generation run 2026-05-08
64 min completedmodel pipeline-v5plan not recordedrun/d06b5c57…Selection
Verification
- record
- seen / partial
- working
The model's own caveats
- sparse_evidence
- structural_inference
- sparse_evidence
Reproduce
- inputs
- 21 source keys (listed under Sources)
- plan
- not recorded — template version, prompt hash and git SHA are written from 2026-09 onward
- model
- pipeline-v5
- streams
- none — agent transcripts are persisted from 2026-09 onward
23 searches — query, source, results, what was kept and why
| # | source | query | seen | kept | rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PubMed | methylmethcathinone isomers metabolism forensic analysis | 4 | 4 | Relevant to 2-MMC analytical detection and forensic context |
| 2 | OpenAlex | 2-MMC 2-methylmethcathinone synthetic cathinone | 10 | 5 | Highest-cited cathinone pharmacology papers for class-level context |
| 3 | ClinicalTrials.gov · absence | 2-methylmethcathinone cathinone | 0 | — | Confirms no clinical trials exist for this substance |
| 4 | PubMed | ortomephedrone 2-methylmethcathinone stimulant | 6 | 4 | Directly relevant to 2-MMC chemistry, detection, and prevalence |
| 5 | PubChem | 2-methylmethcathinone | 1 | 1 | Primary chemical identity verification from authoritative source |
| 6 | PubMed | 3-MMC 3-methylmethcathinone pharmacology effects intoxication | 7 | 5 | 3-MMC is the closest structural isomer; data is applicable to 2-MMC by analogy with caveats |
| 7 | PubMed | 2-MMC 2-methylmethcathinone cathinone pharmacology | 2 | 2 | Both directly relevant to 2-MMC detection and prevalence |
| 8 | WebSearch | 2-MMC ortomephedrone SMILES CAS number chemical structure PubChem | 10 | 2 | Chemical identity verification |
| 9 | PubMed | synthetic cathinone cardiotoxicity myocarditis case report 2024 | 1 | 1 | Relevant cardiovascular toxicity data applicable to 2-MMC by class analogy |
| 10 | WebSearch | EUDA 2-MMC initial report 2024 pharmacology detection seizures fatalities legal status | 10 | 3 | Critical primary regulatory and market data |
| 11 | EUDA/Drugs and Alcohol Ireland | — | 1 | 0 | PDF content not extractable via this method |
| 12 | PubMed | appearance 2-MMC 3-MMC illicit drug market Netherlands systematic narrative review | 1 | 1 | Most comprehensive review of 2/3-MMC pharmacology and epidemiology, directly relevant |
| 13 | WebSearch | 2-MMC 2-methylmethcathinone legal status scheduling UK EU US controlled substance | 10 | 3 | Crucial legal status and chemical identity data for jurisdictional coverage |
| 14 | PubMed | Simmler Buser Donzelli cathinone pharmacological characterization HEK293 monoamine | 1 | 1 | Landmark in vitro pharmacology paper for cathinone class |
| 15 | PubChem | 2-Methylmethcathinone hydrochloride | 1 | 1 | Verification of HCl salt CID and properties |
| 16 | OpenAlex | mephedrone 4-MMC neurotoxicity serotonin brain review 2017 2018 | 5 | 3 | Key class-level safety, neurotoxicity, and clinical data applicable to 2-MMC |
| 17 | PubMed | cathinone users qualitative toxicity effects Assi 2017 human psychopharmacology | 1 | 1 | User-perspective data on cathinone effects and toxicity |
| 18 | WebSearch | 2-methylmethcathinone melting point solubility physical properties Cayman Chemical | 10 | 2 | Physical property data for chemical identity section |
| 19 | WebSearch | 2-methylmethcathinone US DEA Schedule I analog act federal controlled | 10 | 0 | Legal status research for US jurisdiction |
| 20 | WebSearch | 2-MMC first detected 2013 Germany 2014 Sweden EMCDDA early warning | 10 | 1 | Critical historical and regulatory chronology data |
| 21 | WebSearch | 2-MMC Australia EU member states legal status 2023 2024 Netherlands Belgium Germany | 10 | 2 | Multi-jurisdictional legal status completion |
| 22 | EUDA | — | 1 | 1 | Definitive legal status for 2-MMC at EU level |
| 23 | PubMed | cathinone alcohol ethanol combination neurotoxicity interaction | 1 | 1 | Key drug interaction data (alcohol+cathinone) directly relevant to 2-MMC harm reduction section |
73 claims by section — every cited sentence, checked against its source
safety28 · 18 ok
A systematic review of 76 studies by Daziani et al. found synthetic cathinones associated with encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, sympathomimetic toxidrome, hallucinogenic toxidrome, excited delirium syndrome, and serotonin syndromesupported
Systematic review (76 studies, 2005-2022). Synthetic cathinones cause encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic toxidromes, excited delirium syndrome, and serotonin syndrome. ijms24076230
