85baad8bc9d  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/ae8aec65-dc58-409e-9116-2111e6c5ac78  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
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      ├─ used  claim/cb9567b8-dd74-46b5-8ae4-c8b4219ab2e3  Claim in safety — supported
      ├─ used  claim/ba4104e0-28f4-46ab-83b9-b1678c1d2101  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      ├─ used  claim/96dcc87a-6dd7-4ea7-8dbc-a4c548b35a7e  Claim in safety — partially_supported
      ├─ used  claim/0f739e16-f764-4d9f-9e83-121e86638a2b  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
      └─ used  claim/024e93bb-2b1c-47f0-8140-e0f3acd47040  Claim in safety — inconclusive  working
… closure truncated at 200 nodes

indented by distance from this node, not by parentage

1Provenance card

the boundary, as counts

Sources

2317 with DOI

5 strong · 15 moderate · 3 weak

Compilations

12026-05-07T17:31:36.645Z

pipeline-v5 · prompt hash not recorded — run predates 2026-09

Decisions

30last ruled 2026-06-04

0 awaiting a ruling

Issued documents

42026-10-19T20:29:34.293Z

notice · info card · emergency

Searches

232 with no results

queries and counts on the build

Claims checked

13012 supported

12 supported · 118 not

Correspondence

0received

consent field ships in Phase 4

Edges

349

derivations recorded for this entity

Complete over 23 sources, 1 compilation, and 30 decisions.Not here: the private journal (never).Working material — drafts, discards, unsupported claims — is listed below and readable on the working page.Cite: psychedex.org/substances/3-fa/archive

2Build

one panel per compilation run

generation run 2026-05-07

53 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/fb3444f6…

research

citationsRegistryrecordresearchOutputworking

draft

articleDraftworking

audit

articleAuditedworking

verify

verificationResultworking

simplify

articleSimplifiedworking

publish

runMetarecordrunSummaryrecord

Selection

results seen96
selected by the model36
consumed as sources23

Verification

claims checked130
supported8
partially supported4
not supported0
inconclusive118
  • record
  • seen / partial
  • working

The model's own caveats

  • sparse_evidence
  • structural_inference
  • safety_data_unverified

Reproduce

inputs
23 source keys (listed under Sources)
plan
not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
model
pipeline-v5
streams
none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
23 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
23 searches for this run
#sourcequeryseenkeptrationale
1PubChem3-fluoroamphetamine11Primary chemical identity verification
2PubMedfluoroamphetamine monoamine releaser dopamine serotonin norepinephrine43Core pharmacological characterization and in vivo behavior data for PAL-353
3ClinicalTrials.gov · absence3-fluoroamphetamine PAL-353 cocaine00No active or completed trials; gap documented
4OpenAlex3-fluoroamphetamine PAL-353 pharmacology31High-citation in vivo pharmacodynamic data with DA and 5-HT microdialysis in rat nucleus accumbens
5PubMedfluoroamphetamine monoamine transporter binding affinity11Included as class-level comparator for fluoroamphetamine pharmacology
6PubMedPAL-353 3-fluoroamphetamine cocaine use disorder treatment10Duplicate of already-identified paper
7PubMed3-fluoroamphetamine pharmacology33All directly relevant to 3-FA pharmacology, administration, and PK
8PubMedRothman Baumann PAL-353 amphetamine analog monoamine releaser83Additional preclinical behavior and neurochemistry papers using PAL-353 as reference compound
9PsychonautWiki—12Community consensus dose/duration data cross-reference
10WebSearch3-FA 3-fluoroamphetamine DAT NET SERT EC50 release Ki binding affinity transporter101Identified EC50 values for DAT and NET; need primary source verification
11WebSearch3-fluoroamphetamine legal status UK US EU Canada Australia scheduling 2025102Legal status verification for multiple jurisdictions
12PubMedindirect chiral separation amphetamine derivatives GC HPLC psychoactive compounds novel11Analytical/forensic chemistry data confirming 3-FA has chiral center; characterization of positional isomers
13ClinicalTrials.gov · absence3-fluoroamphetamine PAL-353 cocaine00Confirmed no clinical trials for 3-FA as of 2026
14PubMedfluoroamphetamine intoxication death adverse effects heart cardiac11Important adverse event/toxicity data for fluoroamphetamine class; establishes cardiovascular and CNS risks
15UNODC LSS—12Official chemical identifier verification
16PubMed4-fluoroamphetamine pharmacokinetics human controlled study oral ingestion32Useful comparative PK data for the fluoroamphetamine class; 3-FA has no human PK studies
17PubMedamphetamine trace amine associated receptor TAAR1 agonist psychostimulant monoamine42TAAR1 mechanism for amphetamine class; class-level inference for 3-FA
18WebSearch3-fluoroamphetamine Australia TGA scheduled poison amphetamine analog102Australian/NZ legal status
19PubMedstimulant drug overdose treatment emergency management amphetamine toxicity32Emergency management protocols for amphetamine-class toxicity - relevant to 3-FA overdose
20PMCPAL-353 EC50 values dopamine norepinephrine serotonin13Critical pharmacological data confirming mechanism of action and transporter selectivity
21WebSearch3-fluoroamphetamine history synthesis research chemical market first appearance102Historical context for 3-FA appearance
22WebSearch3-FA 3-fluoroamphetamine DAT NET SERT EC50 release Ki binding affinity transporter101Cross-reference verification of pharmacological data
23WebSearch3-fluoroamphetamine Canada CDSA controlled drug substances101Canadian legal status - unresolved, flagged
130 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
pharmacology30 · 2 ok

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Anchondo et al. (2025) demonstrated in mice and rats that 3-FA produces locomotor stimulation comparable to methamphetamine (peak locomotor counts: 5905–7758, similar to methamphetamine peak response) and fully substitutes for methamphetamine in drug discrimination with ED₅₀ = 0.32–0.71 mg/kg.supported

    3-FA showed peak locomotor effects similar to methamphetamine. All compounds produced time- and dose-dependent locomotor stimulation (ED50 0.38-7.38 mg/kg) and fully substituted for methamphetamine in discriminative stimulus tests (ED50 0.32-0.71 mg/kg). j.jpet.2025.103617

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • By class analogy with 4-fluoroamphetamine — the closest positional-isomer with published human metabolic data — fluoroamphetamines are expected to undergo beta-hydroxylation (yielding fluorophenylpropanolamines) and aromatic ring hydroxylation followed by glucuronide conjugationsupported

    Three metabolites: two diastereomers of 4-fluorophenylpropanolamine and one ring-hydroxylated 4-FA (conjugated). Two metabolic pathways identified. j.jpba.2019.113008

safety18 · 4 ok

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Management centers on benzodiazepines as first-line therapy for agitation and seizure threshold protection, active cooling for hyperthermia, and avoidance of beta-blockers (which risk unopposed alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction). Antipsychotics carry seizure risk and QT prolongation risk and are not preferred first-line agents.supported

    Antipsychotics discouraged due to lowered seizure threshold, QT prolongation, and decreased heat dissipation. Benzodiazepines recommended first-line. j.ajem.2019.01.001

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Anchondo et al. (2025) noted that fluorinated amphetamine analogs as a class have been associated with heart failure, cerebral hemorrhage, and death, though these adverse events have been documented primarily for 4-fa — including fatal intoxications involving 4-FA in combination with other substancespartially supported

    Six fatalities from combination of 4-FA and 25C-NBOMe over 9 months. Four drug-caused deaths; postmortem 4-FA blood concentrations 330-682 ng/mL. Agitation, seizures, pulmonary/cerebral edema. bkac059