Groenewegen et al. conducted a retrospective analysis of 222 synthetic cathinone mono-intoxications with cardiotoxicity reported to the Dutch Poisons Information Centre (2012–2022), finding tachycardia, hypertension, palpitations, and chest pain as the most common presentationspartially supported
Case series of 222 mono-intoxications with cardiotoxicity from Dutch Poisons Information Centre 2012-2022, mostly 3-MMC (63%). Scoping review: 30 articles, 40 cases of cardiac arrest, VT, SVT, STEMI, NSTEMI, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis. s12012-024-09832-x
Dias da Silva et al. demonstrated that 3-MMC induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in primary rat hepatocytes at concentrations within the human-relevant rangesupported
3-MMC induces hepatotoxicity in rat hepatocytes at concentrations 31 nM-10 mM. Oxidative stress from 10 µM; apoptosis (caspase-3, -8, -9 activation) at 10 µM; necrosis/autophagy at higher concentrations. s00204-019-02539-x
Ciudad-Roberts et al. demonstrated that ethanol combined with mephedrone in adolescent mice produced approximately 2-fold greater neurotoxicity than mephedrone alone, measured as reductions in DAT, tyrosine hydroxylase, SERT, and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, with additional impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial memory.supported
Ethanol combined with mephedrone (25mg/kg, 4x) in mice increased neurotoxicity ~2-fold (DAT, TH, SERT, TPH reduction in frontal cortex/hippocampus), increased lipid peroxidation, impaired neurogenesis and learning/memory. j.taap.2015.12.019
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
2-MMC produces false-positive amphetamine immunoassay results at concentrations ≥50 μg/mL on the EMIT Atellica CH platform (Siemens)supported
2-MMC causes false-positive amphetamine immunoassay (EMIT) at 50 µg/mL. 00045632251331404
Emergency management is supportive: benzodiazepines for agitation and seizures, active cooling for hyperthermia, and cardiac monitoring for dysrhythmia.supported
No specific antidote; management extrapolated from cocaine/amphetamines. sar.s37257
Acute psychological distress following 2-MMC use includes agitation, anxiety, paranoia, and hallucinations — consistent with dopaminergic overstimulationsupported
Synthetic cathinones cause encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic toxidromes, excited delirium syndrome, and serotonin syndrome. ijms24076230
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
The compound's short duration and intense redosing urge create a specific psychological risk: binge-use patterns in which escalating doses over extended sessions compound both acute toxicity and post-acute dysphoriasupported
Shorter duration leads to more craving and redosing vs 4-MMC... higher dependence potential than 4-MMC. j.drugpo.2025.104971
Treatment-seeking data for the closely related 3-MMC — rising from 33 to 330 individuals annually in the Netherlands between 2021 and 2023 — provide an indirect indicator of the psychological harms associated with this use pattern.supported
Treatment-seeking for problematic 3-MMC use rose from 33 (2021) to 330 (2023). j.drugpo.2025.104971
Dependence: The pharmacological profile of 2-MMC — high DAT activity, short duration, strong redosing compulsion — places it in the high-risk category for psychological dependence within the Liechti classification frameworksupported
DA/5-HT transporter inhibition ratio predicts psychotropic and toxic effects. Stimulants that are primarily dopaminergic are highly addictive. smw.2015.14043
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Van Amsterdam et al. specifically noted that 2/3-MMC produce greater craving and more frequent redosing than mephedrone, a compound already recognized for significant abuse potentialsupported
Shorter duration leads to more craving and redosing vs 4-MMC... higher dependence potential than 4-MMC. j.drugpo.2025.104971
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Although 2-MMC's reduced SERT activity relative to mephedrone may partially attenuate this risk, serotonin syndrome remains possible — particularly with strong serotonergic comedications or at high 2-MMC dosessupported
2/3-MMC pharmacotoxicological profile similar to 4-MMC with similar dopaminergic but less serotonergic activity. j.drugpo.2025.104971
Alcohol is the most prevalent co-ingestant with synthetic cathinones: approximately 95% of cathinone users report concurrent alcohol usesupported