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • The compound's high DA/NE selectivity with minimal serotonin activity means it lacks the self-limiting serotonergic component that reduces reinforcing efficacy in mdma-like compounds — elevated synaptic serotonin attenuates dopaminergic reinforcement, a brake absent in 3-FAsupported

    Lower 5-HT:DA ratio = higher reinforcing efficacy. pmid:15677348

  • Anchondo et al. (2025) concluded that 3-FA's abuse potential is "comparable to that of methamphetamine".supported

    Results indicate abuse potential comparable to methamphetamine. j.jpet.2025.103617

  • Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

summary18 · 3 ok

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • It was investigated as a candidate agonist pharmacotherapy for cocaine use disorder, demonstrating reduced cocaine self-administration in non-human primates and a pharmacokinetic profile suitable for transdermal deliverypartially supported

    DA/NE-selective releasers have different cocaine-choice profiles versus serotonergic releasers. fbp.0b013e32834d63ac

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in summary — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • In rhesus monkey self-administration paradigms, 3-FA maintains positive reinforcement comparable to other dopamine-selective amphetamine analogs, and its abuse potential has been assessed as comparable to methamphetamine. tolerance develops through anticipated dopaminergic downregulation, though no substance-specific tolerance studies have been publishedpartially supported

    All analogs positive reinforcers in rhesus monkeys. Lower 5-HT:DA ratio = higher reinforcing efficacy. pmid:15677348

  • In rhesus monkey self-administration paradigms, 3-FA maintains positive reinforcement comparable to other dopamine-selective amphetamine analogs, and its abuse potential has been assessed as comparable to methamphetamine. tolerance develops through anticipated dopaminergic downregulation, though no substance-specific tolerance studies have been publishedpartially supported

    3-FA showed peak locomotor effects similar to methamphetamine. Results indicate abuse potential comparable to methamphetamine. j.jpet.2025.103617

history16 · 0 ok

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in history — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

clinical-evidence12 · 0 ok

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in clinical-evidence — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

comparative-pharmacology12 · 2 ok

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • In drug discrimination studies, 3-FA fully substitutes for methamphetamine with comparable potency (ED₅₀ = 0.32–0.71 mg/kg)supported

    All compounds produced time- and dose-dependent locomotor stimulation (ED50 0.38-7.38 mg/kg) and fully substituted for methamphetamine in discriminative stimulus tests (ED50 0.32-0.71 mg/kg). j.jpet.2025.103617

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Peak locomotor stimulation in mice is equivalent between 3-FA and methamphetamine (5905–7758 counts).supported

    3-FA showed peak locomotor effects similar to methamphetamine. j.jpet.2025.103617

  • Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

pharmacokinetic-detail8 · 0 ok

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in pharmacokinetic-detail — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

neuroscience6 · 0 ok

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

chemistry4 · 0 ok

  • Claim in chemistry — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in chemistry — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in chemistry — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in chemistry — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

receptor-pharmacology4 · 0 ok

  • Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • Claim in receptor-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

legal-status2 · 1 ok

  • Claim in legal-status — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →

  • 3-FA's structural relationship to amphetamine (differing only by a fluorine atom at the meta ring position) and its pharmacological similarity (potent DA/NE releaser with methamphetamine-comparable behavioral effects) make it a strong candidate for prosecution under analogue provisions in jurisdictions that employ themsupported

    3-FA showed peak locomotor effects similar to methamphetamine. Results indicate abuse potential comparable to methamphetamine. All compounds fully substituted for methamphetamine in discriminative stimulus tests. j.jpet.2025.103617