~95% of cathinone users report combining with alcohol. j.taap.2015.12.019
In animal models, ethanol combined with mephedrone produces approximately 2-fold greater neurotoxicity than mephedrone alonesupported
Ethanol combined with mephedrone (25mg/kg, 4x) in mice increased neurotoxicity ~2-fold. j.taap.2015.12.019
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
CYP2D6 inhibitors (fluoxetine, paroxetine, quinidine, bupropion) may alter 2-MMC metabolism by inhibiting its presumed primary metabolic pathway, potentially increasing parent drug exposure and altering the ratio of parent compound to active/toxic metabolites.supported
CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 inhibition diminished cytotoxicity. s00204-019-02539-x
Cathinone-induced norepinephrine release produces dose-dependent increases in heart rate and blood pressure; serious cardiac events (myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, ventricular tachycardia) are documented in the class.supported
40 cases of cardiac arrest, VT, SVT, STEMI, NSTEMI, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis. s12012-024-09832-x
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
If CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 mediate 2-MMC metabolism as predicted from 3-MMC data, impaired hepatic function would alter drug clearance and potentially increase exposure to toxic metabolites.supported
CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 inhibition diminished cytotoxicity. s00204-019-02539-x
Dopaminergic stimulation can precipitate or exacerbate psychotic symptoms, manic episodes, and panic attacks.supported
Synthetic cathinones cause encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic toxidromes, excited delirium syndrome, and serotonin syndrome. Neurotoxicity via monoamine release disruption. ijms24076230
Claim in safety — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
pharmacology8 · 6 ok
Within that framework, N-methyl, ring-methyl cathinones function as non-selective monoamine releasing agents: they are substrates for the dopamine transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and serotonin transporter (SERT), entering the presynaptic terminal via these transporters and reversing their normal reuptake function to cause monoamine efflux into the synapsesupported
Determined potencies at DAT, NET, SERT for uptake inhibition and monoamine efflux. Classified cathinones into three groups: non-selective inhibitors (mephedrone, methylone). j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Within that framework, N-methyl, ring-methyl cathinones function as non-selective monoamine releasing agents: they are substrates for the dopamine transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and serotonin transporter (SERT), entering the presynaptic terminal via these transporters and reversing their normal reuptake function to cause monoamine efflux into the synapsesupported
Methylone and mephedrone are nonselective substrates for plasma membrane monoamine transporters, similar to MDMA in potency and selectivity. IV administration increases extracellular DA and 5-HT in rat nucleus accumbens. npp.2011.304
A systematic narrative review by van Amsterdam et al. comparing the methylmethcathinone isomers found that 2/3-MMC collectively exhibit similar dopaminergic but less serotonergic activity relative to 4-MMCsupported
2/3-MMC pharmacotoxicological profile similar to 4-MMC with similar dopaminergic but less serotonergic activity. j.drugpo.2025.104971
This pharmacological distinction carries functional implications: the Liechti classification framework for novel psychoactive substances positions compounds with a high DAT-to-SERT potency ratio as having greater reinforcement and addiction potential, while compounds with relatively greater SERT activity (such as MDMA) produce more pronounced entactogenic and empathogenic effectssupported
DA/5-HT transporter inhibition ratio predicts psychotropic and toxic effects. Stimulants that are primarily dopaminergic are highly addictive. smw.2015.14043
Claim in pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
Kobidze et al. applied enantioselective HPLC-MS/MS to oral fluid samples from confirmed users and identified two primary phase 1 metabolites:supported
Applied to 15 oral fluid samples from Belgium... Phase-1 metabolites (N-demethyl derivatives, dihydrometabolites) also characterized enantioselectively. s00216-025-05838-8