3Sources

23 consumed · sorted by year · feeds = sections resting on it

Sources
yearsourcetierstatusfeeds
20253-Fluoroamphetamine - WikipediaWikipedia contributorsurl:eddf83281b4df41aweakconsumedcited only
2025Locomotor and discriminative stimulus effects of fluorinated analogs of amphetamine and methamphetamine in mice and ratsAnchondo O, Shetty RA, Gatch MB · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeuticsdoi:10.1016/j.jpet.2025.103617moderateconsumed5 sections
2024Substance Details: 3-FluoroamphetamineUNODC Laboratory and Scientific Serviceurl:0df75d69a33df585weakconsumedcited only
2023Fatal Intoxications from a Combination of 4-Fluoroamphetamine and 25C-NBOMeGerostamoulos D, Glowacki L, Pricone M, Crump K, Di Rago M, Joubert S, Lynch MJ, Woodford NW, Drummer OH · Journal of Analytical Toxicologydoi:10.1093/jat/bkac059weakconsumed1 section
2020Excretion of 4-fluoroamphetamine and three metabolites in urine after controlled oral ingestionToennes SW, Schneider D, Pogoda W, Paulke A, Wunder C, Theunissen EL, de Sousa Fernandes Perna EB, Ramaekers JG · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysisdoi:10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113008strongconsumed1 section
2020The pharmacokinetics of 3-fluoroamphetamine following delivery using clinically relevant routes of administrationJiang Y, Ray A, Junaid MSA, Bhattaccharjee SA, Kelley K, Banga AK, Blough BE, Murnane KS · Drug Delivery and Translational Researchdoi:10.1007/s13346-019-00685-4moderateconsumed4 sections
2019Antipsychotics for the treatment of sympathomimetic toxicity: A systematic reviewConnors NJ, Alsakha A, Larocque A, Hoffman RS, Landry T, Gosselin S · American Journal of Emergency Medicinedoi:10.1016/j.ajem.2019.01.001strongconsumed1 section
2019Pharmacokinetic properties of 4-fluoroamphetamine in serum and oral fluid after oral ingestionToennes SW, Schneider D, Pogoda W, Paulke A, Wunder C, Theunissen EL, Kuypers KPC, de Sousa Fernandes Perna E, Ramaekers JG · Drug Testing and Analysisdoi:10.1002/dta.2595strongconsumed1 section
2017Effects of chemical and physical enhancement techniques on transdermal delivery of 3-fluoroamphetamine hydrochloridePuri A, Murnane KS, Blough BE, Banga AK · International Journal of Pharmaceuticsdoi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.041moderateconsumed3 sections
2017Indirect chiral separation of 8 novel amphetamine derivatives as potential new psychoactive compounds by GC-MS and HPLCWeiss JA, Kadkhodaei K, Schmid MG · Science & Justicedoi:10.1016/j.scijus.2016.08.007moderateconsumed1 section
20154-Fluoroamphetamine in the Netherlands: more than a one-night standLinsen F, Koning RP, van Laar M, Niesink RJ, Koeter MW, Brunt TM · Addictiondoi:10.1111/add.12932moderateconsumed1 section
2015Monoamine transporter and receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive substances: para-halogenated amphetamines and pyrovalerone cathinonesRickli A, Hoener MC, Liechti ME · European Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.12.012strongconsumedcited only
2013Interaction between behavioral and pharmacological treatment strategies to decrease cocaine choice in rhesus monkeysBanks ML, Blough BE, Negus SS · Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1038/npp.2012.193moderateconsumed2 sections
2012Brain-specific overexpression of trace amine-associated receptor 1 alters monoaminergic neurotransmission and decreases sensitivity to amphetamineRevel FG, Meyer CA, Bradaia A, et al. · Neuropsychopharmacologydoi:10.1038/npp.2012.109moderateconsumed2 sections
2011Effects of monoamine releasers with varying selectivity for releasing dopamine/norepinephrine versus serotonin on choice between cocaine and food in rhesus monkeysBanks ML, Blough BE, Negus SS · Behavioural Pharmacologydoi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e32834d63acmoderateconsumedcited only
2011In vivo effects of amphetamine analogs reveal evidence for serotonergic inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine transmission in the ratBaumann MH, Clark RD, Woolverton WL, Wee S, Blough BE, Rothman RB · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeuticsdoi:10.1124/jpet.110.176271moderateconsumed6 sections
2009Behavioral and neurochemical effects of amphetamine analogs that release monoamines in the squirrel monkeyKimmel HL, Manvich DF, Blough BE, Negus SS, Howell LL · Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behaviordoi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.09.007moderateconsumed2 sections
2009Changes in feeding and locomotion induced by amphetamine analogs in ratsWellman PJ, Davis KW, Clifford PS, Rothman RB, Blough BE · Drug and Alcohol Dependencedoi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.10.005moderateconsumed2 sections
2008Review article: amphetamines and related drugs of abuseGreene SL, Kerr F, Braitberg G · Emergency Medicine Australasiadoi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01114.xmoderateconsumed1 section
2007Monoamine releasers with varying selectivity for dopamine/norepinephrine versus serotonin release as candidate agonist medications for cocaine dependenceNegus SS, Mello NK, Blough BE, Baumann MH, Rothman RB · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeuticspmid:17071819moderateconsumed3 sections
2007Rhesus monkey trace amine-associated receptor 1 signaling: enhancement by monoamine transporters and attenuation by the D2 autoreceptor in vitroXie Z, Westmoreland SV, Bahn ME, et al. · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeuticspmid:17234900moderateconsumed1 section
2005Relationship between the serotonergic activity and reinforcing effects of a series of amphetamine analogsWee S, Anderson KG, Baumann MH, Rothman RB, Blough BE, Woolverton WL · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeuticspmid:15677348strongconsumed6 sections
1965Psychotropic drugs (2). Interaction between monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and other substancesSjöqvist F · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicinepmid:4952963moderateconsumed1 section
—Searched ClinicalTrials.gov for "3-fluoroamphetamine PAL-353 cocaine" — no resultsabsenceno results—
—Searched ClinicalTrials.gov for "3-fluoroamphetamine PAL-353 cocaine" — no resultsabsenceno results—