By analogy with 3-MMC, where Dias da Silva et al. demonstrated that CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 inhibition reduces hepatocyte cytotoxicity — implicating these enzymes in generating toxic metabolites — CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 are the most likely candidates for 2-MMC phase 1 metabolismsupported
CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 inhibition diminished cytotoxicity. s00204-019-02539-x
summary6 · 6 ok
User reports indicate a shorter duration of action than mephedrone, with total oral effects estimated at 2–4 hourspartially supported
Shorter duration leads to more craving and redosing vs 4-MMC. j.drugpo.2025.104971
No substance-specific binding affinity data exist. 2-MMC is presumed to act as a non-selective monoamine releasing agent — causing efflux of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin via reverse transport at DAT, NET, and SERT — based on structural analogy to mephedrone and the broader cathinone pharmacological frameworksupported
Determined potencies at DAT, NET, SERT for uptake inhibition and monoamine efflux. 2-MMC not individually tested; framework applicable by class. j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x
No substance-specific binding affinity data exist. 2-MMC is presumed to act as a non-selective monoamine releasing agent — causing efflux of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin via reverse transport at DAT, NET, and SERT — based on structural analogy to mephedrone and the broader cathinone pharmacological frameworksupported
DA/5-HT transporter inhibition ratio predicts psychotropic and toxic effects. smw.2015.14043
A systematic review found that the 2/3-MMC isomers collectively exhibit similar dopaminergic but reduced serotonergic activity relative to 4-MMC, a pharmacological ratio associated with greater reinforcement potential and weaker entactogenic charactersupported
2/3-MMC pharmacotoxicological profile similar to 4-MMC with similar dopaminergic but less serotonergic activity... higher dependence potential than 4-MMC. j.drugpo.2025.104971
Cardiovascular risk — tachycardia, hypertension, and rare serious cardiac events — is inferred from cathinone-class case seriessupported
Case series of 222 mono-intoxications with cardiotoxicity from Dutch Poisons Information Centre 2012-2022... 30 articles, 40 cases of cardiac arrest, VT, SVT, STEMI, NSTEMI, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis. s12012-024-09832-x
The compound's shorter duration drives more frequent redosing and greater reported craving than mephedrone, suggesting elevated dependence liabilitysupported
Shorter duration leads to more craving and redosing vs 4-MMC... higher dependence potential than 4-MMC. j.drugpo.2025.104971
comparative-pharmacology5 · 4 ok
All comparative positioning relies on between-study inference and the collective 2/3-MMC characterization in van Amsterdam et al..supported
2/3-MMC pharmacotoxicological profile similar to 4-MMC with similar dopaminergic but less serotonergic activity. j.drugpo.2025.104971
The key pharmacological distinction — reduced SERT activity in 2/3-MMC relative to 4-MMC — positions 2-MMC closer to the stimulant pole of the cathinone spectrum, whereas mephedrone occupies a position between stimulant and empathogensupported
DA/5-HT transporter inhibition ratio predicts psychotropic and toxic effects. Stimulants that are primarily dopaminergic are highly addictive. smw.2015.14043
Critically, the van Amsterdam et al. review does not differentiate between 2-MMC and 3-MMC in its comparative assessmentssupported
2/3-MMC pharmacotoxicological profile similar to 4-MMC with similar dopaminergic but less serotonergic activity. j.drugpo.2025.104971
The β-keto group also provides a site for carbonyl reduction, generating active metabolites (dihydro-2-MMC) that the parent amphetamine scaffold would not producesupported
Phase-1 metabolites (N-demethyl derivatives, dihydrometabolites) also characterized enantioselectively. s00216-025-05838-8
Claim in comparative-pharmacology — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
history5 · 5 ok
This prohibition drove a predictable market response: suppliers shifted production to the meta-substituted isomer 3-MMC and, to a lesser extent, the ortho-substituted isomer 2-MMC — a phenomenon known as isomer substitution, in which slight modifications to the position of a ring substituent circumvent existing drug control legislation.supported
2-MMC confirmed in 1 of 8 positive cases; 3-MMC in 2 cases. 4-MMC not detected. Only uncontrolled isomers detected, reflecting market response to drug laws. j.jchromb.2017.01.046
This prohibition drove a predictable market response: suppliers shifted production to the meta-substituted isomer 3-MMC and, to a lesser extent, the ortho-substituted isomer 2-MMC — a phenomenon known as isomer substitution, in which slight modifications to the position of a ring substituent circumvent existing drug control legislation.supported
Identified 29 synthetic cathinones first detected 2019-mid 2022. Most are analogs/replacements for legislatively controlled compounds. s11419-022-00639-5
A single case of 2-MMC detection in biological material was reported in Poland during the 2012–2014 period, indicating early but limited circulationsupported
NPS found in 112 of 1058 cases (2012–2014) in Poland; cathinones predominated. 2-MMC found in single case. dta.1924
Forensic confirmation by Kobidze et al. reinforced this finding: of 15 Belgian oral fluid samples initially attributed to mephedrone through standard testing, 12 contained 2-MMCsupported
Applied to 15 oral fluid samples from Belgium: initially reported as mephedrone positive, but re-analysis showed mephedrone in only 1, while 6 had 3-MMC and 12 had 2-MMC. s00216-025-05838-8
Standard analytical methods — including immunoassay screening and basic mass spectrometry protocols — struggle to differentiate between the methylmethcathinone positional isomers, enabling this mislabelling to persist undetected in both clinical and forensic settings.supported
LC-MS/MS method to separate ortho, meta and para isomers of MMC and MEC. j.jchromb.2017.01.046
neuroscience5 · 4 ok
Claim in neuroscience — inconclusiveinconclusiveworking →
As a presumed non-selective monoamine releasing agent with a high DAT/SERT activity ratio, 2-MMC is expected to produce its primary effects through potentiation of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the mesolimbic reward pathwaysupported
2/3-MMC pharmacotoxicological profile similar to 4-MMC with similar dopaminergic but less serotonergic activity... higher dependence potential than 4-MMC. j.drugpo.2025.104971
At higher doses or with repeated administration, excessive dopaminergic drive can shift from focused enhancement to disorganized hyperactivity, and in susceptible individuals, to paranoia and psychotic-spectrum experiences.supported
Synthetic cathinones cause encephalopathy, coma, convulsions, sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic toxidromes, excited delirium syndrome, and serotonin syndrome. Neurotoxicity via monoamine release disruption. ijms24076230
Neurotoxicity following repeated high-dose cathinone exposure has been documented as reductions in DAT, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), SERT, and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in frontal cortex and hippocampus — changes potentiated approximately 2-fold by concurrent alcohol administration in animal models.supported
Ethanol combined with mephedrone (25mg/kg, 4x) in mice increased neurotoxicity ~2-fold (DAT, TH, SERT, TPH reduction in frontal cortex/hippocampus). j.taap.2015.12.019
This dissociation predicts the strong compulsive redosing drive reported for 2/3-MMC — users may experience intense craving (wanting) even as the hedonic return (liking) diminishes with repeated doses within a session.supported
Shorter duration leads to more craving and redosing vs 4-MMC... higher dependence potential than 4-MMC. j.drugpo.2025.104971
pharmacokinetic-detail5 · 5 ok
Kobidze et al. applied enantioselective HPLC-MS/MS to oral fluid samples from 15 Belgian subjects (collected at roadside drug testing stops) and identified two phase 1 metabolites of 2-MMC:supported
Applied to 15 oral fluid samples from Belgium... Phase-1 metabolites (N-demethyl derivatives, dihydrometabolites) also characterized enantioselectively. s00216-025-05838-8
CYP involvement is inferred from 3-MMC data: Dias da Silva et al. demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 in rat hepatocytes reduced 3-MMC cytotoxicity, implicating these enzymes in the formation of toxic reactive metabolitessupported
CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 inhibition diminished cytotoxicity. s00204-019-02539-x
The pKa of 2-MMC was measured by Nowak et al. using a Joule-heating-corrected capillary electrophoresis method at 25°Csupported
pKa thermodynamics determined for six cathinones including 2-MMC using corrected capillary electrophoresis method. j.chroma.2018.01.047