4Docket

one filing per activity — decisions, correspondence, reports

  1. 0012026-05-07revisionRevision 1

    Initial LLM generation (v5 pipeline, wiki, prose phase)

    psx:substance/3-fa/version/1
  2. 0022026-06-04proposal28 value proposals approved together

    one review action inferred from a shared reviewer and instant — the graph records one activity per proposal

    28 items in this filing

    • contraindication · cardiovascular
    • contraindication · other
    • contraindication · neurological
    • contraindication · metabolic
    • contraindication · pregnancy_breastfeeding
    • contraindication · psychiatric
    • dose_tier · threshold
    • dose_tier · light
    • dose_tier · common
    • dose_tier · strong
    • dose_tier · heavy
    • timeline · oral · onset
    • timeline · oral · come_up
    • timeline · oral · peak
    • timeline · oral · resolution
    • timeline · oral · afterglow
    • toxicity
    • dependence · full
    • withdrawal
    • tolerance
    • dosage · oral
    • duration · oral · onset
    • duration · oral · come_up
    • duration · oral · peak
    • duration · oral · offset
    • duration · oral · total
    • duration · oral · aftereffects
    psx:substance/3-fa/proposal/contraindication/cf99f91e-556c-4123-a0d0-0d1396ed10ff
  3. 0032026-06-04publicationPublication — backfill
    psx:substance/3-fa/pub/fda88b4f-31b2-4d6f-835b-374b56aedc92

5Issued documents

what the notice, info card and emergency page said, by hash

Issued documents
documentcontent hashissuedfrom versionsuperseded
info_card95c3715765a1a348ea2df9e8…2026-10-19 20:29Revision 1current
emergency58d3299a8754d788e3d74c0e…2026-09-04 04:27Revision 1current
info_cardae626d1cc0eb4af256fe1645…2026-09-04 04:27Revision 1superseded2026-10-19
notice30f1d10736267a45d7bb2603…2026-09-04 04:27Revision 1current