Maas et al. confirmed 2-MMC in forensic serum samples from German drivers during 2014–2016, demonstrating that the parent compound is detectable in blood at timepoints relevant to clinical and forensic assessmentsupported
Applied to real serum samples (June 2014–August 2016): 2-MMC confirmed in 1 of 8 positive cases. j.jchromb.2017.01.046
Standard immunoassay screening produces false-positive amphetamine results at concentrations ≥50 μg/mL, necessitating confirmatory mass spectrometry for definitive identification.supported
2-MMC causes false-positive amphetamine immunoassay (EMIT) at 50 µg/mL. Confirms 2-MMC evades standard immunoassay screening. 00045632251331404
receptor-pharmacology5 · 5 ok
The cathinone pharmacological framework established by Simmler et al. and extended by Liechti provides the only basis for predicting 2-MMC's receptor pharmacologysupported
Landmark in vitro pharmacology study of designer cathinones (bath salts)... 2-MMC not individually tested; framework applicable by class. j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x
The cathinone pharmacological framework established by Simmler et al. and extended by Liechti provides the only basis for predicting 2-MMC's receptor pharmacologysupported
Overview of NPS pharmacology. DA/5-HT transporter inhibition ratio predicts psychotropic and toxic effects. smw.2015.14043
The specific EC₅₀ values for mephedrone at each transporter were reported by Simmler et al. and Baumann et al. but are omitted here to avoid false equivalence with 2-MMC, for which no corresponding measurements exist.supported
Determined potencies at DAT, NET, SERT for uptake inhibition and monoamine efflux... 2-MMC not individually tested. j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x
The specific EC₅₀ values for mephedrone at each transporter were reported by Simmler et al. and Baumann et al. but are omitted here to avoid false equivalence with 2-MMC, for which no corresponding measurements exist.supported
Methylone and mephedrone are nonselective substrates for plasma membrane monoamine transporters, similar to MDMA in potency and selectivity. npp.2011.304
Van Amsterdam et al. reported that the 2/3-MMC isomers have similar dopaminergic but less serotonergic activity compared to 4-MMCsupported
2/3-MMC pharmacotoxicological profile similar to 4-MMC with similar dopaminergic but less serotonergic activity. j.drugpo.2025.104971
chemistry3 · 3 ok
Kobidze et al. developed an enantioselective HPLC-MS/MS method capable of resolving both enantiomers in oral fluid samples, confirming that both forms are present in real-world consumptionsupported
Simultaneous chemo- and enantioseparation of 2-, 3-, and 4-MMC described. Applied to 15 oral fluid samples from Belgium. s00216-025-05838-8
For the closest well-studied isomer, mephedrone (4-MMC), the R-enantiomer demonstrates significantly greater reinforcing and motivational properties than the S-enantiomer in rat self-administration paradigmssupported
R-MEPH primarily responsible for rewarding, reinforcing, and motivational properties of racemic mephedrone. Stereospecific effects differ between R and S enantiomers at DAT/SERT. acschemneuro.7b00212
Nowak et al. determined the acid-base dissociation constant (pKa) of 2-MMC using a Joule-heating-corrected capillary electrophoresis method at 25°C, with a correction factor of 0.04–0.05 pH units relative to uncorrected measurementssupported
pKa thermodynamics determined for six cathinones including 2-MMC using corrected capillary electrophoresis method. Average pKa error from Joule heating was 0.04–0.05 pH units. j.chroma.2018.01.047
clinical-evidence3 · 3 ok
Forensic case detection: identification in biological samples (blood, oral fluid) collected from drivers, emergency presentations, or post-mortem examinationssupported
Applied to real serum samples (June 2014–August 2016): 2-MMC confirmed in 1 of 8 positive cases. j.jchromb.2017.01.046
Forensic case detection: identification in biological samples (blood, oral fluid) collected from drivers, emergency presentations, or post-mortem examinationssupported
Applied to 15 oral fluid samples from Belgium... 12 had 2-MMC. s00216-025-05838-8
Poison centre consultations: clinical presentations recorded by national poison information services, though 2-MMC is typically not differentiated from other cathinones in these datasupported
Case series of 222 mono-intoxications with cardiotoxicity from Dutch Poisons Information Centre 2012-2022, mostly 3-MMC (63%). s12012-024-09832-x